Scientific Publications of the University of Toulouse II Le Mirail
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Liberté de choix, consommation et limites planétaires : généalogie d’une confusion sociohistorique
No full textInternational audienc
Layer-Parallel Training for Transformers
No full textWe present a new training methodology for transformers using a multilevel, layerparallel approach. Through a neural ODE formulation of transformers, our application of a multilevel parallel-in-time algorithm for the forward and backpropagation phases of training achieves parallel acceleration over the layer dimension. This dramatically enhances parallel scalability as the network depth increases, which is particularly useful for increasingly large foundational models. However, achieving this introduces errors that cause systematic bias in the gradients, which in turn reduces convergence when closer to the minima. We develop an algorithm to detect this critical transition and either switch to serial training or systematically increase the accuracy of layer-parallel training. Results, including BERT, GPT2, ViT, and machine translation architectures, demonstrate parallel-acceleration as well as accuracy commensurate with serial pre-training while fine-tuning is unaffected
Een kruisvergelijkende beschouwing over de actuele ontwikkelingen in het Mexicaanse grondrechtenrecht: de zaak Digna Ochoa, het advies nr. 32/25 van de Inter-Amerikaanse Commissie voor de Mensenrechten (IACHR) en de grondwetsherziening inzake de democratische verkiezing van rechters
No full textNational audienceAls Erbe der aztekischen und mayazeitlichen Hochkulturen sowie der spanischen Kolonialherrschaft ist Mexiko historisch von vielfältigen Formen der Gewalt geprägt: präkolumbische Konflikte, Eroberung und Kolonisation, Unabhängigkeitskämpfe, innere Auseinandersetzungen im Zusammenhang mit der Reformbewegung, territoriale Konflikte mit den Vereinigten Staaten, die Mexikanische Revolution sowie in jüngerer Zeit die mit dem Drogenhandel verbundene Gewalt. Gegenwärtig durchläuft der mexikanische Staat eine kritische Phase seiner verfassungsgeschichtlichen Entwicklung. Zwischen gesellschaftlichen Partizipationsansprüchen, dem Schutz der Grund- und Freiheitsrechte und der ökologischen Dringlichkeit entwickelt sich Mexiko zu einem veritablen Laboratorium, in dem demokratische Ideale und populistische Tendenzen aufeinandertreffen. Das mexikanische Verfassungsrecht, zunehmend geprägt durch internationale Standards, verdeutlicht exemplarisch die zentralen Herausforderungen bei der Herstellung eines Gleichgewichts zwischen Demokratie, Rechtsstaatlichkeit, Grundrechten und Umweltgerechtigkeit.Heir to the Aztec and Maya civilizations and later shaped by Spanish colonization, Mexico has experienced various forms of violence: pre-Columbian conflicts, the conquest, struggles for independence, internal wars during the Reform era, territorial disputes with the United States, the Mexican Revolution, and, more recently, drug-related violence. Today, the Mexican state is navigating a critical phase in its constitutional history. Amid popular aspirations, the protection of fundamental rights, and ecological urgency, the country has become a laboratory where democratic ideals clash with populist tendencies. Its constitutional law, increasingly influenced by international standards, exemplifies the significant challenges of balancing democracy, the rule of law, fundamental rights, and environmental justice.Herederos de las civilizaciones azteca y maya, así como de la colonización española, los procesos históricos que han configurado a México han estado marcados por diversas formas de violencia: conflictos precolombinos, conquista, luchas por la independencia, enfrentamientos internos vinculados a las reformas liberales, conflictos territoriales con los Estados Unidos, la Revolución mexicana y, más recientemente, la violencia asociada al narcotráfico. En la actualidad, el Estado mexicano atraviesa una fase crítica de su desarrollo constitucional. Entre aspiraciones de participación popular, protección de los derechos y libertades fundamentales y urgencias ecológicas, el país se ha convertido en un verdadero laboratorio constitucional donde confluyen y se tensionan ideales democráticos y dinámicas populistas. El derecho constitucional mexicano, cada vez más influido por los estándares internacionales