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Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e yabancı sermaye ve millîleştirme süreci: Bursa Elektrik Şirketi örneği
No full textThis study is an expanded and revised version of the oral presentation titled “Privileged Foreign Companies in Turkey during the Early Republican Period and the Case of Bursa Electricity Company” presented at the International Symposium on the 100th Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, organized in collaboration with the Atatürk Research Center and İstanbul University History Department (November 21-22, 2023, İstanbul).In the Ottoman Empire, a significant portion of public services was transferred to privileged foreign companies starting from the second half of the 19th century. By the 20th century, European capital had established dominance in strategic sectors within Ottoman territories, including railways, ports, banking, industry, and municipal services such as water, gas, and electricity. The reliance on foreign-capital companies to manage public services continued as a necessity during the Early Republican Period. However, this system was abandoned over time due to its incompatibility with national interests and the principles of a social state, as well as its inability to meet the growing demands of expanding cities and developing industries. Consequently, foreign-owned enterprises were purchased and nationalized by the state. This study employs a historical survey method, relying on primary sources such as archival documents, periodicals, and company reports to analyze the role of foreign-capital companies during the transition from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey. It focuses on the Bursa Electricity Company as a micro-level case study. Established in 1924 by the French Omnium d’Enterprises Company, the Bursa Electricity Company was transferred to the Italian Marelli Company in 1932 and subsequently nationalized by the state in 1939, serving as a tangible example of the nationalization policies of the Republican era.Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda kamu hizmetlerinin büyük bir bölümü, 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren imtiyazlı yabancı şirketlere devredilmiştir. 20. yüzyıla gelindiğinde, Avrupa sermayesinin Osmanlı topraklarındaki demiryolları, limanlar, bankacılık, sanayi, su, gaz ve elektrik gibi belediye hizmeti sayılan stratejik alanlarda belirgin bir hâkimiyet kurduğu görülmektedir. Osmanlı Devleti’nde kamu hizmetlerinin yabancı sermayeli şirketler aracılığıyla yürütülmesi, Erken Cumhuriyet döneminde de zorunlu olarak devam ettirilmiştir. Ancak, bu sistem zamanla ulusal çıkarlara ve sosyal devlet ilkelerine uyumsuzluğu ile büyüyen kentlerin ve gelişen sanayinin artan taleplerini karşılayamaması nedeniyle terk edilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, yabancı sermayeli işletmeler satın alınarak devletleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışma, tarihsel tarama yöntemini kullanarak arşiv belgeleri, dönem yayınları ve şirket raporları gibi birincil kaynaklara dayanmakta ve Osmanlı’dan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’ne geçiş sürecinde yabancı sermayeli şirketlerin rolünü, Bursa Elektrik Şirketi örneği üzerinden mikro düzeyde incelemektedir. 1924 yılında Fransız Omnium d’Enterprises Şirketi tarafından kurulan Bursa Elektrik Şirketi, 1932’de İtalyan Marelli Şirketi’ne devredilmiş ve 1939 yılında devlet tarafından millîleştirilerek Cumhuriyet dönemi millîleştirme politikalarının somut bir örneği hâline gelmiştir
Hidayet Sayin's village themed plays
No full textTiyatro, kökeni antik çağlara dayanan, çeşitli dinî törenlerden doğan ve daha sonra geliştirilerek sahnede bir seyirci topluluğu önünde oyuncular tarafından canlandırılmak amacıyla yazılı bir metne dönüşen; malzemesi insan olan bir sanattır. Cumhuriyet döneminin önemli yazarlarından biri olan Hidayet Sayın, hayatı boyunca tiyatro alanında sayısız eserler kaleme almıştır. Bu çalışmanın konusu, Hidayet Sayın'ın tiyatrolarında köy temasıdır. Bu kapsamda Hidayet Sayın'ın hayatı, edebî kişiliği, tiyatro yazarlığı ve eserleri hakkında ayrıntılı bilgiler verilmiştir. On köy oyunu yapısal çözümleme yöntemiyle tahlil edilmiştir. Tezin, Giriş Bölümünde konunun seçilme nedeni, önemi, araştırma yöntemleri ve içeriği gibi konular hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. I.Bölümde tiyatronun gelişim süreci ve Türk edebiyatında köy oyunları ele alınmıştır. II. Bölümde Hidayet Sayın'ın hayatı, edebî kişiliği, tiyatro yazarlığı ve eserleri hakkında ayrıntılı bilgiler verilmiştir. III. Bölümde ise yapı başlığı altında, Hidayet Sayın'ın köy oyunları tahlil edilmiştir. IV. Bölümde, köy oyunları tematik olarak