E-Journal Politeknik Negeri Samarinda
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Making Labor Markets Work for the Youth: An Approach Paper
No full textHundreds of millions of young people in the Global South face uncertain futures due to poor access to quality education, inadequate skills, and limited employment opportunities. By 2033, the Global South will host 1.2 billion people ages 15 to 24. However, unless current trends are reversed, only 480 million will attend school, and 420 million will have jobs (often precarious ones), leaving 300 million inactive. Youth inactivity negatively impacts lifelong opportunities, earnings, mobility, and mental health. It also erodes productivity and human capital development, hinders economic growth, and may lead to antisocial behavior and social unrest. Programs and policies that support youth entry into the labor market fall into three categories: those enhancing employment opportunities, training programs to address skills gaps, and those facilitating youth integration into the workforce. Evidence shows that proper program design and implementation are crucial for success, emphasizing the need to tailor interventions to local contexts and youth profiles. The private sector role has a critical role to play beyond job creation. The private sector should be involved in policy decisions to ensure that programs address employers' needs. Its efforts should also complement the public sector in providing quality training and employment services. When wage employment opportunities are scarce, private self-employment and small-scale entrepreneurship initiatives should also become significant pathways for youth to access the labor market. Looking ahead, successful youth employment initiatives need to be brought to scale to unleash the potential of the next generation
Investing in People: Revisiting Fiscal Options to Finance Human Development in the MENA Region
No full textThis report’s focus on fiscal matters complements ongoing work on megatrends involving labor markets, skills, demographics and climate (KP-1) and institutional matters (KP-2). The present KP-3 is not meant to be exhaustive in discussing the full range of financing and spending details in the region; instead, it provides an overview of key issues complemented by select deep dives – that is, the emphasis is not on being academically comprehensive, but on generating a policy-relevant, pragmatic and evolving conversation. Segments of the report may be updated in future editions as new statistics become available. A data annex complements the
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Comment prioriser les réformes pour améliorer le climat des affaires
No full textDespite the drought causing a modest deceleration of overall GDP growth to 3.2 percent, the Moroccan economy has exhibited some encouraging trends in 2024. Non-agricultural growth has accelerated to an estimated 3.8 percent, driven by a revitalized industrial sector and a rebound in gross capital formation. Inflation has dropped below 1 percent, allowing Bank al-Maghrib to begin easing its monetary policy. While rural labor markets remain depressed, the economy has added close to 162,000 jobs in urban areas. Morocco’s external position remains strong overall, with a moderate current account deficit largely financed by growing foreign direct investment inflows, underpinned by solid investor confidence indicators. Despite significant spending pressures, the debt-to-GDP ratio is slowly declining.En dépit de la sécheresse qui a légèrement freiné la croissance globale du PIB à 3.2 %,
l’économie marocaine a montré des signes prometteurs en 2024. La croissance du secteur
non agricole s’est accélérée, pour atteindre un taux estimé à 3,8 %, tirée par le dynamisme du secteur industriel et la reprise de la formation brute de capital. L’inflation est passée sous la barre des 1 %, permettant à Bank Al-Maghrib de commencer à assouplir sa politique monétaire. Bien que les marchés du travail ruraux demeurent stagnants, l’économie a généré près de 162 000 emplois en milieu urbain. La position extérieure du Maroc reste globalement solide, avec un déficit du compte courant modéré, largement financé par l’augmentation des flux d’investissements directs étrangers et soutenu par des indicateurs de confiance des investisseurs robustes. Malgré des pressions budgétaires importantes, le ratio dette/PIB poursuit sa lente diminution
Kenya Economic Update, May 2025
