International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology
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Computing the Parametric Geo-Accumulation and Ecological Risk Indices of Some Heavy Metals along Charsadda-Peshawar Road, Pakistan: Computing the Parametric Geo-Accumulation and Ecological Risk Indices of Some Heavy Metals along Charsadda-Peshawar Road, Pakistan
No full textCharsadda to Peshawar road is characterized with diverse surrounding environment of residential settlements, industrial zones, commercial and agricultural sectors along with heavy traffic route which is contributing to heavy metal pollution. This study is focused on heavy metals: Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr) and Lead (Pb) contribution to the atmospheric pollution level. The heavy metals pollution assessment is carried out by sample collection (soil dust samples and two vegetation species Cyperus esculentus and Cynodon dactylon) from ten sites along the road which were analyzed by using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Average values of pollution index (PI) as well as average value of pollution load index (PLI) for Cr, Cd and Pb in case of Cyperus esculentus, Cynodon dactylon and dust were calculated. Geo-accumulation index of roadside dust for Cr, Cd and Pb were estimated along with ecological risk due to roadside dust using potential ecological risk index (RI). The analyses of this study suggest that the indices for the Cd metal found to be of more concern than Cr or Pb which correspond to middle or low level of pollution. Statistical analysis revealed that the three metals had a weak to moderate relationship with one another indicating multiple and somewhat similar sources of pollution
Biological and Chemical Strategies for the Treatment of Sugar Industry Effluents: Biological and Chemical Strategies for the Treatment of Sugar Industry Effluents
No full textThe waste effluents from sugar industries create lot of pollution problems in the adjacent areas. Sugar industries discharge huge quantities of residual water causing damage to the biotic as well as abiotic environment due to its pungent smell, higher BOD and COD values and the exceeded concentration of chlorides, sulphates, heavy metals, carbohydrates, nutrients, oil and grease. Current studies were performed to evaluate the available strategies used to minimize the pollution load created by sugar industries. Attempts have been made to overview various available procedures such as construction of microbial fuel cell, hydrolytic pre-treatment, valorization of sugar industry waste, synthesis of silver nanoparticles, symbiotic process, chemical and electrical oxidation processes, which are used for the treatment of sugar industry effluents
Assessing the Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Potential in Urban Residential Areas of Pakistan: A Case Study of Model Town, Lahore, Pakistan
No full textRainwater harvesting (RWH) is widely recognized as an alternative water resource for domestic water supply in different parts of the world, mainly due to water scarcity. Availability of potable water is the major issue in Pakistan due to increase in population density and decrease in permeable surfaces. In this scenario, rainwater can be used as a reliable substitute of fresh water resource. In this study RWH potential in Model Town Lahore is computed for rooftops of buildings by using ArcMap 10.4.1. The RWH model is also proposed at household level with its utilities. Currently, Lahore is going through the phase of rapid population growth; unchecked immigration and reckless urban sprawl followed by undue extraction of groundwater. The water table of Lahore is depleting with an average rate of 55cm (0.55m) per annum, while the recharging water resources of Lahore aquifer are diminishing. With an average annual rainfall i.e. 628.6 millimeters (244.8 inches), Lahore is suitable for rainwater harvesting (RWH). The total estimated rainwater harvesting (RWH) potential of rooftops in Model Town Lahore is 535,756 cubic meters (535,756,000 liters) per year. The methods used in this study prove to be an effective tool for preliminarily estimation of the regional rainwater harvesting potential. RWH is an economic, environmental friendly and easy to install system. It is concluded that RWH is the best functional technique to avert the present and future water crisis in Pakistan
Demarcation of Groundwater Potential Zones by Electrical Resistivity Survey (ERS) Islamabad, Pakistan
