International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology
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Effect of Seed Priming on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Wheat: Effect of Seed Priming on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Wheat
No full textZinc (Zn) is essential for various enzymatic, ionic, and metabolic processes, particularly during seed germination. This study is aimed to evaluate the impact of different zinc soaking solutions on the germination and early growth of wheat seeds. A field experiment was laid out at the Soil Fertility Research Institute Tandojam. Randomized complete block design was used with plot sizes of 4 × 5 meters (20 m²), and included four treatments: T1 - distilled water (control), T2 - 2% zinc sulfate, T3 - 2% zinc nitrate and T4 - 2% zinc chelate, each treatment was replicated three times. The seed germination percentage, root length, number of seeds germinated plot-1, speed of emergence, seed vigor index, and number of leaves plant-1 were observed. Results indicated that zinc treatments significantly enhanced seed germination and seedling growth compared to the control. Seeds treated with zinc sulfate (T2) exhibited the highest germination rate at 89%, the longest root length averaging 2.0 cm, the highest seed vigor index, emergence and maximum 5 number of leaves plant-1. Zinc chelate (T4) followed closely with an 87% germination rate, root length of 1.9 cm and 5 number of leaves plant-1. Zinc nitrate (T3) showed a germination rate of 85% with an average root length of 1.7 cm and 4 number of leaves plant-1 whereas the control (T1) had the lowest values in all parameters as compared to zinc soaking treatments. These findings underscore the significant benefits of zinc supplementation, particularly with zinc sulfate and zinc chelate, in improving wheat seed germination, root development, and overall seedling vigor, thereby potentially enhancing crop productivity.
Keywords: Zinc seed soaking, wheat germination, seed priming, early seedling growth, zinc biofortification
Evaluation of Soil Texture, Ec, Ph and Primary Macro Elements in Five Mango Orchard Soils of Kotri, Sindh, Pakistan
Full text linkAnalysis of soil is a very important practice for evaluating the nutrient status and ultimately establishing the fertilizer application program for soil health, fruit quality and production. The aim of present study was to assess the soil texture, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and primary macronutrients such as N, P, K at 0-15 and 15-30cm depth from five orchards such as Aijaz farm (Orchards 1), Zardari farm (Orchards 2), Shahnawaz farm (Orchards 3), Ismail farm (Orchards 4), and Malik Azad farm (Orchards 5) of Kotri, Sindh Pakistan. The results indicated that most of the soils were sandy clay loam in textural class. The maximum electrical conductivity was found 0.65 dS m-1 in orchard 5, whereas the lowest electrical conductivity was found as 0.42 dS m-1 in orchards 1 at 15-30cm. All the orchards were found alkaline in nature at both 0-15 and 15-30cm depths. The total N content was found 80% low and 20% adequate at 015cm depth and 100% orchards were found low in total N content in soil at 15-30cm depth as compared with standard values. The AB-DTPA-P content in orchards were found 60% marginal and 40% adequate at 0-15cm depth, whereas 20% low, 40% marginal and 40% adequate were found at 15-30cm depth. ABDTPA-K (mg kg-1) was found 20% low and 80% marginal at 0-15 and 15-30cm depths. Future studies should focus on assessing the soil biological properties, plant analysis, soil and interaction mechanism, amended with press mud compost, farmyard manure, biochar, modified biochar, nano-material, minerals and low-cost additives. Keywords: Primary macro elements, soil texture, chemical properties, mango orchard, Kotri, Sind
Performance Analysis of the Explosion Applications Realized with Electronic Ignition System at Different Times in the Same Field: Performance Analysis of the Explosion Applications Realized with Electronic Ignition System at Different Times in the Same Field
No full textIn the modern world, the mining and construction sectors are developing rapidly and the need for engineering structures and substructures is increasing day by day. The quarries have been brought to an important place in the world within the scope of mining activities while the products needed by these structures are obtained especially from the quarries. Quarries are generally operated by forming benches according to the open pit mining method. In this production method, considering the state of geological structures in the field, the rocks (limestone, basalt, etc.) loosened by drilling and blasting applications are subjected to size reduction, loading and transportation processes. Therefore, the main objective of the present study is to compare the performance of blasting applications of electronic ignition system together with developing a model that can analyze the performance of ignition systems. In the evaluation of blasting performance, issues such as bulk particle size distribution, crushing and grinding processes, environmental effects, increase in production amount after blasting and cost of blasting were taken into consideration
GIS Based Universal Soil Erosion Estimation in District Chakwal Punjab, Pakistan: GIS Based Universal Soil Erosion Estimation in District Chakwal Punjab, Pakistan
