Student's Journal of Health Research Africa
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Clinical profile of visual disturbances in alcohol abuse: A cross-sectional observational study in a forensic medicine unit.
Full text linkBackground:Alcohol abuse is a major public health issue with significant neuro-ophthalmic implications. Visual disturbances are often underrecognized in chronic alcohol users, yet they may serve as important clinical markers of toxicity and chronic damage. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical spectrum and ocular findings associated with alcohol abuse in patients presenting to a forensic medicine unit.
Methods:
This observational study included 100 individuals with a history of alcohol abuse presenting with visual complaints. Demographic details, duration and pattern of alcohol use, presenting visual symptoms, and ocular examination findings were systematically documented. Descriptive statistics were applied to analyze the data, and results were expressed as frequencies and percentages.
Results:
The mean age of participants was 37.8 ± 9.4 years, with most cases in the 30–39 year group. Males predominated (82%). Chronic heavy alcohol use was reported in 64% of cases, with a mean duration of 8.1 ± 3.1 years. The most frequent symptoms were blurred vision (42%), diplopia (18%), photophobia (15%), and transient visual obscurations (12%). Less common complaints included reduced visual acuity (10%), color vision defects (2%), and visual hallucinations (1%). Ocular findings included conjunctival congestion (28%), nystagmus (16%), sluggish pupillary reflexes (14%), optic disc pallor (12%), hyperemia (8%), and retinal hemorrhages (5%). Seventeen percent of participants had normal ocular examinations despite subjective complaints.
Conclusion:
Visual disturbances are common among individuals with alcohol abuse. Both reversible and irreversible ocular changes were observed, highlighting the importance of early ophthalmic evaluation in this population.
Recommendations:
Routine ophthalmic screening should be integrated into de-addiction and rehabilitation programs. Multidisciplinary collaboration between ophthalmologists, psychiatrists, and forensic specialists is essential to prevent long-term visual morbidity
A cross-sectional study on the knowledge and use of psychoactive substances among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at Oke-Eletu Primary Health Centre, Ijede, Ikorodu, Lagos State.
Full text linkIntroduction
This study assessed the knowledge and use of psychoactive substances among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at Oke-Eletu Primary Health Centre, Ijede, Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria.
Methodology
A cross-sectional descriptive study design was adopted for the study, and the target population was pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at Oke-Eletu Primary Health Centre, Ijede, Ikorodu, Lagos State. A purposive non-probability sampling method was used to select a total of 174 respondents. Data was collected using the researchers' self-structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS Version 25, and presented in descriptive and inferential statistics, respectively.
Results
Findings revealed that about 29.3% had poor knowledge of psychoactive substances. Agbo (Alcohol/water-based herbal concoction) (37.9%) and (25.9%) have been used before and are currently in use. About two-thirds (63.8%) agreed that psychoactive substance has no beneficial effect, and the majority (79.3%) of the respondents agreed that psychoactive substance hurts pregnant women, with effects such as the development of chronic disease (50.0%), false perception (25.4%), addiction (9.4%), and poor judgment (8.0%). For the frequency of psychoactive substance use among the respondents, about 41.4% never used psychoactive, 25.9% use it often, 22.4% rarely used it, while 10.3% used it very often and the respondents reason for using psychoactive substance, more half (53.4%) agreed that psychoactive substance use to relieve pain, 37.9% for cultural reason, because it helps them to eat better (36.2%) because of peer pressure (32.8%) and it reduces stress (31.0%). Lastly, there is a significant relationship between knowledge of psychoactive substances and the use of psychoactive substances (p-value <0.001)
Conclusion
A few of the respondents had poor knowledge of psychoactive substances.