del sistema interamericano, pone de relieve los desafíos centrales que plantea la búsqueda de un equilibrio entre democracia, Estado de derecho, derechos fundamentales y justicia ambiental.Héritier des civilisations aztèque et maya, puis de la colonisation espagnole, le Mexique a été marqué par différentes formes de violence : conflits précolombiens, conquête, luttes pour l’indépendance, guerres internes liées à la Réforme, conflits territoriaux avec les États-Unis, Révolution mexicaine, et plus récemment, la violence liée au narcotrafic. Aujourd’hui, l’État mexicain traverse une phase critique de son histoire constitutionnelle. Entre aspirations populaires, protection des droits fondamentaux et urgence écologique, le pays se transforme en véritable laboratoire où idéaux démocratiques et tendances populistes se confrontent. Son droit constitutionnel, de plus en plus influencé par les standards internationaux, illustre les défis majeurs de l’équilibre entre démocratie, État de droit, droits fondamentaux et justice environnementale.Erede delle civiltà azteca e maya, nonché della dominazione coloniale spagnola, il Messico è storicamente segnato da molteplici forme di violenza: conflitti precolombiani, conquista, lotte per l’indipendenza, conflitti interni legati alle riforme liberali, controversie territoriali con gli Stati Uniti, la Rivoluzione messicana e, più recentemente, la violenza connessa al narcotraffico. Oggi lo Stato messicano attraversa una fase critica della propria evoluzione costituzionale. Tra istanze di partecipazione popolare, tutela dei diritti e delle libertà fondamentali ed emergenze ecologiche, il paese si configura come un vero e proprio laboratorio costituzionale, nel quale si confrontano ideali democratici e tendenze populiste. Il diritto costituzionale messicano, sempre più influenzato dagli standard internazionali del sistema interamericano, mette in luce le principali sfide connesse al difficile equilibrio tra democrazia, Stato di diritto, diritti fondamentali e giustizia ambientale.Als erfgenaam van de Azteekse en Maya-beschavingen en van de Spaanse koloniale overheersing wordt Mexico historisch gekenmerkt door uiteenlopende vormen van geweld: precolumbiaanse conflicten, de verovering, de onafhankelijkheidsstrijd, interne oorlogen in het kader van de hervormingsbeweging, territoriale conflicten met de Verenigde Staten, de Mexicaanse Revolutie en, meer recent, het geweld dat samenhangt met de drugshandel. Thans bevindt de Mexicaanse staat zich in een kritieke fase van zijn constitutionele ontwikkeling. Tussen maatschappelijke participatie-aspiraties, de bescherming van grond- en vrijheidsrechten en ecologische urgenties ontwikkelt Mexico zich tot een waar constitutioneel laboratorium waarin democratische idealen en populistische tendensen met elkaar worden geconfronteerd. Het Mexicaanse constitutionele recht, dat in toenemende mate wordt beïnvloed door internationale standaarden, illustreert de fundamentele uitdagingen bij het vinden van een evenwicht tussen democratie, rechtsstaatelijkheid, grondrechten en milieurechtvaardigheid
La rive d'en face. al-Andalus et le Maghreb à l'époque des Omeyyades de Cordoue (IIIe-Ve/VIIIe-XIe siècles)
No full textInternational audienceAlors que l’historiographie continue de considérer que l’unité territoriale de l’Occident musulman ne serait devenue incontestable qu’à partir du XIe siècle, cet ouvrage propose de remonter cette chronologie en éclairant les modalités de sa progressive construction au cours des premiers siècles de l’époque islamique (VIIIe-XIe siècles). Produit d’une approche qui combine la relecture de textes classiques, bien connus des historiens mais encore insuffisamment critiqués, et l’analyse de sources moins fréquemment mobilisées, c’est une nouvelle géographie historique de l’Islam méditerranéen qui est ici proposée, reposant tant sur l’identification d’un maillage d’itinéraires que sur la mise en évidence d’une diversité d’usages de l’espace. L’unité de l’Occident musulman, qui se trouve au carrefour de l’Europe carolingienne, de l’Afrique subsaharienne et de l’Orient abbasside, s’impose dès lors comme un fait incontournable de la Méditerranée médiévale
A Computational Structural Analysis of Host Insertions in the Polyproline Region of the Hepatitis E Virus pORF1 Polyprotein
