E-Journal Politeknik Negeri Samarinda
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Data Transparency and Growth in Developing Economies during and after the Global Financial Crisis
No full textThe study explores the effects of
data transparency on economic growth for developing
economies over a unique time period — at the onset of the
2007–2009 global financial crisis and thereafter. Data
transparency is defined as the timely production of credible
statistics as measured by the Statistical Capacity
Indicator. The paper finds that data transparency has a
positive effect on real gross domestic product per capita
during a period of considerable uncertainty. The estimates
indicate an elasticity of the magnitude of 0.03 percent per
year, which is much larger than the elasticity of trade
openness and schooling in the estimation sample. The
empirics employ a variety of econometric estimators,
including dynamic panel and cross-sectional instrumental
variables estimators, with the latter approach yielding a
higher estimated elasticity. The findings are robust to the
inclusion of several factors in addition to political
institutions and exogenous commodity-price and external
debt-financing shocks
A Blueprint for Green, Resilient and Affordable Housing in Mongolia
No full textOver the past two decades,
urbanization in Mongolia has surged, leading to a rapid and
sizeable increase in multi-story housing developments,
particularly in Ulaanbaatar and secondary cities. Alongside
this growth, ger districts have also proliferated, now
accommodating around 50% of the urban population. These
districts offer basic settlement options for new
rural-to-urban migrants but are plagued with numerous
issues, including high poverty levels, substandard housing,
and insufficient infrastructure, leading to problems such as
air and soil pollution, and poor mobility and livability.
This study highlights the environmental, social, and
economic disparities between households living in the formal
consolidated areas and those living in the ger districts,
with a focus on the secondary cities of Darkhan and Erdenet.
These cities present an opportunity to address these
disparities before they replicate the challenges in
Ulaanbaatar and elsewhere. The study identifies four
solutions to help ger households invest in resilient,
energy-efficient housing that is both affordable and
financeable, thereby improving overall livability and bridge
the gap between different socio-economic groups. These
solutions are applicable to key cities across Mongolia. The
report underscores the need to upgrade, build and densify
houses and neighborhoods in ger districts to meet resilience
and Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), including
construction quality, energy efficiency and access to basic
infrastructure. Such investment would enable residents to
obtain property certificates which would facilitate access
to housing finance, increase financial inclusion and enhance
economic stability. The findings and recommendations of this
study are intended as a Blueprint toward resilient,
inclusive, and affordable housing for ger areas development
to guide Mongolian policymakers in improving access to
green, resilient, and affordable housing, ultimately shaping
a more equitable housing landscape in the country’s urban areas
Fostering Trade for Robust Growth and Dynamic Job Creation
No full textTight monetary policies, restrictive
financial conditions, and the slowdown of global trade
continued to weaken global growth. Global economic growth
declined in 2023 and is expected to decline further in 2024.
Although the monetary tightening in advanced economies is
expected to end and the global headline inflation has
reduced, policy rates are expected to only decline
gradually, as core inflation has been more persistent.
Commodity prices declined in 2023 and are expected to
decline further in 2024. At the regional level, growth in
Sub-Saharan Africa is expected to rebound in 2024-2025
driven by a boost in private consumption from the reduction
in inflation and increasing real incomes. However, tight
monetary policies and fiscal consolidation efforts will keep
investment and public consumption subdued in 2024 even as
inflation declines. Fiscal balances are expected to improve
in 2024 but external borrowing costs remain high
A Mixed Methods Study
No full textThe “Comprehensive Assessment of the
Childcare Landscape in Lebanon: A Mixed Methods Study”
analyzes the supply and demand of formal childcare services
for children aged 0-3. It provides a review of Lebanon’s
regulatory and institutional framework around childcare,
maps out the current supply of services including cost and
quality aspects, and deepens the understanding of
households’ childcare needs. Findings show that there is a
mismatch between supply and demand, with a gap in provision
for the youngest children and that supply is mostly private,
costly, and concentrated in coastal areas. Childcare
responsibilities limit women’s ability to join the labor
force, and affordability is a main constraint for families
to access services, resulting in low demand for formal
childcare. The study proposes measures for an inclusive
expansion of quality and affordable childcare services in
four areas: (i) an enabling environment for efficient,
affordable provision of quality childcare services, (ii) a
more equitable distribution of the unpaid care work burden
within the household, (iii) improved State support to
address households’ care needs, and (iv) inclusive
family-friendly workplace conditions in the private sector
The Kenya Accountable Devolution Program
No full textCitizen engagement is critical to
achieving an effective devolution process. The success of
devolution in delivering good quality services in Kenya is
inextricably linked to the extent to which counties provide
their citizens with adequate information on budgets and
service delivery performance, empower them to participate
and contribute to decision-making, and are held accountable.
