International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health (nepjol.info)

In teaching profession, distress has been linked to dissatisfaction with job and to negative affective and professional consequences. In the present study, the attempt was made to identify the level of job stress and job satisfaction among teachers in consideration with their gender differences along with age and experiences. Study comprised of randomly selected 69 school teachers from Pokhara, Nepal. Socio economic data of the subjects were collected by questionnaire. Modified TJSQ and Modified TARSO were applied to identify the Job satisfaction and Job stress of the subjects. Data from acceptable returned questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS 17. It can be concluded from the analysis that, the school teachers were partly satisfied and experiencing mild to moderate stress from their job overall. These can be the resultant of unfavorable job condition and job types for the school teachers. Key Words: School Teacher; Job Stress; Job Satisfaction DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v1i1.5226 International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, Vol 1 (2011) 27-3

Mondal, Jaita

Shrestha, Sandhya

Bhaila, Archana

English

School Teachers: Job Stress and Job Satisfaction, Kaski, Nepal

oai:nepjol.info:article/4306DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v1i1.4306 International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, Vol 1 (2011) 5-

Ganesh, S Kumar

Available Online at http://nepjol.info/index.php/IJOSH  
 
 
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, Vol 1 (2011) 5 - 6 
Review 
Issues related to Health Promotional measures at workplace  
Ganesh Kumar S  
Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, JIPMER, Puducherry, India  
 Health promotional measures at workplace are still an 
ignored issue especially in developing countries. Occupational 
Health, as defined by a joint committee of World Health Organi-
zation and the International Labour Organization, involves the 
promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, 
mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations. Occu-
pational Health Practitioners have long recognized health promo-
tion to be an integral part of a comprehensive occupational 
health care system. The World Health Organization (WHO) esti-
mated in 2007 that the global labour force was half of the world’s 
population (1). 
Workers are exposed to various physical, chemical, biological, 
mechanical and psychosocial hazards depending on the work 
involved and the place of the work.  Assessment of risk of work 
and distribution of workforce into the various sectors is the first 
step towards attaining health promotional measures. The pur-
pose of risk assessment is to ensure that a valid decision can be 
made for measures necessary to control exposure to substances 
hazardous to health arising in workplace. Expertise, effort, and 
details required in risk assessment depends on the nature and 
degree of risk, and the complexity of the work process. Adequate 
control measures are determined based on several factors, such 
as the toxicity of the substance, numbers exposed, acceptability 
of risk, legal requirements, costs, and availability of control 
measures1. Risk will be related to host factors like age, sex, job 
duration, time of the work in the day, presence of any addictions. 
Risk level and distribution of workforce varies from country to 
country. In developing countries like India, agricultural sector 
where more than half of the total work force is employed is a 
point of concern. Besides, majority of the workers are coming 
under unorganized sector and data are not available pertinent to 
various types of hazards and risks. They are more prone to acci-
dents, toxic and physical hazards, zoonotic and respiratory  - 
diseases. The prevalence rate of accidents ranges from 7.8% to 
27.7% depending upon the type of work performed (2). Preva-
lence work related  injuries is 35% among all injuries reported in 
a public sector industry (3). Another study highlighted that preva-
lence of accidents in tile factories as 18.5% (4). It has shown 
that young and less experienced workers are more prone to ac-
cidents. 
Recognition of vulnerable populations in developing countries 
that includes child labour, migrant population, women works, and 
disabled population is the second step of health promotional 
concept. They are suffered more adverse effects due to non 
availability of services. Besides they are more prone to get vari-
ous types of communicable and non communicable diseases. 
Due importance should be given through legal, educational and 
community based approach to these vulnerable population.   
Elimination of the hazard or substitution with a safer alternative, 
engineering controls, redesign of the work station or process, 
health education of workers, safer work practices, use of person-
al protective equipments, good personal hygiene practices, safe 
water supply and sanitation of the work place, pre placement 
examination, promotion of mental health through recreational 
activities, good housing conditions, health and other benefits to 
vulnerable groups are some of the health promotional measures 
required for the workers. But, in many developing countries there 
is no comprehensive occupational health services existing to-
wards these aspects. However there are various organizations 
active in the field of occupational health.  
Administrative control is one of the important measures to re-
duce worker exposure to occupational hazards. This could take 
the form of job enlargement or job rotation, restrictions of hours 
of work at a hazardous operation, or temporary job reassign-
ment. With this measure duration of exposure to hazardous sub-
stances will be reduced. Simultaneously workers should be  © 2011 OHSSN All rights reserved. 
Review/IJOSH/ ISSN 2091-0878 
6 
 
educated regarding recognition of work hazards, safe work envi-
ronment, disaster management techniques, handling of emer-
gency situations and prevention of communicable, non communi-
cable diseases.  Research should be strengthened in all these 
areas to assess this important problem and remedial measures. 
Political commitment for legal approach with the implementation 
of health promotional measures towards achieving the safety of 
the workers is an important task in this regard.  
 
