International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology
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Determination of Impact of Mining Operations on Accidents and Diseases at Work in Turkey: Determination of Impact of Mining Operations on Accidents and Diseases at Work in Turkey
No full textToday, due to the rapidly developing technology, new production techniques are used to utilize naturalresources more efficiently. The rapid change and competition conditions brought about by technology cause occupationalaccidents as a result of some deficiencies and negative situations in working life. In this study, the situation of miningactivities in 5 different classes within occupational accidents was evaluated by using the statistics of Social SecurityInstitution of Turkey (SSI) between the years 2010-2019. In addition, the current situation of mining activities in termsof occupational accidents and occupational diseases in other sectors was analyzed by examining the data of 5 other sectors together. The results of present study reveal that occupational accidents, related deaths and workday losses are high in the mining sector among other sectors.
Keywords: Occupational health & safety, mining sector, working lif
Spectrophotometric Quantification of Trace Elements and Toxic Metals in Raw Milk Samples of Peshawar City, Pakistan: Spectrophotometric Quantification of Trace Elements and Toxic Metals in Raw Milk Samples of Peshawar City, Pakistan
No full textThe present study focused on the physicochemical characterization and spectrophotometric determination ofthe concentrations of trace elements (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) and toxic heavy metals (Cd and Pb) in raw milk samplescollected from various commercial sites of Peshawar city, Pakistan. Evaluation of the nutritional values as well as thepossible health concerns associated with the consumption of contaminated milk shown the average percentagecomposition of protein, fats, solid non-fats, lactose, salts and added water in the milk sample as 2.78, 4.81, 6.41, 3.05,0.47 and 31.1 %, respectively. The values of pH, conductivity, density and freezing point were observed as 6.59, 3.51mS/cm, 1.04 g/mL and -0.3674 ºC at 26 ºC. The physicochemical characteristics such as percentage protein, fat,lactose, salts, water, solid not fat, total solids, pH, conductivity and density were evaluated and found in the safe limitsof the WHO/FAO. The average concentration of trace elements such as zinc and copper were found to be 1.4035 mg/Land 0.2588 mg/L, respectively. The concentration of Zn and Cu was found within permissible limits suggested byWHO. However, the average concentration of Fe, Mn, Cd and Pb were found higher than the permissible limits ofWHO. The observed concentrations were: Fe = 1.5553, Mn = 0.4354, Cd = 0.1865 and Pb = 1.1162 mg/L. Thepresence of the non-essential and hazardous Cd and Pb in milk samples even in lower concentrations may cause severehealth problems since these are the most noxious pollutants due to their non-biodegradable and bio-accumulativenature. Over-dose of Fe and Mn also leads to several health issues. A thorough and more precise investigation of rawmilk consumption in Peshawar is highly recommended to ascertain the actual reasons and sources in the larger publicinterests
Comparative Analysis of Fractal Properties of Solar Faculae
Get PDFPresent study is aimed at investigating the solar faculae area from 1990 to 2007 which partially covered the 22nd and 23rd solar cycle. Rescaled Range Analysis (RRA) and Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) have been adopted to evaluate the behaviour of nonlinear dynamics of solar faculae area. Results show that the value of Hurst exponent for solar faculae area from RRA and DFA is negatively correlated. It means it is non-persistent and long-range correlated. Obtained result is inaccurate so the only solution is to transform the data into stationary data by taking differencing. RRA is applied on residuals and RRA to evaluate the fractal property of the time series. Solar faculae area investigated in this study is fractal in nature and predictable ass well. Moreover, the time series of solar faculae area is non-linear as established by the Brock – Dechert – Scheinkman (BDS) test results
Remote Sensing Study of Neotectonics of Katwaz Region in Balochistan-Pakistan
Get PDFThis investigation deals with the delineation of neotectonics and its connection to the regional surface deformation in the Katwaz region (KR) located in the north of Quetta along the Pakistan-Afghan border. It consists of rocks dominated by silicates and carbonates, were uplifted due to regional tectonics. In this study, SRTM DEM (90m spatial resolution) based Surface Dynamics (SDMs) of KR is analyzed to investigate the Isobase level (IBL), Relative relief (RR), Topographic surface roughness (TSR) and topographic Slope (TS) map to constrain the active surface deformation due to regional neotectonics. It gives complete information regarding the lithology based erosional margins and demarcation of neotectonic scarps and established the relationship between Strahler order streams and neotectonic settings in an actively deformed KR. This study aims to delineate margins for geomorphological variations and to find the effects of neotectonics. Another purpose is to examine the geomorphic parameters and to map active tectonics development