Recommendation
There is a need for continuous health educational intervention to boost the respondents’ knowledge about the health consequences of the use of psychoactive substances
The FINANCIAL LITERACY AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF BUSINESSES OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN UGANDA: A CASE OF NUDIPU-iSAVE GROUP BENEFICIARIES, NORTHERN DIVISION, KAMULI DISTRICT: Financial performance of businesses of persons with disabilities
No full textThe study examined the effect of financial literacy on the financial performance of businesses of Persons with Disabilities in Uganda. A case of NUDIPU-iSAVE group beneficiaries, Northern Division, Kamuli District. The study’s specific objectives were; to examine the effect of budgeting literacy, saving literacy and debt management literacy on the financial performance of businesses of Persons with Disabilities under NUDIPU-iSAVE Economic Empowerment Model Northern Division, Kamuli District. The study was underpinned by theory of planned behavior. The study adopted a survey design that employed quantitative and qualitative methods targeting a population of 221 with a sample size of 152 selected and of these respondents, 127 responded (83.6% response rate). This sample was selected using stratified random, purposive sampling techniques and census. Data were collected using a researcher administered questionnaire, Focus Group Discussions, face to face interviews with the key infromansts and document review. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics (regression analysis in particular) in SPSS 29.0. The study established that budgeting literacy, savings literacy and debt management literacy all have a significant effect on financial performance of businesses of PwDs. The study concluded that improving budgting literacy, saving literacy and debt management literacy would improve the financial performance of businesses of PwDs. It was recommended that project management should improve on the weak aspects of each financial literacy aspects, namely budgeting, savings and debt management literacy to enhance they financial performance.However, it was recommended that priority should be given to savings literacy, followed by budgeting literacy and debt management literacy owing to the relative prediction strength business performance. Further research can be conducted to establish an ideal framework for enhancing the economic and technical sustainability of NUDIPU-iSave Economoc Empwoernment Model
Improving safe blood availability at Baptist Hospital Mutengene (BHM). A cross-sectional study.
Full text linkBackground
Blood transfusion saves millions of lives worldwide. In sub-Saharan Africa, it plays a key role in managing malaria-related anaemia in children. However, blood shortages remain a pressing issue and thus threaten healthcare systems reliant on transfusion, which is very common in Africa. This study aimed to improve the safe blood availability at Baptist Hospital Mutengene (BHM).
Methodology
Kotter’s and Lewin’s models guided the strategic change management approach, focusing on awareness campaigns, stakeholder engagement, and donor motivation. Educational sessions were conducted in hospitals, schools, and communities to increase participation. Incentives such as transport and feeding allowances were introduced to encourage voluntary non-remunerated blood donors (VNBD). Challenges encountered, including resistance to change, were managed through communication and active participation. Data was collected from donor records, staff reports, and voluntary donor feedback to assess progress.
Results
The initiative increased VNBD numbers from 70 in 2022 to 172 in 2024, with an ultimate goal of reaching 500 donors to ensure a stable blood supply. Donor deferrals due to medical ineligibility dropped from 12 per month to 2, improving blood safety. Regular blood drives yielded up to 30 units per event. The introduction of transport and feeding allowances encouraged donors, leading to a 10% increase in unscheduled donations. Health education efforts reduced socio-cultural barriers to donation. However, staffing shortages and limited blood bank storage space remained challenges.
Conclusion
This change initiative has improved blood donation at BHM through structured frameworks, stakeholder collaboration, and education campaigns, with sustained progress driven by teamwork, staff commitment, and administrative support despite challenges.
Recommendation
Further change is recommended in the area of blood management so that the available blood does not expire while patients are in dying need of it
A NARRATIVE VIEW OF POLIOMYELITIS ERADICATION IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS: Risk of re-emergence of poliomyelitis in the DRC: impact of heterogeneous vaccination coverage
No full textPoliomyelitis remains a persistent threat in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), despite intensified immunization campaigns. The country continues to experience recurrent outbreaks of vaccine-derived type 2 poliovirus (cVDPV2), highlighting gaps in eradication efforts. This narrative review aims to analyze the main challenges to polio eradication in the DRC and explore potential strategies to address them. The persistence of cVDPV2 in the DRC is due to uneven coverage, logistical challenges, low community engagement, vaccine supply issues, and insecurity in certain regions. Despite significant progress, including the Mashako protocol to reach unvaccinated children and improved surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis, these barriers continue to hamper eradication efforts. Addressing these issues requires a multi-sectoral approach, including investment in infrastructure, improved vaccination practices, active community mobilization, and enhanced security measures for vaccination teams in conflict areas. Strengthening cold chain logistics and implementing targeted strategies to address vaccine hesitancy are also critical. A coordinated effort between the government, partner organizations, and local communities is essential for polio eradication in the DRC. Future research should focus on optimizing immunization strategies, strengthening surveillance systems, and evaluating innovative approaches to overcome logistical and security challenges in immunization campaigns
AN INVESTIGATIVE QUALITATIVE STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF STUDENT BEHAVIOUR ON EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES: PERSPECTIVES OF AFRICAN LECTURERS IN NATURE CONSERVATION AT MANGOSUTHU UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY.