Get PDFA newly developed D-12 housing sector is at the Margalla foot-hills in Islamabad. This housing sector is facing tremendous groundwater problem due to frequent dry boreholes. After conducting the reconnaissance survey, data from the already drilled wells were recorded at different points throughout the study area for measuring average water table and the average total depth. The electrical resistivity survey was conducted in the sector for exploration of groundwater at six different locations with the help of SAS 4000 Terameter using Schlumberger configuration. The acquired data were used to determine the true resistivity on the basis of standard curves. The curves were matched with the borehole data and the surface geological map to prepare lithologic columns based on the true resistivities. Two zones have been categorized for future domestic use, i.e. prospective and non-prospective. The study shows dependence of localization of the aquifers upon the fault-related folding of the area. The aquifers are of two types i.e. shallow unconfined and deeper confined. The unconfined aquifers are found in the alluvium, whereas the confined aquifers are found in the sands of the Murree Formation. The confining beds constitute Murree clays and the shales
Adaptation to Climate Change and Mitigation of its Effects in the Arid Region of Pakistan (1961-2015): Adaptation to Climate Change and Mitigation of its Effects in the Arid Region of Pakistan (1961-2015)
No full textThis research explains the weather and climate fluctuation adaptation and easing of its effects in dry climate region of Pakistan, based on weather data obtained from 40 weather observatories for the time duration of 55 years (1960-2015).The area of study is covering about 77 percent of the entire country, characterized by hot dry long summers and short warm moist winters. Pakistan has been dynamic on international and local scales to espouse a steadfast climate change strategy for the lessening of climate change effects in the arid region. The existing policy of the country, regarding adaptation to weather change in the dry lands, has not fulfilled the obligations and it is required to appraise it sporadically as per the country’s economic, environmental and social desires. The main sectors that call for mitigation in the dry lands on national level are; surface and underground water, coastal management, overgrazing, deforestation, agriculture and livestock, drought and desertification, public awareness, emergency response, early warning system and monitoring, landuse change, waterlogging, energy and power resources, and health issues. The hydrological sector is more vulnerable to the effects of climate and weather changes in the study area. These effects will be reduced by means of fresh hydro-reservoirs, local dams, and waterway embankments to save the existing flow from swamping. It will also bring perfection in the sanitation and irrigation schemes, policy for flood water consumption, appraisal of the hydro-management policy, implementation, research and development funds
Physicochemical Properties of Soil and Water Along Haro River and Khanpur Dam, Haripur, Pakistan: Physicochemical Properties of Soil and Water Along Haro River and Khanpur Dam, Haripur, Pakistan
No full textThis study was conducted along the Haro River and Khanpur dam in southern Haripur Tehsil to evaluate the physio-chemical properties of soil and water to determine its agricultural suitability and to demonstrate the effectiveness of GIS techniques for this analysis. There were 42 samples (20 of soil and 22 of water) collected along the Haro River and Khanpur dam in autumn season after rain. ArcGIS 9.3 software and 3D Analyst extension were used to interpolate the collected samples. It was found that water pH was in the range of 6.94 to 8.11 while EC dsm-1 was from 0.19 to 0.41 which was within the normal range having no salinity and sodicity hazard. Water is fit for irrigation. Soil data showed that pH was in the range of 7.2 to 8.32 and EC dsm-1 in the range of 0.04 to 1.166, while soil texture was sandy clay loam to sand type. Whereas all the soil in study area was mostly calcareous. Organic matter was deficit in most of the soil samples. It was found that the remote sensing, GIS and GPS survey techniques were also very useful to identify and analyze the trends of soil and water parameters
Management of Ground Water Hazard: A Case Study from Thar Coal Mines, Pakistan
Get PDFThis study covers the Thar coal field block-II located in the southeast of Sindh, Pakistan. The aim of present study is to identify the impacts of ongoing coal mining activity on ground water quality and water table in community wells of villages in Thar coal mine block-II. The ground water samples from 58 community wells (located in 21 villages of block-II) were collected and analyzed for the water quality parameters like water table (depth), electrical conductivity/TDS, and pH. The groundwater samples from community wells and Gorano pond were analysed to assess water quality. The reserved area of Gorano pond is about 1500 acres, wherein water discharged from aquiufers in coal mining area of block-II is being accumulated. The extracted ground water is being disposed off in multiple depressions near villages Gorano, Kathar and Dhukar Shah. 