incelenmiştir. Tezin sonunda elde edilen tespitlerin değerlendirildiği Sonuç ve yararlanılan kaynakların yer aldığı Kaynakça bölümleri yer almaktadır. Hidayet Sayın ile yapılan röportaj ve fotoğraflar ise Ekler bölümünde yer verilmiştir.Theatre, whose origins date back to ancient times, emerged from various religious ceremonies and was later developed and turned into a written text to be performed by actors on stage in front of an audience; It is an art whose material is human. Hidayet Sayın, one of the important writers of the Republican period, wrote numerous works in the field of theater throughout his life. The subject of this study is the village theme in Hidayet Sayın's theatres. In this context, detailed information is given about Hidayet Sayın's life, literary personality, theater writing and works. In Part I, the development process of theater and village plays in Turkish literature are discussed. II. In the chapter, detailed information is given about Hidayet Sayın's life, literary personality, theater writing and works. . III. In the chapter, Hidayet Sayın's village plays are analyzed under the title of structure. IV. In the chapter, village games were examined thematically. At the end of the thesis, there are Conclusion sections, where the findings obtained are evaluated, and Bibliography sections, where the sources used are included. The interview and photos with Hidayet Sayın are included in the Appendices section
Polymers in sustainable construction composites: Rheology, mechanical performance, and durability
No full textToday, various strategies are being adopted to produce more environmentally friendly cementitious systems. A commonly adopted strategy is the enhancement of energy efficiency in the clinker grinding process through the use of grinding aids (GAs). Another approach is to reduce cement consumption by partially replacing cement with mineral additives such as fly ash. The literature has highlighted that the use of GAs during clinker grinding can narrow the particle size distribution, thereby promoting higher rates of mineral additive replacement. Nevertheless, the literature still lacks comprehensive insight into how the combined application of commonly used GAs influences the substitution levels of mineral additives. In this regard, this study thoroughly examined the influence of varying proportions and dosages of Triethanolamine (TEA) and Triisopropanolamine (TIPA)-two commonly employed grinding aids-on the hydration kinetics, compressive strength development, and life cycle performance of fly ash (FA)-blended cementitious systems. The mixtures prepared with the cements produced were analyzed through XRD, TGA, and SEM techniques, and the compressive strength results were evaluated using the Taguchi method. The results demonstrated that, irrespective of the type of additive used, the use of GAs enhanced pozzolanic activity and compressive strength. In particular, the GA combination containing 75% TIPA and 25% TEA proved the most superior results in terms of hydration kinetics, mechanical strength, and environmental performance. It was demonstrated that the combined use of TEA and TIPA in specific proportions creates a synergistic effect, enabling the development of more efficient binder systems
The effect of Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) on music performance anxiety
No full textBu çalışmada müzik öğretmeni adaylarının müzik performans anksiyete durumlarının cinsiyet, sınıf düzeyi, çalgı türü, çalgıyı çalma süresi, çalgıyla sahnede performans sergileme sayısı, çalgı ile birden fazla öğretmen veya bir komisyon karşısında sınav performansı sergileme sayısı değişkenlerine göre tespit edilmesi ve Duygusal Özgürleşme Tekniğinin (EFT) söz konusu anksiyete üzerindeki etkisinin ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma ön test- son test kontrol gruplu deneysel model doğrultusunda planlanmıştır. Çalışma grubuna dâhil edilen öğrenciler ölçüt örnekleme yöntemi ile 2023- 2024 öğretim yılı güz ve bahar yarıyıllarında Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Güzel Sanatlar Eğitim Bölümü Müzik Eğitimi Ana Bilim Dalında 1. 2. 