Student's Journal of Health Research Africa
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IMPACT AND ASSESSMENT OF ILLEGAL FISHING ON RIVERINE BIODIVERSITY IN THE EASTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA: A MIXED-METHODS STUDY.
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Subsistence fishing, while a livelihood source for many, significantly impacts freshwater and marine biodiversity through overexploitation and illegal practices. This study investigates the ecological and socio-economic effects of subsistence fishing, with a particular focus on the drivers and challenges of illegal fishing, despite existing regulatory efforts.
Methods
A mixed-methods approach was used, combining spatial analysis to identify ecologically sensitive fishing areas with quantitative survey data from 32 subsistence fishers across designated fishing zones. A structured questionnaire captured demographic profiles, fishing practices, permit status, and perceptions of fisheries regulations.
Results
This study confirms that illegal subsistence fishing continues to threaten biodiversity conservation, with 67% of participants acknowledging the use of unsustainable fishing methods such as gill nets and harvesting during breeding seasons. 59% of respondents were unemployed, and 72% lacked formal fishing permits. 62% were male and 38% female, with the majority citing poverty, limited alternative livelihoods, and poor policy awareness as key reasons for noncompliance. Additionally, 81% of fishers reported that they had never been engaged in community consultations or regulatory planning. Spatial mapping revealed several fishing hotspots overlapping with protected or sensitive aquatic habitats, intensifying the ecological risks. Weak enforcement, limited patrols, and a shortage of trained extension officers were cited by both fishers and local authorities as major obstacles to effective policy implementation.
Conclusion
Illegal subsistence fishing poses a direct threat to biodiversity, and current regulatory frameworks are inadequately enforced. Without community engagement and socio-economic support, conservation objectives are unlikely to be met.
Recommendations
To mitigate biodiversity loss and improve compliance, fisheries management must integrate community-based enforcement, expand awareness campaigns, and develop alternative livelihood programs. Strengthened institutional capacity and participatory governance are essential for sustainable resource use and inclusive policy outcomes
ELEVATED CIRCULATING ENDOTHELIN-1 AND OXIDATIVE STRESS AS POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR PREECLAMPSIA IN WOMEN FROM TAMILNADU: A CASE CONTROL STUDY.
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Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy characterized by endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress, contributing to maternal and fetal morbidity. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PE.
Objective:
This study aimed to evaluate ET-1 and oxidative stress markers as potential biomarkers for preeclampsia in pregnant women from Erode, Tamil Nadu.
Methods
A prospective case-control study was conducted at Government Erode Medical College Hospital, involving 86 pregnant women. Participants were categorized into preeclamptic cases (n = 46) and normotensive controls (n = 40). Serum levels of ET-1, total oxidative status (TOS), total antioxidative status (TAS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were measured. Independent t-tests and Pearson’s correlation were performed to evaluate group differences and associations.
Results
The preeclamptic group had significantly elevated ET-1 (1.39 ± 1.31 pg/ml vs. 1.27 ± 0.285 pg/ml, p = 0.023), higher TOS (119.44 ± 6.48 µmol/L vs. 112.88 ± 3.23 µmol/L, p = 0.034), lower TAS (1.04 ± 0.259 mmol/L vs. 1.47 ± 0.388 mmol/L, p = 0.001), and higher OSI (1.44 ± 1.29 vs. 0.867 ± 0.421, p < 0.001). Demographic variables such as mean age (24.01 ± 3.43 vs. 22.64 ± 2.16 years), gravidity, and gestational age (33.1 ± 4 vs. 32 ± 4.3 weeks) showed no significant differences, confirming matched groups. Pearson’s correlation revealed a weak, non-significant association between ET-1 and OSI.
Conclusion
Preeclampsia is associated with elevated oxidative stress and ET-1 levels, supporting their role as potential biomarkers. These findings may aid in early diagnosis and improved clinical monitoring of PE.
Recommendations
Future multi-center studies with larger cohorts and longitudinal follow-up are recommended to confirm these findings, explore causal mechanisms, and evaluate the utility of ET-1 and oxidative stress markers for risk stratification and therapeutic interventions in high-risk pregnancies
Assessing graduate employability in the faculty of natural sciences at Mangosuthu University of Technology: A mixed-methods cross-sectional study on challenges and solutions.
