E-Journal Politeknik Negeri Samarinda
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KAJIAN EKSPERIMENTAL DINDING BATATON TERHADAP BEBAN LATERAL SIKLIK
No full textGempa yang belakangan ini sering terjadi di wilayah Indonesia banyak mengakibatkan kegagalan struktur, dimana persentase kerusakan terbesar adalah rumah-rumah sederhana berdinding bata atau batako. Rumah-rumah di Indonesia pada umumnya menggunakan bata dan batako sebagai bahan utama pembuatan dinding. Dalam pelaksanaanya seringkali kualitas strukturnya kurang memiliki kinerja yang memadai dalam menahan beban gempa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan karakteristik berbagai macam dinding rumah tembokan.
Untuk mengetahui karakteristik model kerusakan dinding yaitu meliputi hubungan beban-simpangan, pola retak, kekakuan dan daktilitas, maka dalam penelitian ini digunakan dinding dengan ukuran 3000x3000x140 mm yang meliputi dinding tanpa bukaan (Wall Without Opening, WTO) dan dinding dengan bukaan (Wall With Opening, WWO) yang terbuat dari bahan bataton. Metode pembebanan dilakukan dengan beban bolak-balik untuk memodelkan beban gempa yang mengacu pada standar ACI 374.1-05 (American Concrete Institute).
Dari hasil penelitian, didapatkan Ppeak yang terjadi pada benda uji WTO sebesar 71,08 kN lebih besar 34,93 % dari benda uji WWO yaitu 46,25 kN. Simpangan yang terjadi pada saat Ppeak benda uji WTO sebesar 3,93 mm lebih kecil 30,69 % dari benda uji WWO yang memiliki simpangan sebesar 5,67 mm
Rules and Regulations, Managerial Time and Economic Development
No full textThis paper documents that senior
plant managers in less-developed countries spend more time
dealing with government rules and regulations than their
counterparts in richer countries. These facts are
interpreted through the lens of a span-of-control growth
model, in which top managers run heterogeneous production
plants, employing middle managers as well as production
workers. The model implies that increasing the time burden
on top management leads to equilibrium changes in wages,
occupational sorting, the size distribution of production
plants and ultimately, to a reduction in aggregate output.
These consequences hold even when the time burden is
symmetric across all plants. Quantitative results show that
increasing the burden on managers’ time from the levels
observed in Denmark to the higher levels observed in poorer
countries have substantial consequences. Imposing the
average time spent on regulations in Argentina reduces
aggregate output by about 1/3 and mean plant size by more
than 5 employees. Results contribute to rationalizing
differences in plant size and output across countries via a
channel hitherto unexplored in the literature
Lo Que Hay Que Saber
No full textThe AI revolution is transforming
education at an unprecedented pace, offering opportunities
to personalize learning experiences, support teachers, and
optimize education management. This brief explores nine key
AI-driven innovations in Latin America and the Caribbean,
divided into solutions for teachers, students, and
administration. For teachers, AI-powered mentors and
feedback systems are improving teacher recruitment,
retention, and professional development. AI-assisted lesson
planning and automated administrative tasks are empowering
educators to focus on teaching and mentoring students.
Students benefit from AI-powered tutoring systems that adapt
to their individual needs. The brief also examines the use
of generative AI for assignments and the need to foster
responsible AI use. In education administration, AI
streamlines processes, identifies at-risk students, and
optimizes resource allocation, such as matching teachers to
vacancies and students to schools. Navigating the promise
and challenges of AI requires addressing key issues like
digital divide, ethical governance, and limited evidence on
effectiveness at scale. AI should enhance human expertise,
not replace it. Policymakers must proactively shape the
responsible development of AI to create an inclusive,
innovative future of learning for all.La revolución de la IA está transformando la educación a un ritmo sin precedentes y ofrece oportunidades para personalizar las experiencias de aprendizaje, apoyar a los docentes y optimizar la gestión educativa. En esta reseña se analizan nueve innovaciones clave impulsadas por la IA en América Latina y el Caribe, divididas en soluciones para docentes, estudiantes y administración. En el caso de los docentes, los tutores y los sistemas de retroalimentación impulsados por IA están mejorando la contratación, la retención y el desarrollo profesional de los docentes. La planificación de las clases asistida por IA y las tareas administrativas automatizadas están permitiendo a los educadores centrarse en la enseñanza y la tutoría de los estudiantes. Los estudiantes se benefician de sistemas de tutoría impulsados por IA que se adaptan a sus necesidades individuales. En la nota también se examina el uso de la IA generativa para los trabajos y la necesidad de fomentar su uso responsable. En la administración de la educación, la IA agiliza los procesos, identifica a los estudiantes en riesgo y optimiza la asignación de recursos, por ejemplo, vinculando a los docentes con las vacantes y a los estudiantes con las escuelas. Para abordar las promesas y los desafíos que plantea la IA, es necesario abordar cuestiones clave como la brecha digital, la gestión ética y las escasas pruebas sobre la eficacia a gran escala. La IA debe acrecentar la pericia humana, no reemplazarla. Los responsables de formular políticas deben configurar de manera proactiva el desarrollo responsable de la IA para crear un futuro de aprendizaje inclusivo e innovador para todos
Informe sobre el estado de la inclusión económica 2024: Vías para ampliar la escala
No full textThe State of Economic Inclusion Report (SEI) 2024 explores efforts to scale up economic inclusion programs - bundles of coordinated, multidimensional interventions that support individuals, households, and communities to sustainably increase their incomes and assets - in the context of overlapping crisis. These programs transform the economic lives of the poorest and most vulnerable people, building their resilience and creating job opportunities.
