E-Journal Politeknik Negeri Samarinda
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The Case of Burkina Faso and Cameroon
No full textThe rapid expansion of social safety
nets in contexts affected by violence, fragility and forced
displacement raises questions about whether such programs
can relieve the worst forms of insecurity and vulnerability
in affected communities. To answer this question, the
authors analyze 394 qualitative interviews from Burkina Faso
and Cameroon (West and Central Africa). As the first study
of its kind conducting cross-country comparative research in
varied security contexts, the authors posit three channels –
material, social, and political – through which social
protection can shape experiences of violence, fragility and
forced displacement. The authors found that social
assistance, or social safety nets, built resilience by
smoothing consumption and relieving the pressure of
unanticipated shocks while programs were ongoing. However,
because many of the most vulnerable inhabitants directed
transfer spending towards immediate subsistence needs,
safety nets rarely resulted in additional income-generating
opportunities or enduring material effects beyond the
program’s conclusion. Although trends diverged across
regions and security contexts, the authors identified
tentative evidence of social and political effects, in the
form of expanded social networks, cohesion and
interdependence among some beneficiary groups, and greater
confidence in existing institutions when beneficiaries
attributed the safety net to the government. The authors
examined these impacts across regions facing distinct levels
and types of insecurity
Engaging with Countries on Judicial Budgets
No full textAdequate budgeting of the judiciary
is critical for the effective delivery of justice. This
brief presents trends in judicial budgets. Courts account
for less than 2 percent of total government expenditure on
average, with significant portions dedicated to fixed costs
such as salaries, thereby limiting investments in
technological advancements essential for improving judicial
efficiency. This brief identifies three major trends in
judicial budgeting reforms: increasing autonomy for the
judiciary in budget management, accountability for budget
execution at the court level, and a shift toward
performance-based budgeting models. These reforms aim to
bolster the judiciary's operational efficiency and
public perception, ultimately linking adequate judicial
funding to enhanced social and economic outcomes. The
findings emphasize the necessity for judicial leaders to
continuously advocate for resources by demonstrating the
judiciary’s integral role in maintaining law and order,
promoting democracy, and fostering societal stability
The Quality of Jobs in Latin America and the Caribbean
No full textThe creation of more and better jobs
has been a key driver of poverty and inequality
reduction.However, while estimates on the number of jobs are
available for most countries,comprehensive measures of job
quality are not typically reported systematically. This
notecontributes to the filling of this gap by studying
patterns of job quality across countries and overtime in
Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). This study uses the
Job Quality Index (JQI) basedon Brummundi, Mann, and
Rodriguez-Castelan (2018), which incorporates four
keyemployment characteristics that are key to assessing job
quality: earnings, benefits, security,and satisfaction
The Potential Cascading Impacts of Climate Change in Cambodia
No full textThis paper develops a “plausible
worst-case” scenario for Cambodia to illustrate how a
severe, 1-in-10-year flood could trigger cascading impacts,
including widespread disease outbreaks and financial
instability. The analysis shifts from forecasting to risk
management, focusing on the economic consequences at each
stage of this disaster chain. As climate change increases
the frequency and severity of extreme weather events,
Cambodia’s vulnerabilities are likely to intensify, with
severe floods leading to disruptions in health care,
declines in labor productivity, and risks to financial
stability. Although Cambodia’s current financial position
provides some resilience, the risk of financial contagion
remains, especially due to the growing sovereign-bank nexus.
The paper highlights the importance of integrating climate
risks into Cambodia’s broader risk management strategies and
suggests preemptive interventions, such as improving flood
forecasting, health care infrastructure, and exploring
disaster risk finance instruments. These measures could help
mitigate the cascading impacts of climate-induced disasters
and build long-term resilience. The paper concludes that a
shift from reactive crisis management to proactive
preparedness and adaptation will be crucial for Cambodia’s
ability to manage future climate risks and ensure economic
and social stability
Mongolia Gender Assessment
No full textGender equality is fundamental to
achieving Mongolia’s national development vision and taking
advantage of the full potential of its society. Global and
regional estimates by McKinsey Global Institute have shown
that achieving gender parity in economic participation could
increase global GDP by US 4.5 trillion by 2025 (Madgavkar,
Elingrud, and Krishnan 2016). The equality of opportunities
in all aspects of social and economic life for all
Mongolians is also an explicit objective of Mongolia’s
national development strategy, Vision-2050. This gender
assessment report provides an overview of the status of
gender equality in Mongolia following up on the previous
gender assessment conducted by the National Committee on
Gender Equality (NCGE) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB)
in 2019
A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Two Pilot Projects
No full textThis NSUP Universal Accessibility
cost benefit analysis pilots is part of the Universal
Accessibility Toolkit developed under the project. It
performs a economic assessment of two pilot sub-investments
of the project, making a case for the quantitative benefits
of early inclusion of UA versus retrofitting downstream
A Report on the Territorial Development Approach to Accelerate Economic Growth and Development in the Kingdom of Lesotho
No full textThis report begins with an Executive
Summary, which introduces the territorial development
approach and the rationale for applying it in Lesotho’s
development context before going on to summarize key
takeaways and recommendations. It is followed by four
chapters: chapter 1, Introduction, lays out the country
context, presenting in brief Lesotho’s economic and
demographic situation, population projections, governmental
structure, and poverty profile and the government’s goals.