Get PDFBackgroundGraduate unemployment remains a significant concern in South Africa, particularly in science-related fields where misalignment between academic training and labour market expectations persists. At Mangosuthu University of Technology (MUT), the Faculty of Natural Sciences produces graduates in various disciplines; however, many encounter challenges transitioning into employment. This study assesses the employability of these graduates, identifies employment barriers, and proposes institutional strategies to enhance career readiness.
MethodsA mixed-methods cross-sectional design was used. Quantitative data were gathered via structured questionnaires from 120 recent graduates across multiple disciplines. Qualitative insights were obtained through semi-structured interviews with 10 academic staff and 5 industry employers. The study explored graduates’ perceptions of readiness, skill alignment with market needs, and employment outcomes. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, thematic analysis, and triangulation.
ResultsOnly 38% of graduates secured employment within 12 months post-graduation. Key barriers included limited work-integrated learning, insufficient practical experience, and poor industry exposure. Employers reported deficiencies in communication, problem-solving, and digital competencies. Academic staff highlighted the need for curriculum reform and stronger industry collaboration. A clear disconnect between academic preparation and employability expectations emerged.
ConclusionGraduate employability challenges in the Faculty of Natural Sciences are linked to structural gaps in the curriculum and limited experiential learning. While graduates possess core scientific knowledge, their employability is constrained by inadequate workplace exposure and soft skills.
RecommendationsMUT should enhance work-integrated learning, introduce industry-driven short courses, incorporate soft skills into the curriculum, and foster formal partnerships with employers. These interventions will better align education with industry needs, improving graduate employability and institutional impact
Factors affecting uptake of prostate cancer screening among men at Arua regional referral hospital, Arua city. A cross-sectional study.
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Prostate cancer screening is the screening process used to detect undiagnosed prostate cancer in men without signs or symptoms. The study aims to determine the factors affecting the uptake of prostate cancer screening among men at Arua Regional Referral Hospital.
Methodology
A cross-sectional descriptive purposive study which involved a size of 60 respondents selected using purposive sampling method, data was collected using questionnaires. Data was analyzed manually using tally sheets and results were presented in the form of frequency distribution tables and figures.
Results
43 (71.67%) were between the age of 4050 years, and 31 (51.67%) were Madi. The majority 23(38.3%) were Catholics, the Majority 28(46.67%) were civil servants, Majority were married 45(75%), Basing on individual factors, only 16.67% of the respondents had ever been screened for prostate cancer. Most 80% of the respondents had fear of prostate cancer screening with the major reason being fear of stigma with 53.33%. Based on socio-economic factors, the majority 63% of the respondents did not believe in myths about prostate cancer screening, and based on health system-related factors, the majority 46.67% had a distance of 2-4km to the nearest health facility.
Conclusion
Individual factors were the major factors affecting prostate cancer screening which included less knowledge about prostate cancer screening, and fear of prostate cancer screening however also socio-economic factors like low estimated monthly income and health system-related factors like long distance to the nearest health facility which brought about low uptake of prostate cancer screening among men at Arua Regional Referral Hospital.
Recommendation
There should be increased awareness through mass media and from health workers about prostate cancer and its screening which should help maintain the present and improve the level of knowledge and practice of prostate cancer screening
A MIXED-METHODS CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF LANGUAGE DIFFICULTIES ON KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION AND ACADEMIC SUCCESS AMONG FIRST-YEAR NATURE CONSERVATION STUDENTS AT MANGOSUTHU UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY.
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Language proficiency is a critical factor in higher education success, especially in disciplines like Nature Conservation that demand strong conceptual understanding and technical vocabulary. At Mangosuthu University of Technology (MUT), many first-year students from multilingual backgrounds face language barriers that may hinder their learning and academic performance. This study examines the impact of language difficulties on knowledge acquisition and academic success among first-year Nature Conservation students.
Methods
A cross-sectional mixed-methods study design was employed. Quantitative data were collected through standardized English language proficiency assessments and academic performance records of 120 first-year Nature Conservation students enrolled in 2025. Qualitative data were gathered through focus group discussions (n=4) and semi-structured interviews (n=15), which explored students' experiences with language challenges in lectures, assessments, and practical sessions. Statistical analysis included correlation testing between language proficiency and academic performance, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically.
Results
The sample consisted of 120 students (53% female, 47% male; mean age = 19.4 years). Quantitative results showed a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.58, p < 0.01) between English proficiency and academic performance, with students scoring higher in theoretical modules demonstrating better language skills. Qualitative findings indicated that language barriers led to reduced classroom engagement, misinterpretation of key concepts, and difficulty in academic writing. Students reported challenges with translating ecological terms and field-specific vocabulary, leading to reduced confidence. Coping strategies included forming peer study groups, using bilingual resources, and dedicating extra time to self-study.
