University of La Rioja

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    Sources of incongruity in advertising

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    The role of conceptual metaphor and metonymy in advertising has been investigated in depth, especially in multimodal approaches (Forceville, 1996, 2008; Pérez-Sobrino, 2017). However, other forms of figurative thinking have not received as much attention and the cognitive processes involved in their production and interpretation have been mostly disregarded. This is noticeably the case of hyperbole (mainly verbal hyperbole) and more specially of irony, paradox and oxymoron, which have been largely ignored. The present chapter, which ensues from recent research on cognitive modeling within the framework of Cognitive Linguistics, contributes to examining the key role played by these forms of figurative language in advertising by focusing on the incongruity that emerges from the discrepancy between an imaginary scenario and a real-world situation, between a pretended-agreement-scenario and an observable situation, and between two or more seemingly contradictory predications/concepts. Special emphasis is made on the nature of the emotional impact that arises from this incongruity and on the combination of different figurative uses and modes (here termed multi-operational convergence in multimodal communication) as effective tools used to broaden the range of meaning implications. Multimodality is key to constructing meaning. For instance, in Chapter 5 (Gerothanasi, Julich-Warpakowski, & Pérez-Sobrino, this volume), opera is regarded as a multimodal piece of art whose meaning is the product of the combination of the verbal, music, and visual modes. It is also observed in the present chapter that, in application of the Principle of Relevance, the greater processing cost involved in the construal of advertisements is offset by extra cognitive effects (Sperber & Wilson, 1995)

    Naturaleza jurídica de las plataformas digitales como meras intermediarias o como prestadoras del servicio principal subyacente: Uber vs. Airbnb

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    El auge de las plataformas digitales especialmente en el marco de la prestación de servicios de transporte y alojamiento ha dado lugar a litigios y controversias sobre todo tratando de delimitar la normativa aplicable y el ámbito de su responsabilidad. Para concretar ambas resulta esencial primero determinar la naturaleza jurídica de la actividad que prestan: ¿meras intermediarias y prestadoras de un servicio de la sociedad de la información o realmente prestadoras del servicio principal subyacente, en este caso de transporte o alojamiento? En este trabajo se analizan los criterios que al respecto de la naturaleza jurídica de las plataformas digitales han acogido en un primer momento la Comisión Europea y posteriormente el TJUE y el Tribunal Supremo español.The rise of digital platforms, especially in the context of transport and accommodation services, has given rise to litigation and disputes, particularly regarding the definition of applicable regulations and the scope of their liability. In order to clarify both, it is essential to first clarify the legal nature of the activity they provide: are they mere intermediaries and providers of an information society service, or are they actually providers of the underlying main service, in this case transport or accommodation? This paper analyses the criteria regarding the legal nature of digital platforms that have been adopted first by the European Commission and subsequently by the CJEU and the Spanish Supreme Court

    La representación simbólica de la Educación en España. Minerva y su templo (1781-1915)

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    La utilización de referentes simbólicos de origen ilustrado presenta una curiosa pervivencia en el ámbito educativo español del primer tercio del siglo XX. La alusión al Templo de Minerva en la dedicatoria de las Fábulas de Samaniego y la posterior difusión de este texto como libro de lectura escolar, afianza la reiterada alusión a esta diosa y a una estructura templaria para simbolizar la instrucción. A partir del uso de este símbolo en el mundo editorial español de ámbito educativo, en especial del realizado por la empresa de Saturnino Calleja, puede entenderse la construcción visual de este recurso simbólico, así como los cambios en su significación desde la retórica dieciochesca hasta su incorporación al mercado editorial del primer tercio del siglo XX.The use of Enlightenment-origin symbolic referents shows a curious persistence in the Spanish educational sphere during the first third of the 20th century. The reference to the Temple of Minerva in the dedication of Samaniego’s Fables, and the subsequent dissemination of this text as a school reading book, reinforces the repeated invocation of this goddess and a temple-like structure as symbols of instruction. Through the use of this symbol in the Spanish educational publishing world --particularly by the company of Saturnino Calleja-- we can understand the visual construction of this symbolic resource, as well as the changes in its meaning from 18th-century rhetoric to its incorporation into the publishing market of the early 20th century

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