References: 
1. David Koh, Dean Baker. Occupational Health in Oxford Text-
book of Public health, 5th edition, Oxford University Press 
2009. 
2. Nag PK, Nag A. Drudgery, accidents and injuries in Indian 
Agriculture. Ind Health 2004;42:149-62.  
3. Sarma BP. Epidemiology and man days loss in burn injuries 
amongst workers in an oil industry. Burns 2001;27:475-80. 
4. Ganesh Kumar S, Rathnakar UP, Harsha Kumar HN. Epide-
miology of accidents in tile factories of Mangalore city in 
Karnataka. Indian J Community Med 2010;35:78-81 


Issues related to Health Promotional measures at workplace

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v1i1.5225 International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, Vol 1 (2011) 3-

Skyberg, Knut

Available Online at http://nepjol.info/index.php/IJOSH  
 
 
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, Vol 1 (2011) 3 - 4 
Letter to Editor 
Congratulations on the new occupational health journal 
Knut Skyberg MD, PhD 
Dept. of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway. 
 On behalf of the colleagues within the field of occupa-
tional and environmental medicine in Norway, I would like to ex-
press my best wishes for the new journal. The International Jour-
nal of Occupational Safety and Health (IJOSH) is a big step for-
ward for Nepal, and I am sure that this will contribute to the de-
velopment of occupational safety and health in Nepal and other 
countries of the region.  
As an active contributor to Ramazzini - the Norwegian Journal of 
Occupational Medicine, I have recently interviewed your Editor-in
-Chief, Dr. Sunil Kumar Joshi about the development of occupa-
tional health in Nepal. I have learnt that there is a lot of interest 
for what is happening in countries like Nepal. One should bear in 
mind that the economic development in Norway has been very 
fast. Two or three generations back people in Norway experi-
enced many of the same health problems that are common in 
Nepal today. We had malnutrition, increased child mortality, inad-
equate housing and infectious diseases like tuberculosis. As late 
as in 1935 we had 47 cases of leprosy. The same year 23,700 
were under treatment for tuberculosis (Schiøtz C, editor. Text-
book in Hygiene, 1938 – in Norwegian). Poliomyelitis was still a 
large problem during the 1950’s. The working environment was 
often hazardous, with risks of injuries, silicosis and other pneu-
moconiosis and poisoning or skin damage from chemicals. To-
day our focus in preventive occupational medicine is more on 
work related diseases and rehabilitation. Still more traditional 
occupational diseases like asthma, chronic obstructive lung dis-
orders, noise induced hearing loss and solvent induced encepha-
lopathy are common. Some information may be found on the 
website of the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work 
(1). 
Norway is a country that has been fortunate to have a lot of natu-
ral resources that modern societies ask for. Like Nepal, we have 
especially water resources and mountains, giving opportunities 
for hydroelectric power production. After the last World War 
(1939-1945) we were fortunate to receive major financial invest-
ments from the USA, Great Britain and France. We discovered 
oil in the 1970’s. And fisheries have gradually been replaced by 
fish farming, an important export industry. But a problem for Nor-
way and many other countries is that one is too dependent of 
raw material export. The further development of Nepal is of 
course dependent on a constructive political process, but there 
is no point in just waiting. It is important at the same time that 
education and research is stimulated, like the creation of this 
new medical journal. In addition, much can be done to develop 
the health standard in Nepal by non-governmental initiatives, like 
the work being done by the international organization Nyaya 
Health, currently running a hospital and a community health pro-
gram in Bayalpata, north-western Nepal (2). 
Norway is perhaps known for its international engagements, 
even though we are a small population of 5 million people. How-
ever, as a small country, we have learnt the importance of inter-
national collaboration. Within the field of occupational health we 
have been active in the International Commission of Occupation-
al Health (ICOH) and several subcommittees. In Europe, the 
European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS) is important for 
our field as it has a section for Occupational Medicine (3). This 
section seeks to develop the standard of specialists in occupa-
tional medicine. This is crucial in a world with increasing move-
ment of professional across the borders.  
Research and publication are important activities to move for-
ward any field of medicine. Documentation of the relationship 
between exposures in the work environment and adverse health 
effects provides the basis for preventive measures. Whenever 
possible, one should seek to document the positive effect of 
work environment improvements. As has been requested by the 
Cochrane collaboration, properly controlled intervention studies  © 2011 OHSSN All rights reserved. 
Letter to Editor/ IJOSH/ ISSN 2091-0878 
4 
 
are missed within occupational medicine (4). Similar to controlled 
clinical trials, such studies are regarded as methodically superior 
to most other approaches. In addition, they provide a very peda-
gogic design that when successful may give motivation for further 
workplace developments. In addition to more traditional designs, 
it is my hope for this new journal that it will succeed in publishing 
studies showing development of the standard of the work envi-
ronment and subsequent health improvements. 
I wish the journal a prosperous future. Occupational health is still 
a relatively small discipline, and we need to build it step by step. 
In this global world it is possible to disseminate information quick-
ly and effectively. I am sure many colleagues within this field will 
follow the journal closely. 
 
References: 
1. http://osha.europa.eu/fop/norway/en/index_html 
2. http://www.nyayahealth.org/ 
3. http://www.uems-occupationalmedicine.com/dk/home 
3.http://osh.cochrane.org/criteria-occupational-health-intervention
-studies  


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School Teachers: Job Stress and Job Satisfaction, Kaski, Nepal

Issues related to Health Promotional measures at workplace

Congratulations on the new occupational health journal

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