No full textSoil erosion is a serious environmental problem faced by district Chakwal. Unpredictable short term and high intensity rainfall, improper cultivation and deforestation have accelerated the soil erosion in the district. The agricultural productivity of the study area can be enhanced by understanding, estimating and controlling the root causes of soil erosion. This study was undertaken to estimate and spatially represent the rate of average annual soil erosion in Chakwal using GIS/RS techniques. The soil erosion was estimated using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model. To find out parameters of USLE, ASTER GDEM of 30 m resolution was used to estimate slope length and elevation of the study area. Landsat 8 satellite imagery of year 2019, was used to prepare land use map using supervised classification. Soil map with texture and geomorphology was used to identify soils of study area and rainfall data of last 7 years was also studied. Finally, the soil loss has been computed using raster calculator of ArcGIS 10.2 software. The average annual soil loss was predicted up to 268,619 tons/acre/year, of which maximum soil erosion was occurring near the steep slopes and river channels. It is necessary to adapt sustainable land management practices to reduce the risk of further soil erosion, by adopting rainwater harvesting and choosing right crops for suitable soil types
Processing of Malachite from the Shigar Region of Gilgit-Baltistan by Optimizing Some Operational Parameters of Floatation: Processing of Malachite from the Shigar Region of Gilgit-Baltistan by Optimizing Some Operational Parameters of Floatation
No full textIn this study, optimal operation parameters for the extraction of copper (Cu) from malachite ore of the Shigar region of Gilgit-Baltistan were identified. The effects of some operational parameters on Cu recovery has been identified. The pulp density (25%) and other parameters are kept constant throughout the process. Crushing and grinding were carried out and obtained the desired size range of flotation. The sample of malachite ore has been overwhelmed using roll and jaw crushers. The final product of roll crusher was finer than that of jaw crusher. It has been observed that more fines were obtained with increasing grinding time. After a certain time, there is little effect on grinding. With decreasing particle size, copper recovery increased. At 50 µm the recovery is almost 90% while at 325µm, recovery decreased to 46%. With increasing pH copper recovery is increased and at 12.5% pH, maximum recovery (up to 90%) has been achieved. The optimum parameters for the copper extraction from malachite ore of the Shigar valley are the pH 12.5%, 50-micron particle size and grinding time of 25 minutes
Integration of Solar Energy into Smart Grids: A Cost-Effective Framework for Sustainable Power Management : Integration of Solar Energy into Smart Grids: A Cost-Effective Framework for Sustainable Power Management
No full textProviding reliable electrical power to consumers at minimal cost presents a significant hurdle, particularly given the rising energy expenses owing to limited transmission capacity and the additional strain on power plants required to ensure a consistent supply. Renewable energy sources, particularly solar power are crucial for the future evolution of power systems owing to their cost-effectiveness and eco-friendliness. These alternatives offer new ways to complement existing grid infrastructure. Over the past ten years, various factors have reduced barriers to entry for photovoltaic systems, including improved solar cell efficiency, decreased costs, increased government incentives, and other considerations. Consequently, photovoltaic (PV) systems have become increasingly prominent in the global energy landscape. This project aims to develop a model for an intelligent power system that integrates multiple grid-synchronized energy sources. This system reduces consumer unit costs, ensures a steady electricity supply, enhances the current grid by feeding back excess power, and employs a smart algorithm to select the optimal power source from among the various options. Furthermore, it provides a locally generated, relatively affordable, and efficient solution for both businesses and consumers
Geochemical Characterization and Presence of Rare Earth Elements in the Recent Depositions at the Islands of the Eastern Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh: Geochemical Characterization and Presence of Rare Earth Elements in the Recent Depositions at the Islands of the Eastern Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh
No full textThis study presents geochemical characterization, as well as, quantification of rare earth elements in the recent beach deposition at the two major islands of the eastern Bay of Bengal-Kutubdia and Moheshkhali. Placer sand samples from near surface depositions were analyzed by heavy mineral separation, mineralogical identification, chemical composition and elemental mapping. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were used to obtain these results. The heavy mineral concentration in different raw sand samples resulted by heavy liquid separation technique revealed that the average abundance of heavy minerals is 69.67% in Kutubdia island and 9.32% in Moheshkhali island, respectively. The X-ray patterns of Kutubdia and Moheshkhali sand samples show the presence of zircon, quartz, hematite, magnetite, ilmenite, chromite, kyanite, anatase, rutile and garnet. Chemical composition of heavy mineral sands from Kutubdia and Moheshkhali islands were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence method (XRF) for major oxides and trace elements. The concentration is of Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, P, K2O, CaO, TiO2, V2O5, Cr2O3, MnO, Fe2O3, CoO, ZnO, SrO, Y2O3 ZrO2, Nb2O5, MoO3, HfO2, WO3, ThO2, U3O8, CeO2, Nd2O and Er2O3 were determined. A significant amount of various rare earth elements (REEs) in the elemental composition of few samples was also identified. The study is expected to be useful in the baseline and environmental aspects of both the islands