Conclusion
Language barriers significantly hinder first-year Nature Conservation students’ ability to acquire and apply knowledge. These challenges impact their academic performance and contribute to educational inequality.
Recommendations
Institutions should implement academic language support tailored to the Nature Conservation curriculum, provide bilingual resources, and train lecturers in linguistically responsive teaching strategies to improve academic outcomes and promote equity
Navigating Without a Compass: A Qualitative Case Study on the Experiences of Postgraduate Students with Unstructured or Absent Supervision
No full textBackgroundPostgraduate supervision is critical to academic success and student well-being in higher education. However, many students encounter challenges due to unstructured, inconsistent, or absent supervision, resulting in research delays, emotional distress, and reduced academic confidence. This study explores the lived experiences of postgraduate students navigating their academic journeys without adequate supervisory support.
MethodsA qualitative case study design was employed to gain an in-depth understanding of postgraduate supervision experiences. The study was conducted at a public South African university, with a purposive sample of 20 participants comprising 15 master’s students and 5 doctoral students across disciplines including science, education, and humanities. Data were collected through 12 semi-structured interviews and two focus group discussions involving 8 participants. Thematic analysis, guided by Braun and Clarke’s six-step framework, was used to identify key themes related to supervisory relationships, emotional well-being, institutional support, and coping strategies.
ResultsThe findings reveal that 85% of participants experienced irregular communication, lack of timely feedback, and minimal academic guidance. These deficiencies often led to confusion, demotivation, academic isolation, and project delays. Students with access to informal mentorship or peer networks exhibited greater resilience. Institutional supervision policies were often poorly communicated or inconsistently enforced, compounding the challenges faced by students.
ConclusionUnstructured or absent postgraduate supervision detrimentally affects both academic progress and mental health. Inconsistent supervisory practices foster environments of uncertainty and frustration, frequently pushing students toward informal support systems.
RecommendationsHigher education institutions should establish and enforce clear supervision policies across faculties. Supervisor training and performance monitoring must be institutionalized. Furthermore, accessible grievance channels, formal mentorship programmes, and peer support networks should be integrated to bridge supervisory gaps and promote student success
THE MODERATING EFFECTS OF PERSONAL FACTORS ON HEALTH-SEEKING BEHAVIOURS AND UTILISATION OF SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICES AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN BUSOGA REGION, UGANDA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
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Adolescents in Uganda face substantial barriers to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) service utilization, influenced by both individual and structural factors. This study assessed how personal characteristics, specifically age, employment status, and travel time, moderate the relationship between health-seeking behaviors and SRH service use in the Busoga region.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2024 among 408 adolescents aged 13–19 years using structured questionnaires. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was applied to examine associations and moderation effects.
Results
Positive health-seeking attitudes predicted adolescents’ intentions to use SRH services (β = 2.310, p < 0.001), while age (β = -0.090, p = 0.002) and employment (β = -0.453, p = 0.002) negatively moderated this relationship. Travel time reduced service use (β = -0.272, p < 0.001), but service preferences helped offset this effect (β = 0.093, p < 0.001). Media exposure, particularly through radio, positively moderated the relationship between attitudes and current SRH utilization (β = 0.072, p < 0.001).
Conclusions
Positive health-seeking attitudes significantly predicted adolescents’ intentions to use SRH services. However, this effect was weakened by older age and employment. While longer travel time reduced service utilization, strong service preferences helped offset this barrier.
Recommendations
To improve SRH service utilization among adolescents in Uganda’s Busoga region, programs should be more adolescent-responsive. Key actions include: training providers in adolescent-friendly care, expanding mobile and community outreach, utilizing trusted media such as radio to promote positive attitudes, and tailoring interventions to meet the specific needs of subgroups, including working, rural, and older adolescents
A Study on to evaluate the efficacy of Anti-VEGF Therapy in Neovascular ARMD at tertiary care centre of Jharkhand: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Analysis
No full textBackground: The most common kind of age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) in the elderly is neovascular ARMD. Anomalies of the capillaries under the retina are the hallmark of this condition. A well-established method for controlling neovascular ARMD is anti-VEFG (vascular endothelial growth factor) treatment, which blocks the formation of aberrant blood vessels. Additional research is necessary to determine its effectiveness in practical situations, despite its extensive use.