The report features data from 405 programs across 88 countries, benefiting over 70 million individuals either directly or indirectly. This marks almost doubling in the number of programs and nearly a 50 percent increase in coverage since the SEI 2021 report. Governments continue to lead in scaling up these economic inclusion programs, covering nearly three-fourths of program participants. However, non-governmental programs have also significantly contributed to the increase in coverage in recent years, in addition to serving as both service providers and capacity building providers for governments.
The report offers five important contributions:
1) Positioning economic inclusion programs as crucial for building resilience and providing job opportunities for the poor and vulnerable in the face of overlapping crises.
2) Analyzing the global landscape over the past three years, highlighting the extent to which economic inclusion programs are being customized for diverse contexts and groups, including a cross-cutting focus on gender.
3) Reviewing progress and challenges in the design and implementation of government-led programs, including the interplay with communities, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector.
4) Examining the emerging agenda of designing economic inclusion programs to enhance the long-term climate resilience of poor and vulnerable individuals and communities.
5) Featuring three spotlights that unpack emerging evidence from government-led programs, customization strategies targeting youth, and the increasing role of digital tools and technologies in program delivery.
Data from the report are available on the PEI Data Portal (www.peiglobal.org).Le Rapport sur l’état de l’inclusion économique (SEI) 2024 explore les efforts visant à intensifier les programmes d’inclusion économique - des ensembles d’interventions coordonnées et multidimensionnelles qui aident les individus, les ménages et les communautés à augmenter durablement leurs revenus et leurs actifs - dans le contexte de crises qui se chevauchent. Ces programmes transforment la vie économique des personnes les plus pauvres et les plus vulnérables, en renforçant leur résilience et en créant des opportunités d’emploi.
Le rapport présente des données provenant de 405 programmes dans 88 pays, bénéficiant directement ou indirectement à plus de 70 millions de personnes. Il s’agit d’un quasi-doublement du nombre de programmes et d’une augmentation de près de 50 % de la couverture depuis le rapport SEI 2021. Les gouvernements continuent de jouer un rôle de premier plan dans l’expansion de ces programmes d’inclusion économique, couvrant près des trois quarts des participants au programme. Cependant, les programmes non gouvernementaux ont également contribué de manière significative à l’augmentation de la couverture au cours des dernières années, en plus de servir à la fois de fournisseurs de services et de fournisseurs de renforcement des capacités pour les gouvernements.
Le rapport propose cinq contributions importantes : 1) Positionner les programmes d’inclusion économique comme essentiels pour renforcer la résilience et offrir des opportunités d’emploi aux pauvres et aux vulnérables face à des crises qui se chevauchent. 2) Analyser le paysage mondial au cours des trois dernières années, en soulignant dans quelle mesure les programmes d’inclusion économique sont adaptés à divers contextes et groupes, y compris un accent transversal sur le genre. 3) Examiner les progrès et les défis dans la conception et la mise en œuvre des programmes dirigés par le gouvernement, y compris l’interaction avec les communautés, les organisations non gouvernementales et le secteur privé. 4) Examiner le programme émergent de conception de programmes d’inclusion économique pour améliorer la résilience climatique à long terme des personnes et des communautés pauvres et vulnérables. 5) Trois pleins feux sur les données probantes émergentes des programmes gouvernementaux, des stratégies de personnalisation ciblant les jeunes et du rôle croissant des outils et des technologies numériques dans la prestation des programmes.