No full textThe global economic context improved modestly in 2024, supported by easing inflation and a rebound in global trade. Kenya’s economy has slowed despite several improving macroeconomic indicators. The external sector showed improvement, driven by recovering exports and rising financial inflows. A tighter monetary policy and moderation in global inflation have contributed to a decline in inflation. Kenya’s fiscal policy challenges are multifaceted and have significant implications for the country’s economic stability and growth. Increased domestic borrowing is crowding out private sector lending. Kenya’s real gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to pick up gradually in the medium term with the external sector also projected to remain stable in the medium term. The economic outlook faces several downside risks, including fiscal challenges, weather, and external shocks. In the context of narrowing fiscal space, growing demand for investment in essential services, and the limited inclusivity of economic growth, there is an urgent need for a more efficient and equitable fiscal policy. Expanding the coverage and adequacy of cash transfers is essential to strengthening the poverty and inequality-reducing impact of Kenya’s fiscal policy
Developing and Incentivizing Institutions
No full textThe Blue Economy in Africa, with its extensive aquatic and marine resources, is expected to play a major role in the continent’s climate adaptation. It presents distinct opportunities to generate jobs and encourage economic growth while addressing the concerns of food security and climate resiliency. However, sustainable and resilient Blue Economy activities and projects can be hamstrung by fragmented policies, unrealistic budgets, and limited cooperation across blue sectors. To address these challenges, the World Bank is currently supporting African countries at both the national and regional levels to develop operational arrangements to foster coordination in managing the ocean and Africa’s coastline and avoid siloed approaches. Success combines development opportunities with nature-based solutions, in which the different ministries collaborate to arrive at governance structures that smooth out conflicting goals and use incentives to trigger transformation
Evidence from Venezuelan Health Professionals in Peru
No full textIn 2020, amidst the COVID-19 crisis, the Peruvian government implemented a policy recognizing the foreign medical qualifications of immigrant health care workers. This study analyzes the labor market performance of Venezuelan health professionals with respect to other Venezuelans with university-level qualifications between 2018 and 2022. The findings show that health professionals experienced a marked improvement in their wages, significantly outperforming their fellow immigrants in sectors such as law and education. The analysis finds that compared to native Peruvian health professionals, Venezuelan health professionals experienced the highest positive impact on their income of all university-level professionals. However, although the effect is robust and statistically significant in the full sample and preferred specifications, it is not significant under alternative sampling restrictions. The study argues that the increased income of Venezuelan health professionals is related to the effectiveness of credential recognition policies in boosting the earnings of immigrants
Biodiversity for a Livable Planet: An Evaluation of World Bank Group Support for Biodiversity, Fiscal Years 2010–24
No full textBiodiversity is the variety of life at genetic, species, and ecosystems levels. It is essential to sustain human life, food security, crop yields, jobs, livelihoods, and marine productivity. Yet, it is declining at an unprecedented rate as the planet approaches a tipping point that could have permanent effects on livelihoods, economies, disaster risks, and climate stability. While the international community aims to stop and reverse biodiversity loss, progress has been slow. The World Bank Group has historically been the largest global investor in biodiversity. This evaluation assessed how well the Bank Group is supporting clients to address biodiversity loss, by answering: (i) How is the WB addressing biodiversity challenges through conservation-focused activities? and (ii) How well are the WB and IFC supporting activities with potential biodiversity benefits in key production sectors? A third question on managing risks to biodiversity was covered in a WBG biodiversity offsets review. The evaluation offers four recommendations to help the Bank Group support clients in achieving their livable planet goals. The recommendations align with the Bank Group’s mission to end poverty while supporting clients in protecting their natural capital, which is foundational for their prosperity, job-creation, resilience, and debt sustainability. Recommendations include: (i) The World Bank Group should assist clients to identify, finance, and measure biodiversity outcomes. To support this goal, the World Bank Group should strengthen its internal capabilities. (ii) The World Bank should engage, empower, and protect Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities to achieve sustainable and inclusive biodiversity outcomes at scale. (iii) The World Bank and IFC should proactively replicate and scale proven biodiversity positive production models that deliver positive ecological, economic, and social outcomes. (iv) The World Bank, IFC, and MIGA should actively address the gaps in offset projects regarding staff capacity, information disclosure, and project life cycle monitoring and supervision