Full text linkBackground
Student behaviour plays a pivotal role in shaping educational outcomes in higher education. However, there is limited empirical research exploring how racial and cultural dynamics influence lecturer-student interactions, especially concerning African lecturers. This study investigates how the behaviour of final-year students impacts the teaching efficacy of African lecturers in the Bachelor of Applied Science in Nature Conservation program at Mangosuthu University of Technology (MUT).
Methods
A qualitative research design was adopted, incorporating in-depth interviews with 15 African lecturers, surveys administered to 120 final-year students, and 30 classroom observations. The lecturers (60% male, 40% female) had teaching experience ranging from 5 to 20 years. Thematic analysis was used to interpret qualitative data, while quantitative responses were summarized using descriptive statistics.
Results
The study revealed three central challenges faced by African lecturers: a perceived lack of respect from students, cultural disconnect, and institutional neglect. Interview responses indicated that African lecturers were often subjected to defiance and undermining behaviour. Classroom observations confirmed higher rates of disruption in their classes. Quantitative data showed that 65% of African lecturers frequently experienced disrespect, compared to 30% of non-African lecturers. Student engagement was significantly lower in classes taught by African lecturers (40%) than their non-African counterparts (70%), and student performance averaged 50% compared to 80%, respectively.
Conclusion
African lecturers encounter systemic barriers, including implicit bias and inadequate institutional support, which negatively affect their teaching efficacy. These factors contribute to decreased student engagement and academic performance.
Recommendations
Higher education institutions should enforce clear behavioural guidelines, offer diversity and cultural sensitivity training, and establish institutional frameworks that support African lecturers. These measures are essential to promote equitable learning environments and improve both teaching and student performance outcomes
EFFECTS OF PRENATAL DEXAMETHASONE ON TERM INFANTS IN CASES OF MATERNAL ANTEPARTUM HEMORRHAGE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Full text linkBackground
In the past 25 years, the use of prenatal corticosteroids in pregnant women who are about to give birth, typically between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation, has been one of the most important advancements in perinatal medicine.
Objectives
In this investigation, the effects of maternal antepartum hemorrhage (APH) on the results of term children who were exposed to dexamethasone during pregnancy and those who were not.
Materials and Methods
The study was a retrospective study that was carried out at Hi-Tech Medical College, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Information about 800 patients was extracted. Records pertaining to female patients suffering from APH who gave birth to a single child at 37 weeks or more. Exclusion criteria included those with premature rupture of the membranes or those who did not receive a full course of dexamethasone.
Results
The study included 800 pregnant women, 40 receiving antenatal dexamethasone and 760 not. The dexamethasone group had a lower mean maternal age (31.5±4.3 vs. 34.2±4.2 years; p<0.001) and higher rates of gestational diabetes (25% vs. 10.2%; p<0.001) and asthma (7.5% vs. 1.57%; p<0.05). APH, primarily due to placenta previa, was more common (20% vs. 5.2%). Dexamethasone exposure was linked to lower birth weight, Apgar scores, and gestational age at delivery (p<0.05).
Conclusion
The study concluded that while antenatal dexamethasone for APH was linked to a higher rate of surgical vaginal delivery, an earlier delivery, and a lower neonatal birthweight, it was not linked to SGA newborns, NICU admission, or a low Apgar score.
Recommendation
Antenatal dexamethasone use should be carefully considered, balancing neonatal benefits against risks like lower birth weight and early delivery, particularly in pregnancies complicated by APH
BEYOND THE DEGREE: UNDERSTANDING THE HIGH GRADUATE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE IN SOUTH AFRICA – A CASE STUDY ON BACHELOR OF APPLIED SCIENCE IN NATURE CONSERVATION GRADUATES – A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
Full text linkBackground
Graduate unemployment remains a pressing issue in South Africa, even within specialized fields like Nature Conservation. Despite growing environmental concerns and increased demand for conservation professionals, many graduates from the Bachelor of Applied Science in Nature Conservation at Mangosuthu University of Technology (MUT) face difficulties in securing relevant employment. This study investigates the underlying causes of graduate unemployment and explores practical strategies to enhance employability.
Methods
A mixed-methods, cross-sectional study was conducted to assess employment status, barriers to employment, and potential solutions for improving graduate outcomes. Quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 150 graduates from 2018 to 2023, focusing on employment status, skill gaps, and work-integrated learning (WIL) experiences. Qualitative data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with 30 employers from conservation agencies, NGOs, and private companies, and 10 academic staff from MUT, exploring perceptions of curriculum relevance and employability trends.