due to transform sinistral movement of the Chaman Fault system (CFS) in the context of the ongoing collision of India-Eurasia. The resultant and generated surface dynamic maps (SDMs) were due to neotectonic developments, progressions and orientations along with CFS and Suleman fold, and thrust belts (SFTBs). The results obtained revealed that IBL values are higher in the NNE, SSW, and central parts along with the CFS, and partially in the NW corner of the KR due to uplifted SFTBs. The active tectonic nature of SFTBs and TSR values are lower in the central and northern parts of KR. The TSR values are higher along SFTBs and CFS due to greater vertical dissection between these two active faults system. The DEM based SDMs are time-efficient and cost-effective for easy identification and delineation of neo-tectonically active zones using remote sensing and GIS techniques
Monte Carlo Simulation and Scenario Analysis Based Limestone Quarry Production Planning: Monte Carlo Simulation and Scenario Analysis Based Limestone Quarry Production Planning
No full textThe key factor behind raw mix design in the cement factory is the appropriate production planning, resultingin high-quality raw material. Quarry managers usually come up with uncertainty-related raw materials due to variationsin chemical composition. These uncertainties required efficient planning in terms of useful insight into this problem.This research provides a detailed explanation of scenario analysis of raw materials used in cement manufacturing usingMonte Carlo simulation (MCS) and indices. Scenario analysis is used to predict the possibility of best, worst and mostlikely cases of raw material’s quality. Whereas, Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate the inherent uncertaintyassociated with chemical composition values in order to analyze the impact of truly unpredictable scenarios. Thepredictive results help in decisions related to production planning, raw mix design optimization and increasing theprobability of designing the best plan.
Keywords: Monte Carlo simulation, scenario analysis, raw mix design, production planning, cement factory
Spatial Environmental Criteria for Siting Industries: Spatial Environmental Criteria for Siting Industries
No full textThe paper presents the solution for identifying appropriate locations for industrial setup in Lahore district using GIS based multi-criteria decision analysis as decision support tool (DST). Several environmental indicators were used in this study including air quality index, water quality index, landcover, and built-up/settlements. Thematic layers were developed for these indicators followed by analysis in ArcGIS software’s model builder using various geo-processing techniques. As a result the study area is divided into four types of zones (e.g., not suitable, less suitable moderately suitable and suitable) depending on environmental criteria and industrial categorization. The results reveal that 52 % of district area goes to environmentally sensitive zone . In remaining areas possibility of setting industries with their pollution index is proposed. The areas are proposed considering the industry categories such as schedule I industries which are air emission industries and Schedule II industries which are effluent discharge industries as per sectoral guidelines of Pakistan
Effects of Diagenesis on the Reservoir Quality in the Upper Sands of Lower Goru Formation, Badin Block, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan: Effects of Diagenesis on the Reservoir Quality in the Upper Sands of Lower Goru Formation, Badin Block, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan
No full textThe core samples of B member of upper sand reservoir rocks of the lower Goru Formation from three wells of the Badin block were studied using thin section, XRD, and SEM techniques to investigate the diagenetic trends and their effect on reservoir quality. Microscopic study indicates that the B sand unit is mature with quartz as the predominant mineral constituent with variable amount of feldspar and lithic minerals. The QFL plot indicates that most of the samples are plotted in the field of quartz arenite, sub-litharenite and sub-arkose respectively. A few samples belong to the category of litharenite and feldspathic litharenite. The feldspars were partially to completely altered to kaolinite and other clay minerals. Coarse-crystalline or micro-crystalline calcite is the predominant cementing material. Bulk rock XRD analysis also confirms that the main mineral constituents of there samples are quartz and calcite in variable proportions. The undulose extinction and fracturing of quartz grains indicate that the area remained under stress. Moreover, such fracturing is post-depositional and therefore is the product of late diagenesis. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) images at 50 micrometer (μm) size show irregular type of fracturing within the quartz grains. This late stage fracturing of quartz has also generated various types of channels which may serve as secondary porosity. The quartz overgrowth was observed in some samples due to late stage diagenesis. The micro-crystalline cement in the form of calcite is mostly present within the pores in fractured quartz. The results indicate that the diagenesis played a significant role in improving the reservoir characteristics of B sand by increasing the porosity due to quartz fracturing, feldspar dissolution, alteration and quartz corrosion. Hence, better understanding of reservoir heterogeneities in porosity through diagenetic studies can be helpful in evaluating potential reservoir horizons for hydrocarbon accumulation on spatial and temporal scales
