International Journal Online of Humanities
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Stephen Gill Pens Poetry for Personal Therapy
Get PDFAbout 300 years before Christ, Aristotle describes catharsis in his Poetics to show the impact of true tragedy on the audience. In the nineteenth century, Josef Breuer, the companion of Sigmund Freud, was the first to use Aristotelian concept in the realm of psychology. One template of catharsis is the use of a musical instrument for a tired person to feel relaxed. In literature, one example is Oedipus Rex in which Oedipus unknowingly marries his biological mother. Another example is Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. It is often said that reading any work about murder or to see it on the television can be a healing therapy.
Women Victims of Partition Imbroglio: Manto at his Best
Get PDFBorn in Ludhiana, Saadat Hasan Manto was opposed to his family tradition; aristocracy and study of Law. He grew up less educated, profligate, wayward and whimsical; smoking charas and other narcotics, drinking and gambling. Prone to frustration and dissipation he had no particular aim in life till he came to Bombay. Flowing through the stream of writing, mainly short stories, throughout his life he became a master story teller in Urdu. ‘Manto’s oeuvre’ made him immortal writer of short stories in a short life span of less than 43 years. He left India for Pakistan and settled in his familiar town, Lahore, in 1948. His partition stories only have been discussed here. He never becomes partial in his dealing with woman. All his qualifications and disqualifications have been discussed here
Tagore and Naipaul on Indian and European Civilisations: Patriotic and Biassed Views Changed their Perspectives
Get PDFV.S. Naipaul was writer of Indian origin writer settled in Great Britain and Rabindranath Tagore was Bengali writer born and brought up in India. Both were Nobel Laureates in Literature. Based on their overall behavior and treatment with the colonized people, Tagore a patriot to the core, saw and judged the foreign colonisers from his Indian patriotic point of view. He realised how and why they sucked India for their own benefit to the utter neglect of Indians. But Naipaul’s ancestors migrated perhaps under compulsion to the Caribbean islands where Naipaul was born (Chaguanas, Trinidad and Tobagos). He settled in England and stayed put there for the major part of his life. Compared to his background Britain was new found paradise for him. Ambitious, he studied English and was imbued in their culture. He wrote as if Britain was more than his birth land. He was awarded Nobel Prize as a British, a European. From his perspective he was not only indebted but deeply moved to love that country and continent. His name and fame spread from there. India had nothing to do about it except his Indian origin background taking the clue from his ancestors. He had some tilt towards India nothing of it remained when India was compared to Britan or Europe. He was obliged to see the world through their spectacles. His ideas and favour for Britain and Europe was generated by his position and interest in life. Judged Neutrally it was a biased view.
Autobiography as a Quest for Identity
Get PDFWhat is the difference between biography and autobiography? The former is more revealing and hence is more in demand. According to Graham Greens autobiography is only ‘a sort of life’. It is more selective. He observed that ‘it begins later and ends prematurely. If one cannot close a book of memoirs on the death bed, any conclusion must be arbitrary’. The reader of an autobiography becomes an interested witness to the writer’s account of his life. He is a keen observer of an author’s obsession with his identity and the crises of his life. The reader can find lessons for his own life from the author’s account. Necessarily, he is more an active participant of the creative process while reading an autobiography than while reading a novel. The reader is bound to find parallels between the experiences of the writer and his own. The history of autobiographical writing dates back to the ‘confessions’ of St. Augustine written in the second half of the fourth century. The difference between Christian idea of confession and autobiography as it developed in the eighteenth, nineteenth and our century must be noted. Peter Abbes says that ‘confessions, in their traditional form, crave forgiveness, autobiography desires understanding. Confessions are devoted to salvation, autobiographies to individuation’. It is only with Rousseau that the form of memoirs took its present shape – ‘simply myself’. The importance of the individual reader was understood by autobiographers after Rousseau. Gibbon, Goethe, Ruskin, Wordsworth, John Stuart Mill, Newman, Darwin and a host of others gave the field of autobiography its pride of place. In our century autobiography has been used as a means for relentless self-exploration and for organising our experience
The Songs of Innocence-Blake’s Intuitive Flights into the Realm of the Absolute
Get PDFJust like William Wordsworth who came a little later William Blake was known for an absolute sincerity, a mystic renunciation and a boldness of spirit. His originality and individuality, both of which were of a high order, came in the way of his public acceptance and acclaim. His drawings bear the stamp of a “characteristic and inimitable vision”. His poetry is marked by the utmost subtlety of symbolism and the skill with which it is sustained is truly matchless. The philosophical framework of his poetry is no more than a series of “intuitive flights into the realm of the absolute, soaring with tranquil and imperious assurance”. In Blake’s view the world of children, which is not contaminated by experience, is almost heavenly. In fact childhood is like a compensation for the loss of Eden. In the poems of Blake, the divine that is described is Jesus Christ who, even like human children, was a child once and spoke of the merciful and compassionate heavenly father, God. Children are free from cares and conflicts and always in a state of happiness and harmony with the human society around them and nature
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in “Button Button” by Richard Matheson
Get PDFA short stories author and novelists named Richard Matheson was born on 1926 in US state New Jersey. Story writer Richard Matheson is best known for his science fiction’s works. His first story was “Born Man and Woman.” He also earned a good name for his popular fiction
“I am Legend” as well as due to short story “Button Button” He passed away on June 23, 2013 (Editors, 2014). Alike various famous novelists and story writers Matheson also leave a deep impression of his readers. He also turned minor incidents and situations into extraordinary situations.