3. sınıfta öğrenim gören ve çalışmaya katılmakta istekli olan öğrencilerden seçilmiştir. Katılımcıların %53,7’si (n=44) deney grubu, %46,3’ü (n=38) ise kontrol grubunda yer almıştır. Deney grubu ile küçük gruplar halinde iki haftada bir kez olmak üzere toplamda 4 kez yüz yüze bir araya gelinerek EFT çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Kontrol grubundaki öğrencilerle ise hiçbir uygulama yapılmamıştır. Veriler öğrencilerin demografik bilgilerine yönelik sorular ve Banu Özevin Tokinan (2013) tarafından Türkçeye uyarlanan Kenny Müzik Performans Kaygısı Envanterini (K-MPKE) içeren form ile toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde bağımsız örneklem T testi, bağımlı örneklem T-testi, tek yönlü ANOVA ve ANCOVA kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada uygulanan ön testte ortaya çıkan sonuçlara göre kadın katılımcıların müzik performans kaygısı genel ve tüm alt boyutlarında erkek katılımcılara göre anlamlı olarak daha yüksek kaygı düzeylerine sahip oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Ancak tüm diğer değişkenlere göre müzik performans anksiyetelerinde anlamlı bir fark tespit edilememiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda, kontrol grubunda müzik performans anksiyete düzeylerinde anlamlı bir düşüş görülmemesine karşın EFT uygulaması yapılan deney grubu öğrencilerinin müzik performans anksiyete düzeylerinde önemli düzeyde düşüş yaşandığı tespit edilmiştir. EFT’nin müzik performans anksiyetesi ile baş etmede etkili olma durumunun ilk kez araştırılmış olmasıyla önem kazanan araştırmanın son bölümünde elde edilen sonuçlar ışığında öneriler sunulmuştur.In this study it was aimed to identify the music performance anxiety levels of pre-service music teachers according to the variables such as gender, grade level, type of instrument, duration of playing the instrument, number of stage performances with the instrument, and the number of exam performances with the instrument in front of more than one teacher or a commission, additionally to reveal the effect of the Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) on the mentioned anxiety. The study was planned using the experimental model with pretest-posttest control group. The students in the study group were selected by the criterion sampling method from those studying in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd grades of the Bursa Uludağ University Faculty of Education Fine Arts Education Department, Department of Music Education during the fall and spring semesters of the 2023-2024 academic year and willing to participate in the study. 53.7% of the participants (n=44) were in the experimental group, while 46.3% (n=38) were in the control group. With the experimental group, EFT activities were carried out by meeting face-to-face in small groups once every two weeks for a total of 4 times. No practice was made with the students in the control group. The data were collected with a form with questions about the students' demographic information and the Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory (K-MPAI), adapted into Turkish by Banu Özevin Tokinan (2013). For data analysis, independent samples t-test, paired samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and ANCOVA were used. According to the results of the pre-test applied in the study, it was found that female participants had significantly higher levels of music performance anxiety, both in general and in all subdimensions than male participants. However, no significant difference was found in music performance anxiety based on any of the other variables. As a result of the study, it was determined that while there was no significant decrease in the music performance anxiety levels of the control group, there was a significant decrease in the music performance anxiety levels of the experimental group students who received EFT. The study, which gains importance as it is the first to investigate the effectiveness of EFT in managing music performance anxiety, provides recommendations in the final section in the light of results
Subclinical ketosis: Reproductive performance and milk yield in dairy cows receiving oral glucogenic precursors during early postpartum period
No full textThe objectives of the study were (1) to determine the effect of subclinical ketosis on milk yield on Days 7, 14 and 21 in cows that received oral glucogenic precursor in early postpartum period and (2) to compare the reproductive performance after a combination of automated estrus alerts and fixed-timed artificial insemination in subclinically ketotic and non-ketotic cows. Holstein Friesian cows (n = 464) received 500 mL of propylene glycol once daily for 10 days in milk. Overall, 122 cows (26.3%) tested positive for at least one SCK during the first 3 weeks, which left 342 cows (73.7%) with negative test results for SCK. The prevalence of SCK was higher (p 0.05) by milk production (high or low). Although no differences in milk yield were observed in the early postpartum period, cows diagnosed with subclinical ketosis showed a noticeable decline in milk production by Day 21. Moreover, SCK did not affect (p > 0.05) the percentage of estrus expression, the interval from calving to the first insemination and pregnancy rate. Semen type and parity were major factors for pregnancy rate (p < 0.05). In conclusion, subclinically ketotic status did not affect milk yield and reproductive performance in cows receiving oral propylene glycol during the early postpartum period. These findings suggest that the expected detrimental effects of SCK can be mitigated through early postpartum supplementation with glucogenic precursors and appropriate reproductive management