Chapter 2, territorial development framework and analysis in
Lesotho, discusses the territorial development approach, its
objectives, and the challenges it aims to address before
presenting a customized 2 by 2 territorial framework for
Lesotho and explaining how it can be applied. Chapter 3,
analyzing Lesotho’s Challenges through a Territorial Lens,
lays out a spatial analysis centering on four development
challenges: economic opportunities, internal connectivity
and regional integration, access to basic services, and
climate preparedness. To highlight the challenges, the
chapter includes 4D heat maps linked to density, distance,
disparity, and disaster risk. It also summaries case studies
and real-life applications of the territorial development
approach in Lesotho. Full case studies are in an annex.
Chapter 4, recommendations, covers guiding principles and
recommendations based on the territorial development
approach and analysis
The Socioeconomic Outcomes of Native Groups in Argentina
No full textThis study uses individual-level
census data from Argentina to examine the socioeconomic
disparities between Native and non-Native people. Native
people fare worse across a variety of indicators, including
housing, education, employment, and health. On average, the
observed disparities amount to 12 percent of the standard
deviation and persist even after controlling for factors
such as geographic location. Furthermore, there are
differences in the intergenerational transmission of
education between Natives and non-Natives: for each level of
education of the parents, the children of Natives have, on
average, fewer years of education than the children of
non-Natives. Finally, the study also reveals large
differences between Native groups: while some achieve
average outcomes that surpass those of the non-Native
population, others significantly lag behind. Notably, these
differences are correlated with a characteristic of their
pre-Columbian economy: the practice of agriculture
How Does Social Protection Impact Social Cohesion in the Sahel? A Review of Existing Evidence and Gaps
No full textIn the Sahel, social protection
programs have been proven to improve several outcomes for
beneficiaries such as boosting consumption, productivity,
resilience to climate change, as well as health and
education of future generations. They also yield positive
impacts on local economies, benefiting local communities
beyond beneficiaries. Beyond economic impacts, programs that
seek to address poverty and vulnerability, such as social
protection interventions, have the potential to strengthen
social cohesion. Untangling this relationship is essential
to maximize these programs' positive impact and prevent
potential unintended detrimental dynamics. This paper
examines the current evidence base in the Sahel to identify
what is known about the impact of social protection programs
on social cohesion in the region, and what gaps in the
evidence remain. The paper finds that social protection
programs often improved social cohesion as reported by
program beneficiaries, including more trust, cooperation for
the common good, involvement in local associations, and a
greater sense of inclusive identity. The sense of fairness
and legitimacy of programs as perceived by non-beneficiaries
varies by context. Finally, the selection of beneficiaries
may result in social conflicts and tensions among community
members, highlighting the importance of understanding the
role of pre-existing contextual factors. In terms of
evidence gaps, evidence of social protection programs'
social cohesion impacts for non-beneficiaries are limited to
few qualitative studies, which are not necessarily
representative of the full programs. Also, most evidence
exists around horizontal with-in community social cohesion,
and there is a gap in the evidence base on impact on social
cohesion between different communities (out-groups) and
between citizens and state (vertical cohesion) in the Sahel
Assessing the Legal and Administrative Imperatives of Responding to Education, Health Care, and Environment Protection Challenges
No full textThe principles of sovereignty,
equality, and self-determination – which have long been the
basis for nonintervention in the affairs of sovereign states
– have more recently been widened to condemn outside
interference by national governments in the affairs of
indigenous communities within their territories. These same
principles, however, may equally be employed as arguments by
sovereign states to justify their engagement in the affairs
of indigenous communities residing within their borders,
thereby creating the potential for considerable legal,
ethical, and political tension. States are urged to respect
the autonomy of indigenous people as well as their right to
develop, preserve and transmit their history, traditions,
and values to future generations; yet states also owe
obligations towards indigenous people to facilitate their
enjoyment of certain established rights, even as the
provision of these obligations may be incompatible with
indigenous peoples’ established practices, values,
interests, priorities, and beliefs. Multilateral agencies
face a similar dilemma in their engagements with national
governments: when to respect the sovereignty of national
governments and when to champion international law and
covenants (e.g., regarding the rights of women and sexual
minorities) Drawing on cases from education, health care,
and environment protection, this paper proposes an
analytical framework for articulating and reconciling
competing rights-based development commitments in low-income
countries, where the presence of multilateral agencies and
intensifying imperatives to attain global development goals
generates forces exacerbating (potentially) competing
national and sub-national commitments