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Human Factors Considerations in Design for the Elderly
No full textAs the elderly population continues to grow in many developed countries, there is an immense need for products and services to improve their well-being. At present, numerous supportive technologies are being implemented to assist the elderly, both at home and outdoors. However, the application of human factors is often overlooked in the development of such technologies. Identifying human factors and ergonomic issues could help to produce designs that better meet the capabilities, limitations, and needs of the elderly. It also serves to increase the well-being and comfort of the elderly and to reduce the potential errors that often occur when using technology. Therefore, we conducted this study to analyze the prevalent problems related to human factors among the elderly and identify possible solutions to improve products and services for the target population
Relativistic Hydrodynamic Simulations of Ultra-relativistic Jets in the Intracluster Medium
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No full textCathode Interlayer Engineering with Vacuum Thermal Evaporated N-type Rylene Diimide Derivatives in Highly Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
No full textIn inverted perovskite solar cells (PeSCs), choosing cathode interlayer plays key role in determining performance of solar cell. Among various processing methods, vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE) is already adopted in electron transporting layer (ETL) such as C60 and cathode interlayer such as bathocuproine (BCP), LiF and Ca in inverted PeSCs. Especially, cathode interlayer have been already utilized to suppress the interfacial resistance and lower the energy barrier between ETL and cathode. N-type rylene diimide derivatives such as perylene diimide (PDI) and naphtahlene diimide (NDI) have attracted great attention due to their advantages of easy molecular modification, high electron mobility and good thermal and chemical stability so that have been applied to cathode interlayer by solution processing such as spin-coating method.
In this study, we demonstrate for the first time rylene diimide derivatives such as PDI and NDI family organic small molecules as cathode interlayer candidates using VTE method. Rylene diimide derivatives films show thin thickness about ~5 nm. In comparison with widely used BCP, underlying rylene diimide materials exhibit different silver cathode growth phenomenon. In addition, we compare the effect as a cathode interlayer by considering the energy levels and metal cathode growth phenomenon by the number of amine-functionalized groups of each material.
Consequently, the PeSC with N,N'-Bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (PDIN) shows a enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.60%, which is higher than that of the PeSC without cathode interlayer and with BCP or NDI-based interlayer. Excluding the solvent consideration in solution processing, PDI-based materials that are easily vacuum thermal evaporated are expected to be in the spotlight in inverted PeSCs for cathode interlayer
High-Heat and Photo-Stable Perovskite Solar Cells through Ion Capture Layer
No full textconversion efficiency (PCE) in recent decades and commercialization is just around the corner. Nowadays, they have achieved over 25.5% of PCEs with their excellent properties, such as long diffusion length, high absorption coefficient, and balanced ambipolar carrier transports. In order to commercialize photovoltaic (PV), a product lifetime of at least 20 years is essential, as a conventional crystalline silicon PV module. However, perovskite suffers from low thermal stability and light stability. In this study, we dramatically increased the thermal and light stability of PSCs by introducing a layer capable of inhibiting migration of ions called ion capture layer. Unlike the former materials that block ion migration, a material with tetramethylammonium (TMA+) and SO3-, which are ion groups that could be directly bonded to iodide and silver ions, was used as the ion capture layer. As a result, PSCs achieved a PCE of 23.3% and maintained >95% of their initial value after >1560 hours at 85 oC heat and retained >80% of their initial PCEs after 700 hours at 1 sun condition