The Mythological Thought of Rigveda
Get PDFMythological thought is a specific way of thinking in the history that human beings transit from the age of barbarism to the age of civilization. It reflects human beings’ divine experience on nature and life as a method for human beings to master and transcend the nature as well as the interpretation of initial human society beyond humanism, which symbolizes the evolution of human thoughts from primitive thoughts to higher logic thoughts. The thinking mode and emotions of Indians are deeply rooted in religious views, which were even reflected in ancient Vedic period. Rigveda is a paean that was generated when Aryans fought against invasion by different races and the nature. Aryans on the grassland led a nomadic life in the vast world. They felt the spirits of all things due to worship of the nature so they were generous with worship of deities. After Aryans lived a stable life in the agrarian society, the mythological world of Aryans developed from polytheism to monolatry. In other words, it developed towards the world with fewer deities or the lord deity. With polytheism, their worship for deities was gradually improving simultaneously. As the origin of India religious culture, Rigveda has reflected various features of Indian’s mythological thought
Tagore’s Gitanjali: A Note on Publics of Performance
Get PDFTagore’s Gitanjali has been written seeking inspiration from the bhakti tradition. The nuances of performance and reception of the tradition essentially involve two aspects- public and private. Bhakti as an act of personal devotion of an individual forms its ‘private’ character.The sonic performance of bhakti in forms such as bhajans addressed to Gods, accompanied by musical instruments and joyful cries of ecstasy, encompass the ‘public’ character. Both the ‘private’ and the ‘public’ are the modes of transcendental God realisation. While the ‘private’ is individual-centric, the ‘public’ can be understood in the sense of the integration of the individual with the Universal or the finite with the Infinite. The modes of publics of performance rely on transcendental collective shared experience as a catalyst of self-transformation and as an agent fostering national and universal brotherhood. This paper presents the case for incorporating publics of performance in the pedagogy for the study of Gitanjali, as a text of bhakti tradition. This would involve techniques like the inclusion of a CD demonstrating the rhythmic flow of reading, providing guidance on pronunciation, intonation, emphasis, punctuation and groupings of words and phrases. The trainers, on a more dedicated note can evolve innovative teaching techniques such as a ‘literary jagran’ and perform a collective public reading accompanied by traditional musical instruments of the bhakti tradition such as cymbals and dholaks.
Communication in Art Song and Literature: Poems Versus Novels
Get PDFThe primary urge of a poet or writer is to create according to his inspiration but close to it is the urge to communicate with the reader. A singer requires hearer, a painting requires connoisseur. Well, even without the other parties, a poem and a painting may be created or a song may be sung. Think of the wind flowing through the reeds or bamboo grove or a bird’s song reaching the ethereal height creating a symphony in the air which is perhaps enjoyed by the silent Nature. Nature exactly does that. It is neither responsible nor obliged to tell man what it enjoys, how it enjoys itself but when a man hears them they become songs touching the heart of the pure sympathizers away from the hullabaloo of the mundane world. Go further and there are the unheard songs, unheard sounds; they are very much there for every sound comes out of silence. When Nature creates such things on its own without waiting for anybody to appreciate the things remain unknown until someone hears or looks at them. Man creates to communicate. If we consider songs it is definitely a field for communication between the singer and the hearer. Man’s creation may be said to be, in general term, artificial whereas Nature’s creation is natural. Nature recreates itself Man creates imitating Nature or otherwise. But I don’t wish to stop telling that Art is imitation only like our great Greek predecessors. The seer poets created words the way they heard. The higher and highest sources, it may be said the Divine sources, create through man as through the Nature.
A Study Comparing the Educational Support for Students Experiencing Learning Disabilities in Australia and Saudi Arabia
Get PDFLearning Disabilities also referred to as (LDs) are very common despite their variations in preference estimates, which are highly dependent on the definition and the nature of the applied diagnostic approach. This study undertakes a comparative analysis of the educational support systems for people with learning disabilities in Australia and Saudi Arabia. Apparently, it can be heart wrecking trying to address the challenges presented by people with LDs. This is especially considering that LDs are life-long problems that can neither be treated nor fixed. Fortunately, with the right interventions and support systems, children with the learning disabilities have the potential to succeed in school and after school lives. Considering that Australia and Saudi Arabia are at different stages of development, the support systems may be varied as well. Although there are different support systems, this paper has primarily focused on three supportive approaches that are applicable in the two countries. Firstly, it has looked at the supportive rules, Acts, and policies. Secondly, the study has also undertaken a comparative analysis of the supportive education systems and teachers in the two countries. Finally, there is a discussion of the supportive government funding