Les données du rapport sont disponibles sur le PEI Data Portal (www.peiglobal.org).En el Informe sobre el estado de la inclusión económica 2024 se analizan los esfuerzos dirigidos a ampliar los programas de inclusión económica —paquetes de intervenciones multidimensionales coordinadas que ayudan a las personas, los hogares y las comunidades a aumentar sus ingresos y activos de manera sostenible— en el contexto de crisis superpuestas. Estos programas transforman la vida económica de las personas más pobres y vulnerables, fortaleciendo su resiliencia y creando oportunidades de empleo.
El informe presenta datos de 405 programas en 88 países, que benefician a más de 70 millones de personas, ya sea directa o indirectamente. Esto marca casi el doble en el número de programas y casi un 50 por ciento de aumento en la cobertura desde el informe SEI 2021. Los gobiernos siguen liderando la ampliación de estos programas de inclusión económica, que abarcan a casi tres cuartas partes de los participantes en los programas. Sin embargo, los programas no gubernamentales también han contribuido significativamente al aumento de la cobertura en los últimos años, además de servir como proveedores de servicios y proveedores de desarrollo de capacidades para los gobiernos.
El informe ofrece cinco contribuciones importantes: 1) Posicionar los programas de inclusión económica como cruciales para desarrollar la resiliencia y brindar oportunidades de empleo a los pobres y vulnerables frente a crisis superpuestas. 2) Analizar el panorama global de los últimos tres años, destacando el grado en que los programas de inclusión económica se están adaptando a diversos contextos y grupos, incluyendo un enfoque transversal de género. 3) Revisar el progreso y los desafíos en el diseño e implementación de programas liderados por el gobierno, incluida la interacción con las comunidades, las organizaciones no gubernamentales y el sector privado. 4) Examinar la agenda emergente de diseño de programas de inclusión económica para mejorar la resiliencia climática a largo plazo de las personas y comunidades pobres y vulnerables. 5) Con tres puntos destacados que desentrañan la evidencia emergente de los programas liderados por el gobierno, las estrategias de personalización dirigidas a los jóvenes y el papel cada vez mayor de las herramientas y tecnologías digitales en la ejecución de programas.
Los datos del informe están disponibles en el Portal de Datos de PEI (www.peiglobal.org)
Evidence from India’s Pink Slip Program
No full textReducing gender-specific commuting barriers in developing
countries has complex effects on women’s labor dynamics.
The paper studies a program that offers free bus rides for
women in several Indian states (the Pink Slip program)
using a synthetic difference-in-differences approach to shed
light on labor supply and time use decisions of women. It
observes decreased bus expenses and time saved on travel.
Skilled employed women increase labor supply, while low-skilled
married women shift focus to household chores.
Unemployed women intensify job searches, yet overall
employment rates remain unchanged. The findings highlight
that alleviating commuting costs does not uniformly
boost women’s labor participation, as gender roles and societal
norms continue to shape outcome
A Commitment to Equity Analysis
No full textKyrgyzstan is a lower middle-income
country in Central Asia, with the population of 6.2 million.
How redistributive are the fiscal policies is a question of
particular importance to Kyrgyzstan. On the one hand,
relatively high budget expenditure and low tax compliance
due to the high share of shadow economy lead to fiscal
deficits and reliance on external financing. This CEQ
analysis sheds light on the redistributive properties of
fiscal programs, on their ability to fight poverty and
inequality. The purpose of this paper is to apply the
Commitment to Equity (CEQ) analysis to the fiscal policy in
Kyrgyzstan. The CEQ analysis focuses on the redistribution
effects of the taxes and expenditures, with an aim to answer
two questions: (1) how much the fiscal policy decreases
inequality; and (2) does the fiscal policy increase or
decrease povert
Who did Covid-19 hurt the most in Sub-Saharan Africa ?