Simultaneous Determination of Dimethomorph and Chlorothalonil in Pesticide Formulation: HPLC Method Development and Validation
Get PDFThe identification and accurate quantification of pesticides is important to verify the recommended concentration of active content of each pesticide in formulated products to avoid adverse effects on human life due to over dosage. In this study, method of quantitative determination of Dimethomorph and Chlorothalonil in pesticide formulation was developed and validated by using ICH guidelines. Chromatographic separations with good resolution were performed on Beckman C-18 column (5 µm x 150 mm x 4.6 mm), using 80:20, v/v – (CH3CN:H2O) as mobile phase in isocratic mode at 230 nm. The retention time for Dimethomorph and Chlorothalonil at flow rate 1.2 mL/min was 6.21 and 9.63 minutes, respectively. Calibration curves of both studied fungicides (Chlorothalonil and Dimethomorph) were linear showing coefficient of determination greater than 0.996. %RSD value of inter-day precision was found to be less than 3 for both pesticides and for intra-day precision these values were less than 2. Interlaboratory comparison (ILC) method was applied to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed method and Z-score values were found to be less than 2. The proposed method is therefore efficient, accurate, and cost-effective and can suitably be used for simultaneous quantitative determination of Dimethomorph and Chlorothalonil in pesticide formulated products
Comparative Analysis of Different Remote Sensing Techniques for Mapping of Supraglacial Lakes on Hispar Glacier
Get PDFThe glacier changes are very significant in quantifying the direct effects of climate change. The glaciers in the northern Pakistan especially in the Karakoram pose a large change in relief and are difficult to access due to complex topography. The global WOS (Web of Science) database indicate only a few studies conducted so far in this region in the domain of climate and cryosphere. The studies relating to glacial hazards in this region are even less. This study involves the mapping of supraglacial lakes on Hispar glacier using multiple remote sensing methods. The accuracy of results from those methods is discussed. Remote Sensing and GIS techniques have been applied to time series of Landsat images of years 2017, 2016, 2010, 2000 and 1990 (in the descending order) to quantify the supraglacial lakes on the Hispar glacier. The remote sensing techniques include Band Rationing, Normalized Water Index (NDWI), Classification i.e. Unsupervised and Panchromatic Sharpening Image Enhancement Technique for the years of 2017 and 2016 imageries. After defining the Hunza basin (involving of high resolution DEMs), all the satellite derived imageries have been preprocessed and processed. GIS tools have been used to calculate the areal extents of yearly obtained supraglacial lakes and compare temporally with passing years, which in turn gave an accurate comparative analysis among different remote sensing techniques. The satellite derived time series map layouts of each technique have been formulated. The vulnerable supraglacial lakes on Hispar glacier of areal sizes ≤ 0.05 sq.km have also been identified and delineated
Contact Angle Measurement of Magnesite Mineral in Alkaline pH by Using the Simple Bubble Attachment Method: Contact Angle Measurement of Magnesite Mineral in Alkaline pH by Using the Simple Bubble Attachment Method
No full textContact angle is one of the most important parameters for the flotation process. Researchers have performed many experiments and used many different methods to determine the contact angle. In this present study, simple bubble attachment method (SBA), which was firstly utilized by Hunning and Rutter (1989), was used to determine the contact angle of magnesite mineral in the presence of various amount of collector such as oleic acid, R801, R845, sodium dodecyl sulphate and sodium oleat. According to the results of SBA, the highest degree of contact angle was obtained as 82ᵒ at the presence of oleic acid. The results of the study show that SBA method seems like a cheap and beneficial method for contact angle measurement