The Unintended Impacts of an Intimate Partner Violence Prevention Program in Rwanda
No full textA cluster-randomized controlled trial in rural Rwanda evaluated a 22-week couples’ training program aimed at reducing intimate partner violence (IPV) by shifting gender norms and promoting equitable relationships among Village Savings and Loan Association (VSLA) members. Contrary to expectations, the intervention increased reported IPV, with women in the treatment group experiencing significantly more physical and sexual violence. Spillover effects also emerged in non-participating couples in treatment villages. Findings suggest that male backlash against changing gender norms contributed to the rise in IPV, driven by a divergence in attitudes between men and women. The study underscores the importance of anticipating resistance in patriarchal contexts and integrating real-time monitoring into IPV prevention programs to mitigate harm and inform safer, more effective approaches
Stabilizing Growth and Boosting Productivity
No full textLibya’s economic outlook relies
heavily on the oil and gas sector, which constitutes a
significant portion of its GDP, government revenue, and
exports. With oil production expected to average 1.1 mbpd in
2024, GDP is anticipated to shrink by 2.7 percent this year.
As oil output recovers in 2025 and 2026, reaching 1.2 and
1.3 mbpd, respectively; GDP growth is expected to rebound to
9.6 percent and 8.4 percent in 2026. Meanwhile, non-oil GDP
growth is estimated to grow by 1.8 percent in 2024 supported
by private and public consumption, and average around 9
percent during 2025–2026 to reflect strong recovery in oil
exports. Despite the fall in oil revenues in 2024, both the
fiscal and external balances surpluses are expected to widen
to 1.7 and 4.1 percent of GDP, respectively, due to
contractionary public and capital spending and falling
imports. The outlook is subject to significant downside, as
well as upside risks. The recent CBL crisis highlights the
fragility of the political situation which had a direct
short-term impact on the economy. Prospects for political
stability and consensus would be a major upside for the
Libyan economy and citizens. In the medium term, the main
challenge remains economic diversification and reducing
dependence on hydrocarbons. Lower oil prices not only reduce
government revenues but would also add fiscal burden through
higher cost of subsidies. Intensification of regional
conflicts in the Middle East may disrupt trade, FDI, and
financial flows but may also create revenue windfalls for
Libya through higher oil prices. Extreme climate events may
cause loss of human lives, severe damage to infrastructure,
lower growth, and financial instability. The Special Focus
Section “Stabilizing Growth and Boosting Productivity”
provides an overview of Libya’s past drivers of economic
growth and productivity trends. For over a decade now, the
conflictual transition has had a devastating impact on the
Libyan economy, estimated at US7,570 (2023), Libya is classified as an
upper-middle-income country, however, it falls behind its
peers on most development indicators. With the global
transition to cleaner and greener energy, Libya’s growth
strategy should focus on promoting non-oil sectors with high
value-added job opportunities to maintain its
upper-middle-income status. This could be achieved by
promoting private sector-led growth
Community monitoring and social accountability in development projects: Experimental evidence from Uganda
No full textDoes stronger community monitoring increase the effectiveness of local development projects? We conduct a randomized experiment with a large-scale social accountability program covering the northern half of Uganda to analyze whether training in community monitoring and information on project performance improve outcomes. We find that community monitoring training only induces small improvements in project output, such as the number of animals delivered or their likelihood of being sick. The combination of training and information on project performance leads to a significant and substantial increase in livestock at the household level, while providing either community monitoring training or information on project performance alone does not. These impacts at the household level are consistent with improvements in the management and care of livestock after their delivery to the community, with stronger monitoring and cooperation, for instance related to animal illness. In contrast, we do not find evidence of responses from local leaders or government officials. The results suggest that the performance of local development projects can improve through stronger community engagement