Edimentology and Economic Significance of Hangu Formation, Northwest Pakistan: Edimentology and Economic Significance of Hangu Formation, Northwest Pakistan
No full textThe Hangu Formation (Paleocene) consists of sandstone, siltstone, carbonaceous shale, coal and laterite. It is well exposed in the Trans Indus Surghar range and the southern Hazara basin. The sandstone is yellowish brown, fine to coarse grained and medium to thick bedded. The sandstone of the Hangu Formation is classified as quartz arenite on the Q-F-L diagram. It is mostly grain supported and are cemented by silica cement. The study of different stratigraphic sections reveal that Hangu Formation can be sub-divided into a number of lithofacies on the basis of sedimentary structures and lithological variations. These include lateritic lithofacies, coal and carbonaceous shale, cross-bedded sandstone, bioclastic limestone and bioturbated sandstone. All these lithofacies are well-developed in the Baroch Nala section of the Surghar range except the lateritic lithofacies which contains a thin bed of ferruginous clay. In the studied sections of the Hazara basin, the lateritic lithofacies is the only well-developed lithofacies present in the area. The coal occurs at two stratigraphic levels in the Baroch Nala section. The lower coal seam is thick and its chemical study indicates higher calorific value and carbon content than the upper coal seam and with low moisture/ash content. On the basis of the calorific value, the coal of the Hangu Formation is characterized as high volatile bituminous. The degree of laterization is strong in the Langrial and Khanpur sections and moderate in Baroch Nala section
Community Based Flood Catastrophe Preparedness, Vulnerability, Management and Response of Layyah District, Punjab, Pakistan (1990-2015): Community Based Flood Catastrophe Preparedness, Vulnerability, Management and Response of Layyah District, Punjab, Pakistan (1990-2015)
No full textThe study articulates the society supported flood disaster preparedness, vulnerability, management, and response in the Layyah district, southern Punjab, Pakistan. The area has recorded high summer temperature, low rainfall and an arid climate with an optimistic departure of one centimeter. At Taunsa barrage, the Indus river, as well as the Thal canal, show a decline in the annual flow, while it remains high at Chashma barrage having a heavy flow from July to October. Historically, the foremost disasters experienced in Layyah district are floods, earthquakes, droughts, epidemics, and fires. About 81 Potwar areas have been affected every year by flood disaster consisting of 36 medium and 45 high risks units. Obviously, the locals are the primary instrument to fight any catastrophe for their safety at the initial stage as they are admirable arbitrators of risk assessment, vulnerability, rehabilitation, excavation, and can acquire consistent estimations for their safety. The joint endeavors of the locals and government during pre disaster and a post-disaster stage will make certain that how to provide crucial support as well as services to the distressed community throughout the Layyah district. The social or anthropogenic level arrangements for flood catastrophes are appreciated mutually at national and international levels
Thermal Properties of Rocks and Environmental Sustainability
Full text linkSustainable environments and the pursuit of alternative energy supplies are central to modern societies. At the same time the global warming is emerging as a serious issue for all nations. In contrast to the physical and mechanical properties of rocks, the thermal properties of rocks provide information on its potential for alternative thermal energy sources. This study examines the earlier research studies on the evaluation of rocks' thermal properties, with a particular emphasis on geothermal potential, dimension stone thermal comfort, and indirect evaluation utilizing characteristics including porosity, moisture content, p-wave velocity, and mineral composition. The transient approach and steady state technique were used to evaluate thermal characteristics of rocks. Given that Pakistan is among the nations adversely affected by global warming, it is imperative to investigate alternative energy sources and sustainable materials. This study tries to provide directions to enhance the knowledge base for future research to analyze the thermal properties of rocks originating from Pakistan and how strategically these rocks may be utilized to lessen global warming through environment sustainability and zero carbon emissions and to achieve sustainable development goals.
Keywords: Environment sustainability, thermal properties of rocks, dimension stones, thermal comfort