No full textInternational audienceHepatitis E virus, a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus, is the causative agent of acute viral hepatitis in humans and can lead to chronic infection in immunocompromised individuals. In this setting, strains containing host genome insertions within the polyproline region (PPR) of the pORF1 polyprotein were characterized and shown to display an increased replication rate across all systems. Using in silico modeling of pORF1 across 25 strains, combined with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we explored the structural variations caused by these insertions to investigate potential mechanisms underlying the increased replication rate compared to wild-type (WT) strains. Our results showed that the insertions neither induced structural organization within the PPR nor altered its intrinsically disordered nature. MD simulations further demonstrated that the overall stability of pORF1 remained unchanged in strains with insertions compared to WT strains. On the other hand, MD analyses revealed that strains with insertions exhibited an increased number of hydrogen bonds between the PPR and two other domains of pORF1: the MetY domain and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The stability of the MetY domain of the strains in the presence of host insertion events was higher than in the WT strains. These additional hydrogen bonds could position the MetY domain and the RdRp closer together, potentially promoting more efficient viral RNA synthesis. Validation of this hypothesis will require experimental structural studies, as well as computational modeling of the proposed dodecameric pORF1 structure
Cyclists route choice modeling in urban areas : a mode-constrained mixture approach
No full textInternational audienceCities increasingly rely on bike-sharing systems to promote sustainable mobility. These systems generate massive but low-granularity data. Unlike GPS datasets, trip records provide only the origin station, destination station, and total duration, making it difficult to infer route structure or behavioral heterogeneity. Despite this limited granularity, studies conducted in Toulouse have shown that trip-duration distributions for each station pair are typically bimodal and well represented by a mixture of log-normal distributions. Moreover, a strong empirical linear relationship has been identified between the mode of the first (fastest) component and the theoretical fastest duration obtained through OpenStreetMap (OSM). This observation motivates a mode-constrained mixture model, in which the mode of the dominant component is anchored to an affine function of the OSM travel time.We validate this approach on 2.4 million trips recorded in Helsinki–Espoo in 2024, which include both durations and distances. For each station pair with at least 100 trips, the duration and distance distributions show strong structural coherence, and the constrained model significantly improves the agreement between temporal and spatial analyses. Furthermore, the constraint stabilizes parameter estimation and enhances behavioral interpretability. This transferable method offers urban planners a reliable tool to infer route choice without GPS data, supporting the design of cycling infrastructure and the modeling of travel demand
Cognitive decline in aging parasitoid wasps
No full textAbstract Aging induces cognitive decline in humans and some other animals. For species that rely on learning and memory for reproduction, impaired cognitive functions may incur severe fitness costs. Here we report age-related cognitive decline in a solitary parasitoid wasp, Venturia canescens , that uses olfactory memories for host seeking and selection. We trained individual wasps to associate an odour with an oviposition reward, and compared their learning and memory performances at different stages of the reproductive life. Wasps between 6- and 14-day-old showed consistently poorer learning and reduced memory retention than young conspecifics, and this tendency increased with age. In this parasitoid insect, aging induces a precocious cognitive decline in reproductive females, which could severely impact their fitness through altered abilities to identify high quality hosts
La PLL-Emmental pour l'apprentissage neuro-symbolique efficace de contraintes & fonction objectif
No full textInternational audienceLa PLL-Emmental pour l'apprentissage neuro-symbolique efficace de contraintes & fonction objecti