Final weight prediction from body measurements in Kıvırcık lambs using data mining algorithms
No full textThis study was carried out to determine the final weight estimation of K & imath;v & imath;rc & imath;k lambs using body measurements via Chi-square automatic interaction detection (CHAID), exhaustive CHAID, classification and regression tree (CART), random forest (RF), multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS), and bootstrap-aggregating multivariate adaptive regression spline (Bagging MARS) algorithms. For this purpose, height at withers (HW), back height (BH), croup height (CH), chest depth (CD), body length (BL), chest width (CW), and chest circumference (CC) were measured in the lambs. The statistical performances of these algorithms (CHAID, exhaustive CHAID, CART, RF, MARS, and Bagging MARS) were tested by using several goodness-of-fit criteria, namely the coefficient of determination (R-2=0.699, 0.699, 0.722, 0.662, 0.792, and 0.624), adjusted coefficient of determination (Adj.R-2=0.633, 0.633, 0.721, 0.637, 0.768, and 0.609), coefficient of variation (CV % = 6.35 and 5.14, P<0.01), mean square error (MSE = 3.296, 3.296, 2.904, 4.461, 2.277, and 4.121), root mean square error (RMSE = 1.815, 1.815, 1.704, 2.112, 1.509, and 2.030), mean absolute error (MAE = 1.409, 1.409, 1.279, 1.702, 1.193, and 1.628), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE = 3.925, 3.925, 3.578, 4.002, 3.335, and 3.967), between actual and predicted values of live body weight. With this, the best-fitted MARS model was chosen using cross-validation and user-defined parameter optimization. As a result, it has been shown that it is possible to make a successful estimation of the live weights of lambs by using some of the morphological features of the lambs
Frequency regulation of two-area thermal and photovoltaic power system via flood algorithm
No full textFrequency regulation is critical for maintaining balance between supply and demand in interconnected power systems, ensuring grid stability and preventing disruptions. This becomes increasingly important with the integration of renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic (PV) units, which introduce variability and complexity into power systems. In this regards, this study presents a novel approach to frequency regulation in a two-area interconnected power system comprising thermal and PV units. A Proportional-Integral (PI) controller is designed, and its parameters are optimally tuned using the flood algorithm (FLA). The innovative use of the FLA ensures robust performance and efficient frequency stabilization under varying operational conditions. The implementation details of the FLA-tuned PI controller are provided, and its performance is rigorously compared with PI controllers tuned using several state-of-the-art optimization techniques. These include sea horse optimization, salp swarm algorithm, whale optimization algorithm, shuffled frog-leaping algorithm, and firefly algorithm. The comparative analysis is based on numerical results of performance metrics, demonstrating the robustness and effectiveness of each tuning method. Performance indices, including maximum overshoot, settling time and steady-state error are used to evaluate the robustness of the designed PI controllers. The frequency variations for the two-area thermal and PV power system are analyzed postoptimization, highlighting the superiority of the FLA-based PI controller in maintaining system stability under various operational conditions. The proposed FLA-based PI controller achieved a reduction in maximum overshoot by 28.3 %, a decrease in settling time by 23.4 %, and an improvement in steady-state error by 15.7 % compared to the next best-performing optimization method. These results demonstrate the significant advantages of the FLA in optimizing frequency regulation
Performance enhancement of lightweight pla parts printed by fff using taguchi-gra method
No full textLightweight PLA (LW-PLA) filaments enable material-saving designs in fused filament fabrication (FFF), yet optimizing their mechanical performance remains challenging due to temperature-sensitive foaming behavior. This study aims to enhance the structural strength and material efficiency of LW-PLA parts using a multi-objective statistical approach. Four key process parameters-infill density (Id), material flow rate (Mf), wall line count (Wlc), and infill pattern (Ip)-were systematically varied using a Taguchi L16 orthogonal array. Tensile strength (Ts), flexural strength (Fs), and material consumption (Mc) were selected as the critical response metrics. Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) was used to aggregate these responses into a single performance index, and ANOVA determined each factor's contribution. The optimal combination of 60% infill density, 70% material flow, 4 wall lines, and line infill pattern yielded a 9.02% improvement in the overall performance index compared to the baseline, with corresponding Ts and Fs values of 13.58 MPa and 20.51 MPa. Mf and Wlc were the most influential parameters on mechanical behavior, while Id mainly affected Mc. These findings confirm that integrating Taguchi and GRA enables effective parameter tuning for LW-PLA, balancing strength and efficiency. This work contributes to the development of lightweight, high-performance parts suitable for functional applications such as UAVs and prototyping
Electromagnetic shielding enhancement in cement composites: A comparative study of mechanically and thermally recycled carbon fibers
No full textThe recycling of carbon fibers that have reached the end of their service life and their reintegration into new applications hold significant importance from an environmental and sustainable perspective. In this study, the aim is to enhance the electromagnetic wave shielding properties of cement-based composites by incorporating mechanically and thermally recycled and ball-milled carbon fibers at volumetric ratios of 1%, 2%, and 3%. Electromagnetic tests are conducted in the X-band frequency range (8-12.5 GHz), commonly preferred for microwave applications. The obtained results demonstrate an improvement in the SEA (absorption loss )and SET (total power loss) values of the composite with the use of recycled fibers. This improvement is particularly more pronounced in composites containing thermally recycled fibers. The enhanced performance is attributed to the electrical conductivity imparted by carbon fibers. At a frequency of 11.9 GHz, the SET value increased from 8.5 dB for the control sample to 9.2 dB for composites with 3% mechanically recycled fibers and up to 19 dB for composites with 3% thermally recycled fibers. These findings indicate that using recycled carbon fibers enhances the electromagnetic wave shielding properties, with thermal recycling contributing more significantly to this enhancement
Impact of modulator therapy on the chronic colonization of lower respiratory tract pathogens in children: Data from cystic fibrosis registry of Turkey
No full textBackground: Modulators have revolutionized cystic fibrosis (CF) management, but their effects on respiratory pathogens remain unclear. This study evaluated changes in lower respiratory tract pathogen detection after modulator therapy in children with CF, registered in the Cystic Fibrosis Registry of Turkey. Method: This retrospective, multicenter cohort study included children receiving modulator therapy between 2020 and 2022. Chronic respiratory tract colonization rates before and after therapy were compared, along with inhaler treatments, oral steroid, azithromycin use, pulmonary function tests, and hospitalizations for pulmonary exacerbations. The cohort was stratified by age, modulator type, and lung disease severity. Changes in microbiologic data over a 1-year period were also analyzed for children not receiving modulator therapy. Results: A total of 101 children (mean age 9.95 +/- 4.44 years) were included. Following modulator therapy, respiratory cultures of 57 (56.4%) were negative. Among 32 children with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) colonization, 14 (44%) showed negative respiratory cultures after receiving modulator therapy (p = 0.039). Conversion to culture-negative status was significant for methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (p = 0.022) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (p = 0.034), with ETI therapy yielding the highest conversion rates. Inhaled antibiotic use for chronic respiratory pathogens decreased significantly (p = 0.039), and spirometry parameters improved (p < 0.001). Among 1232 children not receiving modulators, 180 (14.6%) had negative respiratory cultures when examined at 1-year interval. In the same group, intermittent/chronic P. aeruginosa colonization was negative in 58 cases, while 85 developed new growth, following modulator therapy, with positivity rates rising from 16.3% to 18.5% (p = 0.030). No significant changes in other pathogen detection were observed. Conclusion: Modulators, particularly ETI, reduced respiratory pathogen detection and improved lung function in children with CF