For a decade, counties in Kenya have been translating into
action the legal principles on transparency, accountability,
and public participation as enshrined in the Constitution of
Kenya 2010. Although this has not been an easy task,
counties have made notable progress, establishing systems,
structures, processes, and practices for meaningful citizen
engagement. One of the innovative practices adopted is
participatory budgeting. With training and technical
assistance from the World Bank through the Kenya Accountable
Devolution Program (KADP), several counties have been
implementing participatory budgeting since 2015 as an
approach to achieving more inclusive and effective government
Taking Account of Property Use Rights in Household Wealth Measurement
No full textThis paper discusses the inclusion of
usufruct rights in household wealth estimates, emphasizing
the theoretical rationale for adjusting traditional
estimates that do not include this component. It then
applies this concept to the Italian context using Survey on
Household Income and Wealth data. Despite usufruct being
relatively rare (around 3 percent of residential homes),
adjusting for it impacts the wealth distribution, with some
increases characterizing younger households. Overall,
adjusted estimates show a significant decrease in the
concentration indices compared with unadjusted ones. These
findings suggest the importance of considering this
component in standard household wealth estimates,
particularly in countries where use rights are more common
Reviewing Assessment Tools for Measuring Country Statistical Capacity
No full textCountry statistical capacity is
increasingly recognized as crucial for development, but no
academic study exists that reviews the available assessment
tools. This paper offers the first review study that fills
this gap, paying particular attention to data and practical
measurement challenges. It compares the World Bank’s
recently developed Statistical Performance Indicators and
Index with other widely used indexes, such as the Open Data
Inventory index, the Global Data Barometer index, and other
regional and self-assessment tools. The findings show that
each index brings advantages in data sources, number of
indicators, measurement focus, coverage of countries and
time periods, and correlation with common development
indexes. The Open Data Inventory index covers the most
countries, the Global Data Barometer index collects data
through its surveys, and the Statistical Performance
Indicators and Index offer a broader framework for assessing
statistical systems. The paper offers further thoughts on
the potential mechanisms through which these tools can bring
positive impacts on economic activities and some political
economy concerns, as well as future directions for development
Are Unit Values Reliable Proxies for Prices? Implications of Better Price Data for Household Consumption Measurement in a Low-Income Context
No full textHousehold Consumption and Expenditure
Surveys are key to consumption-based monetary poverty
measurement. In the absence of market price surveys that are
linked to Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys,
unit values are used as proxies for market prices in
estimating nominal consumption aggregates, price deflators,
poverty lines, and poverty statistics. This practice relies
on the Hicksian separability assumption: within-commodity
group relative prices are constant across space and the
price of a single good is an accurate proxy for the
commodity group price. To test, for the first time in a
low-income context, whether Hicksian separability holds,
this paper uses the price data collected for an extensive
list of food items, including several
variety/quality-differentiated products for specific items,
in a national market survey that was conducted in Malawi in
sync with the Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey
that is the source of official poverty statistics. The
analysis demonstrates that Hicksian separability fails to
hold across space and time and that unit values are biased
proxies for prices. Integrating the Household Consumption
and Expenditure Survey and market survey data based on
location and timing of fieldwork permits an assessment of
consumption and poverty estimation based on market prices
versus unit values. Relative to unit values, using market
prices leads to higher food and overall consumption
expenditures—both in nominal and real terms—while generating
higher poverty lines and higher food and overall poverty
rates. Compared to their counterparts based on unit values,
spatially-disaggregated poverty estimates based on market
prices exhibit a stronger correlation with nightlights —an
objective proxy for living standards
The Future of Work in Central America and the Dominican Republic
No full textTechnological progress has the
potential to cause significant disruption in labor markets.
This report examines the impact of computers, robots, AI,
and improved ICT at work on labor markets in CADR. Advanced
economies offer a model for how the future of work will look
in Central America and the Dominican Republic (CADR), but
important differences in development stages mean that the
labor market impacts of technological progress are distinct
now and are likely to continue to be in the near future. The
report focuses on these technologies as the most likely to
have shaped labor markets in the region in the recent past
and the most likely to shape them in the near future. The
report first examines how technological progress within the
region is shaping what workers do and how they do it. The
report goes beyond the analysis of susceptibility to
automation to dissect the factors underlying recent labor
market transformations and undercover the extent to which
technological change has played a role in these
transformations. The report also examines how technological
progress outside of the region is shaping labor markets
within it by investigating how robot adoption in the United
States is affecting the demand for CADR workers in CADR
countries and for CADR workers in the United States
Multidimensional and Specific Inequalities
No full textDespite the multitude of measures of
multidimensional inequality, none is regularly used in
policymaking. This paper proposes multidimensional
inequality measures that are easily implementable and
transparent and overcome many deficiencies of existing
measures. The measures follow a traditional two-stage
format, which aggregates dimensions first and then applies a
unidimensional measure like the Gini coefficient to the
distribution of aggregates. A novel characterization result
identifies the precise form of aggregation needed to obtain
axiomatically sound measures. The paper derives an additive
decomposition formula — breaking down multidimensional
inequality into terms reflecting the average specific
inequalities (within dimensions) and the joint distribution
(across dimensions) — for any measure created using a
standard unidimensional measure or the Lorenz curve. The
paper also provides an approach to calibrating the measure
for use with data over time, replacing the usual ad hoc
normalization of variables with one that accounts for a
policymaker’s normative weights. The technology is
illustrated first using synthetic data to understand how the
measure varies as the components are changed and then using
data from Azerbaijan