No full textHow did the economic crisis caused by
the Covid-19 pandemic impact poor households in Sub-Saharan
Africa This paper tackles this question by combining 73
High-Frequency Phone Surveys collected by national
governments in 14 countries with older nationally
representative surveys containing information on household
consumption. In particular, it examines how outcomes
differed according to predicted per capita consumption
quintiles in the first wave of the survey, and in subsequent
waves by households’ predicted per capita consumption. The
initial shock affected households throughout the predicted
welfare distribution. Households in the bottom 40 percent
responded by sharply increasing farming activities between
May and July of 2020 and gradually increasing ownership of
non-farm enterprises starting in August. This coincided with
an improvement in welfare, as measured by a decline in food
insecurity and distressed asset sales among these households
during the second half of 2020. With respect to education,
children in the bottom quintile were 15 percentage points
less likely to engage in learning activities than those in
the top quintile in the immediate aftermath of the crisis,
and the engagement gap between the bottom 40 and top 60
widened in the summer before narrowing in the fall due to
large declines in engagement among the top 60. Poorer
households were slightly more likely to report receiving
public assistance immediately following the shock, and this
difference changed little over the course of 2020. The
results highlight the widespread impacts of the crisis both
on welfare and children’s educational engagement, the
importance of agriculture and household non-farm enterprises
as safety nets for the poor, and the substantial recovery
made by the poorest households in the year following the crisis
Djibouti Country Climate and Development Report
No full textThe World Bank Group’s Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs) are a core diagnostic that integrates climate change and development. They help countries prioritize the most impactful actions that can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and boost adaptation and resilience, while delivering on broader development goals. CCDRs build on data and rigorous research and identify main pathways to reduce GHG emissions and climate vulnerabilities, including the costs and challenges as well as benefits and opportunities from doing so. The reports suggest concrete, priority actions to support the low-carbon, resilient transition. As public documents, CCDRs aim to inform governments, citizens, the private sector and development partners and enable engagements with the development and climate agenda. CCDRs feed into other core Bank Group diagnostics, country engagements and operations, and help attract funding and direct financing for high-impact climate action.Climate change threatens Djibouti’s
development goals and without effective adaptation, could
generate economic losses equivalent to nearly four years of
today’s output by mid-century. Climate change exposes
Djibouti to more frequent extreme heat, drought, and floods.
These events threaten the infrastructure and services that
serve the vibrant trade sector and that could enable a more
diversified economy. Other sectors prioritized for
diversification, including fisheries, information and
communications technology (ICT), and tourism, are also
directly impacted by climate change. Unless Djibouti adapts,
climate change will also have a particularly negative impact
on the livelihoods of the poor, on workers’ productivity,
and on water and food security. This Country Climate and
Development Report (CCDR) estimates that even a limited set
of priority adaptation actions may require 1.1 billion in
additional funds, including an additional 77 million per
year through 2035. Such investment can be consistent with
Djibouti’s goal of achieving both growth and debt
sustainability, but it needs to be accompanied by economic
reform and additional adaptation resources provided on a
concessional basis. International support is particularly
warranted given the regional importance of the resilience of
Djibouti’s economy
Which Way Forward? Navigating China's Post-Pandemic Growth Path
No full textEconomic activity in China has picked
up in 2023, but the recovery remains fragile. Real GDP
growth accelerated to 5.2 percent y/y in the first three
quarters of 2023, driven by demand for services, resilient
manufacturing investment, and public infrastructure
stimulus. The initial phase of economic reopening triggered
a surge in economic activity in Q1, but growth momentum
decelerated rapidly in Q2 before recovering modestly in Q3.
The volatile growth performance, compounded by persistent
deflationary pressures and still weak consumer confidence,
suggests continued fragility in the recovery. China's
investment deceleration has been one of the key drivers of
the overall growth slowdown in recent years. Together with
the decline in aggregate investment growth, there has been a
marked shift in the composition of investment. Structural
reforms are crucial both to accelerate rebalancing towards
higher consumption and to mitigate risks of inefficiencies
in capital allocation. Following recent statements by
policymakers, a renewed focus on structural reform
implementation with specific measures strengthening the rule
of law, independent enforcement of regulations, fostering
competition, and ensuring a level-playing field could help
ensure that resources are allocated to the most productive
sectors and firms. Deepening financial sector reform will
enhance market-based financial intermediation. Measures to
improve the progressivity of the fiscal system, reform the
hukou system, and foster inclusive finance will support
household consumption growth
Sustainability Review 2023
No full textThe 2023 Sustainability Review is a reflection of how the World Bank embodies its core values of impact, integrity, respect, teamwork, and innovation. The Review highlights World Bank activities undertaken in fiscal 2022 and 2023 to manage the environmental, social, and economic impacts of internal business operations. The review complements the World Bank Annual Report 2023 and the World Bank Global Reporting Index (GRI) 2023