Scientific Publications of the University of Toulouse II Le Mirail
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Fake news il y a 100 ans – décryptage aujourd’hui : histoire de l’enseignement du colonialisme allemand
No full textInternational audienceDans le Fonds Polényk conservé à l’Université de La Réunion, plusieurs dizaines d'ouvrages portant sur les colonies allemandes ont été publiés après la fin de l’empire colonial allemand, invitant à s’interroger sur les relations entre les colonies allemandes perdues et une jeunesse allemande qui ne les a jamais connues. Comment la pensée coloniale a-t-elle été diffusée auprès de la jeunesse allemande peu après le traité de Versailles ? Et comment, cent ans plus tard, la question du « colonialisme sans colonies » du siècle dernier peut-elle être abordée avec les étudiants français et allemands d’aujourd’hui ?Si le Fonds Polényk présente plusieurs exemples extrêmes de manipulation et de propagande qui étaient encore à l’oeuvre il y a quelques décennies, il invite également à en décrypter les mécanismes et à fournir à la jeunesse du XXIe siècle les outils critiques dont les générations précédentes ont été sciemment privées. Dans le cadre des cours du Département d’allemand, étudiants allemands et français décodent désormais ensemble le fonctionnement des « fake news » du siècle dernier afin de mieux se prémunir de celles qui circulent aujourd’hui
Une métropole en partage.: Récits de la métamorphose brestoise.
No full textInternational audienceLongtemps associée à l’image d’une ville grise à vocation essentiellement militaire, Brest fait désormais figure de territoire dynamique et attractif. Dès les années 1970, la ville a initié des stratégies d’aménagement pour revitaliser son centre et affirmer son identité. Devenue métropole en 2014, elle mise aujourd’hui sur son histoire, empreinte de solidarités humaines et territoriales, et sur son rôle maritime, pour se positionner comme capitale des océans. Cette étude explore l’évolution de son récit urbain et des politiques publiques qui l’accompagnent
Modalités d'influence du storytelling dans un contexte écologique
No full textInternational audienceAs part of action research, the implementation of methodological triangulation aims to understand better the overall influence of the organisations’ storytellings of that sell or rent electronic products claimed to be more ethical and ecological. The analyzes carried out make it possible, on the one hand, to observe a narrative convergence between audiences subscribing to a location offer and the discourse of the rental organization and, on the other hand, to show that for non-subscribing audiences of a location offer, rental storytelling arouses less interest than sale of refurbished devices. These results therefore lead to propose the exploration of a new research avenue according to which storytelling would be a method of communication more likely to reinforce existing attitudes and representations than to significantly change them.Dans le cadre d’une recherche-action, la mise en place d’une triangulation méthodologique vise à mieux comprendre l’influence globale des storytellings des organisations qui vendent ou louent des produits électroniques revendiqués plus éthiques et écologiques. Les analyses permettent, d’une part, d’observer une convergence narrative entre des publics souscripteurs d’une offre de location et le discours de l’organisation loueuse et, d’autre part, de montrer que, pour des publics non souscripteurs d’une offre de location, le storytelling locatif suscite moins d’intérêt que celui des offres de vente d’appareils reconditionnés. Ces résultats conduisent donc à proposer l’exploration d’une nouvelle piste de recherche selon laquelle le storytelling serait une méthode de communication plus susceptible de renforcer des attitudes et représentations existantes que de les changer significativement
An Epistemic Theory of Deductive Arguments
No full textInternational audienceEpistemic logic and the theory of argumentation have only very recently started to interact, despite the central role that the epistemic view of argument plays in contemporary epistemology. In this paper, we present a novel epistemic language for reasoning about three types of beliefs of agents: explicit belief, plain implicit belief, and focused implicit belief. We use it to represent the concept of deductive argument and to elucidate its connection with the concept of belief. Our language is interpreted through a formal semantics that relies on belief bases. This semantics allows us to naturally represent the reasons an agent has for believing something, which we show to be closely related to the notion of argument. We provide results on expressiveness, axiomatization and decidability for the language
Responsibility Anticipation and Attribution in LTLf
No full textInternational audienceResponsibility is one of the key notions in machine ethics and in the area of autonomous systems. It is a multi-faceted notion involving counterfactual reasoning about actions and strategies. In this paper, we study different variants of responsibility for LTLf outcomes based on strategic reasoning. We show a connection with notions in reactive synthesis, including the synthesis of winning, dominant, and best-effort strategies. This connection provides a strong computational grounding of responsibility, allowing us to characterize the worst-case computa- tional complexity and devise sound, complete, and optimal algorithms for anticipating and attributing responsibility
Rational Capability in Concurrent Games
No full textInternational audienceWe extend concurrent game structures (CGSs) with a simple notion of preference over computations and define a minimal notion of rationality for agents based on the concept of dominance. We use this notion to interpret a CL and an ATL languages that extend the basic CL and ATL languages with modalities for rational capability, namely, a coalition's capability to rationally enforce a given property. For each of these languages, we provide results about the complexity of satisfiability checking and model checking as well as about axiomatization
How human are invertebrates? Prospects and challenges of transferring cognitive concepts across species
No full textInternational audienceOver the past decades many invertebrates, and in particular insects, have been shown to exhibit sophisticated cognitive abilities, suggesting that they can innovate, understand problems, and develop cultures. Many of these studies have been inspired from concepts and protocols derived from experimental psychology in humans and some other large-brained vertebrates. In this comment article associated to the topical collection “Towards a cognitive ecology of invertebrates”, we consider the main prospects and challenges of transferring cognitive concepts from the vertebrate literature to invertebrate studies at times when invertebrate cognition research is rapidly growing. We also discuss how these new discoveries in small-brained animals can be used to clarify the original concepts. We believe such tighter crosstalk between vertebrate and invertebrate communities is needed to move the field forward and facilitate comparative research to reconstruct the evolution of cognition
Choosing the best or avoiding the worst: complementary and opponent value signals in the human brain
No full textAbstract Whether the brain encodes the subjective value of pleasant and unpleasant situations via a single integrated circuit or through distinct pathways remains unresolved. It is also unclear how neural value signals guide choices when the context involves choosing the most favorable option or avoiding the most unfavorable one. To address these questions, we recorded intracerebral activity from 27 participants as they first rated pleasant and unpleasant scenarios and then made binary choices across all combinations of item domain (pleasant/unpleasant) and choice frame (choose best/worst). Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) broadband gamma activity (BGA, 50–150 Hz) tracked the value of pleasant items during rating and pre-choice, correlating positively with the most pleasant item irrespective of choice frame. Similarly, anterior insula (aIns) BGA tracked the value of unpleasant items during rating and pre-choice, correlating negatively with the most unpleasant item irrespective of choice frame. The difference in relative value correlations between the vmPFC and aIns was larger for choices involving a conflict between item domain and choice frame, consistent with slower response times and choices less aligned with value differences in these trials. These findings reveal dissociable yet complementary neural systems for pleasant and unpleasant valuation and highlight how such signals may guide flexible decision-making across contexts