Results
The study found that 65% of graduates were unemployed, with 30% searching for employment for over a year. Among those employed, 58% held temporary contracts, and only 22% secured permanent positions. Most respondents (75%) were aged 22–30, with a gender distribution of 56% female and 44% male. Key barriers included a mismatch between academic training and industry expectations, especially in GIS, ecological monitoring, and environmental legislation. 70% of graduates struggled to access WIL placements, while 50% cited financial constraints as a barrier to job relocation. Qualitative findings emphasized the importance of field exposure, entrepreneurial development, and soft skill enhancement. Stakeholders proposed embedding mandatory WIL, offering short certifications, and expanding graduate support services.
Conclusion
There is a clear gap between academic preparation and labor market expectations. Addressing this requires stronger academic-industry alignment.
Recommendation
Revise the Nature Conservation curriculum to include practical and technical training aligned with industry needs to improve graduate employability.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY INVESTIGATING SOCIOECONOMIC INEQUALITIES IN HIGHER EDUCATION: BARRIERS TO ACCESS AND SUCCESS AT MANGOSUTHU UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (MUT).
Full text linkBackground
Access to higher education in South Africa remains a challenge for students from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds. Despite progressive policies aimed at widening participation, many students face financial constraints, limited academic preparation, and insufficient institutional support. Mangosuthu University of Technology (MUT), a historically disadvantaged institution, provides a relevant context to investigate these barriers.
Methods
A quantitative study was conducted with 300 participants: 250 undergraduate students, 30 faculty members, and 20 policymakers. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and institutional records. Participants were diverse in age (ranging from 18 to 26 years for students), gender (58% female, 42% male), and residential background, with 64% of students coming from rural areas. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to identify patterns linking socio-demographic variables to educational access and success.
Results
The findings reveal that 80% of students from low-income households struggled to afford tuition, accommodation, and learning materials. Approximately 75% reported inadequate access to academic resources, including the internet and textbooks. In addition, 65% of students whose parents had not pursued higher education indicated poor academic preparedness and difficulty adjusting to university demands. Students from rural backgrounds reported challenges in transitioning to university life and accessing support services. Financial aid was available, but delays and complex procedures were commonly reported.
Conclusion
Socioeconomic and demographic disparities remain a major barrier to equitable access and academic success at MUT. Financial difficulties, insufficient academic support, and systemic challenges disproportionately affect students from rural and low-income households.
Recommendations
The study recommends strengthening financial aid systems, improving access to academic resources, and introducing targeted transition programs for first-generation and rural students. These strategies are essential to foster inclusive participation and support student success in higher education
A Quantitative Study Assessing the Impact of Urban Expansion on Biodiversity in the eThekwini Municipality.
Full text linkBackground
Urban expansion poses a significant threat to biodiversity, particularly in rapidly developing municipalities like eThekwini. This study aims to assess how land-use changes driven by urbanization are affecting biodiversity, with a focus on the diversity of flora and fauna in peri-urban areas.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey design was employed, integrating spatial analysis using GIS data and structured community-based surveys. Biodiversity assessments were conducted in three peri-urban zones: Umlazi, Inanda, and Ntuzuma. Structured questionnaires were administered to 60 participants, including residents, conservation officials, and traditional leaders. Land cover change data from 2003 to 2023 were analyzed to track patterns of urban expansion and habitat transformation.
Results
The findings revealed a 34% decline in natural vegetation over the past two decades, with significant reductions in bird and amphibian species in the affected zones. The sample included 55% female and 45% male participants, aged between 25 and 65 years, with educational backgrounds ranging from secondary school to tertiary education. Community perceptions highlighted increased human-wildlife conflict, reduced access to traditional medicinal plants, and declining pollinator populations. Participants with higher education levels demonstrated greater awareness of the ecological consequences of urban sprawl.
Conclusion
Urban expansion in the eThekwini Municipality is significantly impacting local biodiversity, especially within peri-urban ecosystems. Habitat loss is threatening species richness and compromising ecological services critical to the well-being of local communities.
Recommendations
The study recommends the integration of green infrastructure in urban planning, the promotion of community-led conservation initiatives, and the development of policy frameworks that prioritize biodiversity-sensitive development. Additionally, targeted environmental awareness programs should be intensified, particularly in rapidly urbanizing communities