Objectives:
Primary Objective: To study the efficacy of antiVEGF therapy in Neovascular ARMD patient in tertiary care centre in Jharkhand.
Secondary Objective:To determine the effects of anti-VEGF therapy on central retinal thickness, visual acuity, leakage and retinal morphology.
Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the ophthalmology department over a 12 month period involving 50 patients with neovascular ARMD and a minimum of three months of anti-VEFG treatment were included in this retrospective cross-sectional study. Ranibizumab, bevacizumab, or aflibercept were the drugs given to the patients. The data was gathered by measuring visual acuity with a Snellen chart, measuring central retinal thickness with optical coherence tomography (OCT), and evaluating retinal leakage with fluorescein angiography. Statistical analysis was conducted using paired t-tests, with a significance level of p-value < 0.05.
Results: Retinal morphology and visual acuity both showed notable improvements. A decrease in macular oedema was indicated by an average reduction of 65 µm in central retinal thickness and an improvement of 0.18 in visual acuity on the Snellen scale. Compared to 80% at baseline, only 24% of patients exhibited leakage after treatment, according to fluorescein angiography, indicating a substantial decrease in retinal leakage.
Conclusion: Patients suffering from neovascular ARMD report marked improvements in visual acuity and retinal morphology after receiving anti-VEFG therapy. Patients with neovascular ARMD may be able to keep their eyesight with the help of anti-VEFG medications
A cross-sectional study of the impact of COVID-19 on surgical registrar training at the University of KwaZulu-Natal.
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Data are scarce regarding how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected surgical training in low- and middle-income countries. This study investigates the pandemic’s influence on postgraduate surgical education and research activities among registrars at the University of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey administered between 6 September 2023 and 28 February 2025. The target population comprised all surgical registrars, including those in anaesthesiology, enrolled at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, from March 2020 to December 2022. The survey consisted of twenty-four multiple-choice questions designed to assess the perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical skill development, training activities, examination readiness, and postgraduate research involvement.
Results
A total of 70 registrars participated in the study. Among them, 63 participants (90%) reported a decrease in surgical training. 53 participants (75.7%) reported a perceived decrease in the acquisition of surgical skills, and nine registrars (28.1%) were required to modify or restart their postgraduate research projects, while only two (5.3%) reported that their research activities were unaffected by the pandemic.
Conclusion
During the COVID-19 pandemic, surgical trainees at this institution reported a decrease in the quality of surgical training and skills acquisition.
Recommendation
Further research at multiple centres to provide broader insights and larger sample sizes to allow for meaningful comparisons across different surgical specialties regarding the impact of COVID-19 on registrar training programs
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE UPTAKE OF THE HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINE AMONG GIRLS AGED 9-10 YEARS AT KAJJANSI HEALTH CENTRE IV, WAKISO DISTRICT, A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
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The study aims to identify the factors influencing the uptake of the human papillomavirus vaccine among girls aged 9-10 years at Kajjansi Health Centre IV, Wakiso District.
Methodology
This study adopted a cross-sectional study design, utilizing quantitative methods of data collection. It included 30 participants, who were parents and legal guardians of adolescent girls aged 9-10 years attending Kajjansi Health Centre IV accompanied by adolescents.
Results
The majority 29 (97%) attained formal education, and 1 (3%) were not educated. 21(70%) reported no awareness about the existence of HPV and its vaccine. 23 (76.7%) thought the vaccine wasn’t safe and beneficial for their children to receive. 19(63.3%) reported traditional cultural beliefs or taboos against the vaccination of children, and 11 (36.7%) reported none. 20 (66.7%) reported mistrust towards vaccines provided by the government in their families or communities. 16 (53%) reported that they waited for the health worker for more than an hour, while 1 (3%) noted low delay. 17 (57%) responded that health workers were rude during their last visit, and 3 (10%) said they were polite. 21 (70%) appreciated vaccine availability in the facility.
Conclusion
Therefore, factors influencing the uptake of the HPV vaccine included the education level of parents, lack of awareness about the vaccine and its benefits, individual attitude towards the vaccine, poor health workers’ attitude, and long waiting times to receive service.
Recommendation
Ministry of Health, health workers, and other responsible bodies should use all available avenues to increase the public knowledge concerning the availability, safety, and benefits of HPV vaccine through routine public awareness campaigns, regular health education talks, printed flyers, and involvement of village health team to help deal with HPV vaccine hesitancy