Study of Geotechnical Assessments for The Foundation and Construction of Civil Work at Tharparkar District, Sindh, Pakistan: Study of Geotechnical Assessments for The Foundation and Construction of Civil Work at Tharparkar District, Sindh, Pakistan
No full textThis study evaluates engineering properties of soils for the foundation in Tharparkar district. Three boreholes were investigated in the study area at the depths of 8m, 9m and 9m respectively. The area is mainly divided into three zones, i.e. BH-01, BH-02 and BH-03. Groundwater was not encountered in any borehole. The soil profile of all three boreholes are low dense to medium dense at 2.0m to 6.0m and the 7.0m to 9.0m depths respectively. Overburden depth was very dense (N-values ranges from 8 to 17 and 33 to more than 50 numbers). Laboratory results reveal that moisture content goes 4.8 to 6.4%, Soils are non-plastic in all three boreholes. The granular soils specify the angles of internal friction (ø) varying from 240 – 330 in respective boreholes; while in the collected samples granular soils have cohesion of 2.4 to 2.5kPa. According to AASHTO soil classification, the material belongs to the type of granular soil and in the group of A-3. Furthermore, finding of the examinations is robust for the development of structures, transmission line foundations and other civil works to observe the stability and quality of good foundation for the most part in Thar zone, particularly in the studied area. 
Climate of the Gilgit-Baltistan Province, Pakistan: Climate of the Gilgit-Baltistan Province, Pakistan
No full textThe present study focuses on the climate conditions of Gilgit Baltistan. It includes the distribution of different weather elements like precipitation, temperature, number of rainy days, humidity, wind speed, air pressure, evapotranspiration, sunshine, factors affecting climate, and climate classification. Due to glaciation, the area is badly eroded and consists of deep valleys and moraines. There is a marked variability between the climates of the eastern and western observatories of the area. Mostly, terrace agriculture is practiced in the area with deciduous and alpine forests. Based on temperature, the area has been divided into three distinct climate regions, namely, mild, cool, and cold. Whereas, based on precipitation, it classified into arid, semi-arid and undifferentiated highlands. Chilas is the hottest area of the province, while Astor and Skardu are the coldest. The study area receives heavy precipitation from local thunderstorms, particularly during April and May. There are four rainy seasons, namely winter, pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post monsoon precipitation. The highest precipitation in the area is observed at Astore, while the lowest at Gupis. The relative humidity is below 55% throughout the year and causes chill with low temperature and cracking in human skins. Based on the variability of weather elements, the province has been divided into three macro, three meso and six micro climate regions
Effect of Crude Oil Concentrations on Growth and Photosynthetic Pigments of Helianthus Annus Bio-Augmented with Micrococcus luteus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa : Effect of Crude Oil Concentrations on Growth and Photosynthetic Pigments of Helianthus Annus Bio-Augmented with Micrococcus luteus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
No full textBioremediation of soil contaminated with organic chemicals is a challenging problem in the environmental scenario. On the basis of identification of remediation capability of Helianthus annus (sunflower) assisted with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Micrococcus luteus were used to investigate the soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons (crude oil) at varying concentrations (25,50,75,100,125, &150ml/ kg of soil) in a pot experiment carried out in a green house. According to both qualitative and quantitative analysis of parameters including plant height, stem girth, number of leaves, leaf area and photosynthetic pigments including chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid indicated that H.annus showed peculiar tolerance to the higher concentration of crude oil concentration in the soil containing both micrococcus and pseudomonas (MP) (combined) consortium showing positive synergetic effect on H.annus in remediating the petroleum hydrocarbons at all concentrations more significantly at higher concentration of crude oil (150ml/kg) of soil. The results show significant increase in growth of (both Micrococcus and Pseudomonas) MP treated plant as compare to control plants; in control the leaf area 18.716 ± 1.256, stem girth 3.40±0.10 and plant height 90.72±4.062 whereas in MP treated plant leaf area 19.65 ±0.292, stem girth 3.580 ±0.048, height 98.20±3.852 respectively. On the whole Helianthus anuus is commercial oil yielding crop that can be effectively applied to phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons assisted with Micrococcus and Pseudomonas is a significant treatment for remediating the soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbon