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The evidence of consensus (ıjmāʿ) in the taḥqīq school within Jaʿfarī jurisprudential methodology, its authority and approaches to classical ıjmāʿ theories
No full textBu çalışma, Ca‘ferî fıkıh usûlünde Tahkîk ekolünün icmâın hücciyyeti ve onun teorik arka planına dair yaklaşımlarını ele almaktadır. Şöyle ki Sünnî ve Ca‘ferî icmâ anlayışları arasında metodolojik ve kavramsal farklılıklar bulunmakta olup, Sünnî usûlde icmâ erken dönemde teorize edilip sistematikleştirilmişken, Ca‘ferî usûlde özellikle gaybet-i kübrâ sonrasında gelişmiştir. Ca‘ferî âlimler icmâı, masûm imamın görüşünü tespit etmeye yönelik bir delil olarak kabul etmektedir. Dolayısıyla klasik mezhep usûlünde icmâ, muhassal (imamın görüşüne dayalı) ve menkûl (başka bir âlim veya kaynağın naklettiği) olarak ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Tahkîk ekolü, özellikle muhassal icmâya dair duhûlî icmâ, lutuf kaidesi, teşerrüfî icmâ ve sezgisel icmâ olmak üzere dört teoriyi tartışmakta; bu teorilerin çoğunu geçersiz bulmakta ve bu türden icmâın nadiren gerçekleştiğini savunmaktadır. Menkûl icmâ konusunda ise Tahkîk ekolü, bu türden bir icmâın bağlayıcı bir delil olma niteliği taşımadığını ve imamın görüşünü yansıtma gücüne sahip olmadığını ileri sürmektedir. Neticede icmâın fıkıh ilmindeki konumu ve işlevi ile Tahkîk ekolünün bu konudaki yaklaşımlarının mezhep içinde hâkim anlayışı yansıtması, konu hakkında çalışmayı gerekli ve önemli kılmaktadır. Bu düşünceden hareketle Tahkîk ekolünün icmâ hakkındaki eleştirileri ile icmâın hücciyyet değeri ve gerçekleşme imkânına dair yaklaşımlarını karşılaştırma ve tahlîle dayalı bir şekilde detaylandıran çalışmamızda, ekolün icmâın teorik zemine şüpheci yaklaştığı ve sorgulama neticesinde onun kesin bir delil teşkil edemeyeceğini savunduğu görülmektedir.This study examines the Taḥqīq school’s approach to ijmāʿ (consensus) within Jaʿfarī legal theory, focusing on its probative authority (ḥujjiyya) and theoretical foundations. While ijmāʿ is recognized in both Sunnī and Jaʿfarī traditions as the consensus of jurists, it emerged later in Jaʿfarī thought, particularly after the major occultation (ghayba al-kubrā). Unlike Sunnī jurists, Jaʿfarī scholars view ijmāʿ as a method to identify the opinion of the infallible Imām, emphasizing its role in revealing the Imām’s view over the mere agreement of jurists. Ijmaʿ in Jaʿfarī thought is divided into muḥaṣṣal (directly based on the Imām’s opinion) and manqūl (transmitted via other sources). The Taḥqīq school critiques various classical theories of ijmāʿ, including dukhūlī ijmāʿ, which assumes the Imām’s participation in juristic consensus, and the luṭf principle, which argues the Imām prevents error in consensus. Other theories, like tasharrufī ijmāʿ and intuitive ijmāʿ, propose direct or implicit communication with the Imām. Prominent Taḥqīq scholar Ansārī rejects most of these theories, claiming that ijmāʿ is rare or nearly nonexistent. The school also dismisses manqūl ijmāʿ as unreliable for legal reasoning, as it cannot confirm the Imām’s view. Based on this idea, our study, which elaborates through comparison and analysis the criticisms of the Tahqīq school regarding ijmāʿ as well as its views on the evidentiary value and feasibility of ijmāʿ, reveals that the school approaches the theoretical basis of ijmāʿ with skepticism and, as a result of critical inquiry, argues that it cannot constitute definitive evidence
Synergistic protease-lipase treatment for enhanced blood stain removal from textiles: Process optimization and efficacy evaluation
No full textThis study investigates the synergistic effects of protease and lipase, produced from strains of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus, respectively, on blood stain removal from polyester and cotton fabrics. The effectiveness of enzyme-detergent combinations was evaluated using Delta E values as a quantitative measure of stain removal. Optimal culture conditions for enzyme production were determined using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD), identifying key variables such as temperature, pH, agitation, inoculum volume, and incubation time. Under optimized conditions, the enzymatic activity of protease and lipase reached 925.5 U/ml and 20.5 U/ml, respectively, representing a 2.4-fold and 3.1-fold increase compared to unoptimized conditions (376 U/ml for protease and 6.6 U/ml for lipase). Under optimal destaining conditions (pH 7.0, enzyme concentration of 1 mg/ml, and temperature of 60 degrees C), the combination of detergent, protease, and lipase achieved the highest Delta E values (58.42 +/- 0.5 for polyester and 6.60 +/- 0.5 for cotton fabric), signifying enhanced stain removal efficacy. Synergy between enzymes and detergents was highlighted, where detergent improved enzyme access to stain components, resulting in markedly improved cleaning efficiency compared to treatments with either enzyme or detergent alone. This study emphasizes the efficacy of enzyme-assisted formulations for sustainable textile cleaning applications
Challenging the verdict of epigonality: A study of late antique judeo-christian literature traces in the quran
No full textIs the Quran an epigonic text? In other words, does the Quran rely on Late Antique JudeoChristian literature for its stories, figures, and themes? This article examines the widely debated claim among Western scholars that the Quran is an epigonic work, borrowing from prior religious texts, and aims to critically assess this assertion. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, many Western Orientalists argued that the Quran was constructed through selective borrowing from Judeo-Christian literature. Key figures promoting this view include Abraham Geiger, Michael Cook, and Christopher Luxenberg. However, from the latter half of the 20th century onwards, there has been a significant shift in Western academic perspectives on the Qur'& amacr;n, with increasing recognition of its originality and theological independence. Scholars like Sidney Griffith and Joseph Witztum argue that while the Quran may have adapted stories from earlier religious traditions, it reinterprets them within a distinct theological framework, exhibiting originality. Although certain Quranic narratives bear similarities to Jewish and Christian sources, their recontextualization within the Quran highlights the text's unique theological message. This paper challenges the notion of epigonality by examining the Qur'& amacr;n's originality and its divine origins in light of recent academic discourse
The impact of Industry 4.0 and digitalization on managerial decision-making: A qualitative study on industrial reflections
No full textEndüstri 4.0 uygulamaları ile yaşanan teknolojik ilerlemeler ve dijitalleşme ile işletmelerin yönetim ve karar alma süreçlerinde köklü değişiklikler yaşanmaktadır. Endüstri 4.0; nesnelerin interneti, büyük veri analitiği, yapay zeka, otomasyon gibi teknolojilerin entegrasyonu ile üretim süreçlerini ve iş modellerini dönüştürürken; dijitalleşme ile yapılan analizler ve raporlamalar daha görünür bir hale gelmektedir. İşletmelere veri tabanlı karar alma, verimlilik artışı ve maliyet tasarrufu gibi önemli avantajlar sunan bu dönüşüm, uzaktan çalışma ve online iletişim araçlarının yaygınlaşması ile iş yapış biçimlerini değiştirerek karar süreçlerinde hız ve esneklik sağlarken bu dönüşümün yönetilmesini ve kararların bu destekleyici sistemlerle alınmasını sağlayacak alt yapının kurulmasını, gerekli güvenlik önlemlerinin alınmasını gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Endüstri 4.0 ve dijitalleşmenin işletmelere entegrasyonunun yönetsel karar alma süreçlerindeki mevcut ve potansiyel etkilerini, Endüstri 4.0 ve dijitalleşmenin getirdiği avantaj ve dezavantajları ele alarak yöneticilerin dijital çağda karşılaştıkları dönüşümleri ve stratejik yaklaşımları incelemektir.Technological advancements and digitalization brought about by Industry 4.0 applications have led to fundamental changes in the management and decision-making processes of businesses. Industry 4.0, through the integration of technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data analytics, artificial intelligence, and automation, transforms production processes and business models. Simultaneously, digitalization makes analyses and reporting more transparent. This transformation offers significant advantages to businesses, such as data-driven decisionmaking, increased efficiency, and cost savings. It also alters work practices with the widespread adoption of remote work and online communication tools, enabling faster and more flexible decision-making processes. However, this transformation requires the establishment of necessary infrastructure and security measures to manage these changes and support decisionmaking systems effectively. The aim of this study is to examine the current and potential impacts of integrating Industry 4.0 and digitalization into businesses on managerial decision-making processes. It also aims to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of Industry 4.0 and digitalization while exploring the transformations and strategic approaches managers face in the digital era
Urban solid waste management in smart city applications: A case study of Yalova city center
No full textBu doktora çalışması, Yalova şehir merkezine ait kentsel katı atık toplama verilerinden oluşturulan veri setleri temelinde, sürdürülebilir atık yönetimi için yenilikçi bir model geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmada, özellikle seçilen bölgede yapılan modelleme çalışmaları kapsamında, Nesnelerin İnterneti (IoT) teknolojileri ve K-means kümeleme algoritması kullanılarak atık toplama süreçlerinin optimizasyonu sağlanmıştır. Konteynerlerin kapasite, doluluk oranı ve konum verileri titizlikle analiz edilmiş; Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) entegrasyonu ve gerçek zamanlı veri analitiği ile toplama rotaları dinamik olarak optimize edilmiştir. Bu sayede, operasyonel maliyetler, karbon emisyonları ve lojistik giderler önemli ölçüde azaltılmıştır. Heterojen yapıdaki konteynerlerin yol açtığı bakım zorlukları, estetik problemler ve trafik yoğunluğu gibi sorunlar, yeni nesil konteyner uygulamaları ile giderilmiştir. Araştırmanın bulguları, yerel yönetimlerin sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedeflerine uyumlu politika geliştirmelerine ve çevre mühendisleri ile şehir plancılarının uygulamalı çözümler üretmesine olanak sağlamaktadır. Çalışmanın kapsamı, saha verilerinin toplanması, analizi ve yorumlanmasında kullanılan yöntemlerin dikkatle belirlenmesini içermektedir. Ayrıca, ekonomik analizler ve çevresel etki değerlendirmeleri, karar vericilere yol gösterici nitelikte bilgiler sunarak, gelecekteki projelere ışık tutmaktadır. Bu model, sürdürülebilir şehir planlaması ve çevresel koruma alanlarında uygulamaların genişletilmesi için örnek teşkil etmekte olup, atık yönetimi süreçlerinde teknolojinin etkin kullanımını göstererek, toplumsal ve ekolojik faydaların artırılmasına katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, gelecekteki projeler için de sağlam bir temel sunmaktadırThis doctoral research is based on data sets generated from urban municipal solid waste collection in Yalova city centre and aims to develop an innovative model for sustainable waste management. In the study, modelling exercises conducted in a specifically selected area employed Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and the K-means clustering algorithm to optimise waste collection processes. The capacities, fill levels, and location data of containers were meticulously analysed; by integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and real-time data analytics, collection routes were dynamically refined. Consequently, operational costs, carbon emissions, and logistical expenses have been significantly reduced. The challenges arising from the heterogeneity of containers—such as maintenance difficulties, aesthetic issues, and traffic congestion—have been addressed through the implementation of next-generation container applications. The research findings enable local authorities to develop policies aligned with sustainable development objectives and provide environmental engineers and urban planners with practical solutions. The study encompasses the careful determination of methodologies employed for the collection, analysis, and interpretation of field data. Furthermore, economic analyses and environmental impact assessments offer guiding insights for policymakers, thereby informing future projects. This model serves as an exemplar for the expansion of sustainable urban planning and environmental protection initiatives, demonstrating the effective utilisation of technology in waste management processes and contributing to enhanced societal and ecological benefits. Finally, the research provides a robust foundation for forthcoming endeavours in this field
Effect of using substitution urea on fresh and hardened state properties of cementitious systems
No full textIt is well known that to ensure the durability of concrete throughout its service life, the search for alternative materials continues. The durability of concrete is enhanced by industrial urea. This study investigated the effect of urea on various fresh and hardened cementitious systems, focusing on durability performance. The durability of concrete is enhanced by industrial urea. This study investigated the effect of urea on various fresh and hardened cementitious systems, focusing on durability performance. Two series of paste and mortar mixtures were prepared for the research, and the replacement of water and cement was determined as 10%, 20% and 30% of the binder volume. The study investigated several properties of the produced cement paste and mortar mixes, including drying shrinkage, time-dependent flow, compressive strength, microstructural analysis, freeze-thaw resistance, carbonation depth, ultrasonic pulse velocity and water absorption. The results of the study showed that urea substitution increased the freeze-thaw resistance by up to 20% and reduced the drying shrinkage behaviour by up to 49%. The use of urea reduced the carbonation depth of mortar mixtures by 35%. It was also observed that the use of urea improved flowability
Enhanced vibration detection with rgo-doped pan/pvdf molecularly blended nanofibers: Preparation and characterization of the nanofibrous flexible piezoelectric vibration sensing elements
No full textIn this study, the reduction process of both GO and GO-doped nanofibers was carried out via the chemical reduction method by using L-ascorbic acid (LAA) and sodium borohydride (SB). GO and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) doped polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and PAN/PVDF nanofiber surfaces were produced by the electrospinning method. Nanofiber-reinforced flexible piezoelectric vibration sensing elements with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix were produced from all sample combinations. Piezoelectric vibration sensing element analysis of each sample group was performed. It has been shown that reducing graphene oxide while inside nanofiber surfaces effectively increases the piezoelectric performance of the sensing element. It was observed that when PAN and PVDF were molecularly blended and used together in nanofibers, the output voltage increased significantly by supporting and strengthening each other's piezoelectric properties with the synergistic piezoelectric effect catalyzed by GO addition and a subsequent reduction process. This effect was highest with 1.98 V for the PAN/PVDF blend, where incorporated GO was reduced by 50 mM SB (PAN/PVDF/ GO)50SB. According to the Raman results, the lowest intensity ratio of the D and G band (ID/IG) among the sample group containing PAN/PVDF/GO was 0.992 for the (PAN/PVDF/GO)50SB sample. Correspondingly, the maximum reduction was also in this sample. XPS results showed that C/O ratios were 16.35 and 43.21, respectively, for PAN/PVDF/GO nanofibers that were reduced separately with LAA and SB. Thus, SB provided a better reduction in the removal of oxygen functional groups. The developed flexible piezoelectric vibration sensing element can be used for the detection of dynamic loads on frames of an aircraft or in developing wearable technologies for pilots
Elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with poor outcomes in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
No full textBACKGROUND AND AIM: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is caused by pulmonary artery obstruction due to persistent organized thrombus and remodeling of pulmonary vascular structures. The treatment of CTEPH is considered a multimodal approach, including pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) surgery, balloon pulmonary angioplasty, and medical therapy. We aimed to report our 12-year experience with CTEPH patients and identify risk factors for mortality in a real-life setting. METHODS: Patients older than 18 years, evaluated by a multidisciplinary expert team between July 1, 2011 and July 1, 2023, and diagnosed with CTEPH, were included in the study. RESULTS: The study population comprised 32 CTEPH patients with a mean age of 61.0 +/- 13.8 years and a median follow-up duration of 28 months. At the end of the follow-up period, 13 (40.6%) patients had died. A high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and elevated B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels at the time of diagnosis, along with low BNP levels and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) changes within the first year, were observed in patients with mortality. Survival analysis, including NLR, BNP, pulmonary endarterectomy, and hematocrit (Hct) demonstrated that a high NLR and the absence of surgical treatment were independently associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Our study underscores the critical role of PEA surgery in treatment of CTEPH, in addition to the importance of BNP trajectories and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as prognostic biomarkers. Further research is needed to evaluate the reliability of easily obtained measurements, such as NLR, in categorizing high-risk patients
Detection of multiple power quality disturbance events for micro-smart grids with hydrogen fuel cell
No full textDue to some factors such as a greater need for energy and diversification of energy sources, micro-smart grids (MSGs) with hydrogen energy (HE) based fuel cells (FCs) are becoming increasingly widespread, and these systems have effects on the power grid in terms of power quality. Single and multiple power quality disturbances (PQDs) and their levels originating from the interaction and effects of peripheral units with FC-MSG should be detected using signal processing methods. The study aims to determine the error metrics of these disturbances when multiple disturbances occur in the power system with FC-MG, to analyze whether they are FC-induced, with which signal processing methods they can be analyzed, whether a filter is needed, and to determine the effectiveness of signal processing methods for different PQD situations. In the signal processing stage, wavelet synchro-squeezed transform (WSST) is used to analyze and visualize the PQD signals. Additionally, the time-frequency representation derived by WSST is compared with that derived from the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) to evaluate its ability to visually decompose the time-varying frequency components of PQD signals. Statistical error metrics, the root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE), and correlation (Corr) values, are used to evaluate the accuracy of the results. Specifically, RMSE, MSE, and Corr improved by 7.38%, 1.04%, and 47.33%, respectively, for the four mixed disturbance signals. The results show that the proposed visual analysis tool effectively detects multiple PQD signals. Determining the type and time of the disturbance performed in this study ensures timely and correct switching of relays in FC-MSG systems. Thus, MSG and FCs are less impacted by disturbance.Sivas University of Science and Technology, Department of Electrical-Electronics Engineering, Smart Grids Laborator
Method for determining fire risks at urban and building scale on hospital facades
No full textFacade fires pose risks to life and property safety for building users. This study aims to analyze the fire risks on hospital facades that pose a danger to the structure. Within the scope of the study, fire risk analyzes were carried out on the facades of four small-scale hospitals located in the Nil & uuml;fer district of Bursa, Turkey. In the study, a checklist was created within the scope of the (BYKHY) and an on-site current situation analysis and fire regulation compliance analysis were carried out. Based on this, fire risk analysis was carried out in the context of the facades of the buildings in question using the L-type Matrix Method, which is one of the quantitative methods. In the L-type matrix method, the probability of risks occurring and the severity of the consequences that may occur when they occur are graded between 1 and 5. Accordingly, 4 risk groups were identified as a result of the fire risk analysis conducted in the context of hospital facades with the L-type Matrix method. As a result of these headings, 11 possible risks were identified. The possible causes, degree and severity of these risks were studied. It is suggested that the main results be introduced