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Discovering the biomarkers of astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles induced by glutamate in glioblastoma
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An investigation into the product attachment between single-person household and their home appliances
No full textEfficient and Stable Tin???Lead Perovskite Photoconversion Devices Using Dual???Functional Cathode Interlayer
No full textTin???lead halide perovskites (TLHPs) are promising photoactive materials for photovoltaics (PVs) due to reduced toxicity and broad light absorption. However, their inherent ionic vacancies facilitate inward metal diffusion, accelerating device degradation. Here, efficient, stable TLHP-based PV and photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices are reported containing a chemically protective cathode interlayer???amine-functionalized perylene diimide (PDINN). Solution-processed PDINN effectively extract electrons and suppress inward-metal diffusion by forming tridentate metal complexes with its nucleophilic sites. The PV device achieved an efficiency of 23.21% (>81% retention after 750 h at 60 ??C and >90% retention after 3100 h at 23 ?? 4 ??C), and the first demonstration of TLHP-based PEC devices exhibit a record-high bias-free solar hydrogen production rate (33.0 mA cm???2; ???3.42 ?? 10???6 kg s???1 m???2) when coupled with biomass oxidation, which is ???1.7-fold higher than the ultimate target set by the U.S. Department of Energy for one-sun hydrogen production. These findings demonstrate the potential of TLHPs for efficient, stable photoconversion by the molecular design of the cathode interlayer
Current Status and Future of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites for Photoelectrocatalysis Devices
No full textGiven the importance of positive impacts on the environment, it is necessary to evaluate the progress made thus far with water-splitting or electrocatalysis devices. Thus, this review aims to provide a broad picture of artificially developed hybrid materials, including organic (macro)molecules and perovskites, that can function in a synergistic manner and catalyze water-splitting events. This review highlights efficient hybrid organic-inorganic molecular systems integrated within an electrocatalysis device for the purpose of extracting energy from water, by splitting it in a cheaper way, with less energy input to initiate the pathway. The following review will highlight a large number of organic (macro)molecules, such as oligomers, polymers, and metal-organic frameworks, that have been introduced as tandem layers within a water-splitting device. The organic tandem layer is supposed to provide extra stability and enhance the photocatalytic activity. The review also discusses the drawbacks of existing devices based on hybrid organic-inorganic molecular systems to show what improvements are needed and what could be the future of these eco-friendly devices in a sustainable society on Earth and beyond
Exosome Precipitation by Ionic Strength Modulation: ExoPRISM
No full textExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as crucial materials for precision theragnostic applications. However, current separation methods are time-consuming, costly, and not scalable and deliver limited yields or purity. Here, we present EV precipitation by ionic strength modulation (ExoPRISM), a simple, low-cost, user-friendly, and readily adaptable approach for separating EVs in high yields without compromising their biological functions. Adding an electrolyte solution to blood plasma in small increments generates the sequential precipitation of proteins and EVs, allowing for fractional separation of EVs using low-speed centrifugation. The coprecipitated electrolytes are easily washed away, and the entire EV separation and washing process takes less than an hour. This approach successfully separates EVs from a broad range of volumes and types of biological fluids, including culture medium, urine, plasma, and serum, showing promise as a robust tool for next-generation liquid biopsies and regenerative medicine
Continuous cultivation of mixed-culture microalgae using anaerobic digestion effluent in photobioreactors with different strategies for adjusting nitrogen loading rate
No full textThis study examined continuous mixed-culture microalgae cultivation for nutrient removal from anaerobic digestion (AD) effluents in photobioreactors, while altering the NH4+-N loading rate (NLR) by adjusting either the hydraulic retention time (HRT) (reactor set RH) or the influent NH4+-N concentration (reactor set RS). Both RH and RS demonstrated efficient nutrient removal and microalgae cultivation at NLRs of 4-10 mg NH4+-N/L & BULL;d, reaching peak performance at 10 mg NH4+-N/L & BULL;d. Within this range, RH obtained greater biomass yield and productivity, while RS maintained higher microalgal concentrations. The cultivated biomasses obtained from RH and RS had good settleability and suitable fatty acid compositions as a biodiesel feedstock, although their organic composition varied considerably with NLR and HRT. Parachlorella overwhelmingly dominated the reactors' microalgal communities throughout the experiment, co-existing with various microalgae-associated bacteria. Changes in NLR significantly influenced the bacterial community structures, underscoring its critical role in determining reactor performance and microalgal-bacterial community behavior
Drug-Loaded Nanogel for Efficient Orchestration of Cell Death Pathways by Intramitochondrial Disulfide Polymerization
No full textChemotherapy using a nanoscaled drug delivery system is an effective cancer therapy, but its high drug concentration often causes drug resistance in cancer cells and normal cell damage. Combination therapy involving two or more different cell signaling pathways can be a powerful tool to overcome the limitations of chemotherapy. Herein, this article presents nanogel (NG)-mediated co-delivery of a chemodrug camptothecin (CPT) and mitochondria-targeting monomer (MT monomer) for efficient activation of two modes of the programmed cell death pathway (apoptosis and necroptosis) and synergistic enhancement of cancer therapy. CPT and the monomer are incorporated together into the redox-degradable polymeric NGs for release in response to the intracellular glutathione. The MT monomer is shown to undergo reactive oxygen species (ROS)-triggered disulfide polymerization inside the cancerous mitochondria in cooperation with the chemotherapeutic CPT elevating the intracellular ROS level. The CPT/monomer interconnection in cell death mechanisms for mitochondrial dysfunction and enhanced cell death is evidenced by a series of cell analyses showing ROS generation, mitochondria damage, impacts on (non)cancerous or drug-resistant cells, and cell death modes. The presented work provides beneficial insights for utilizing combination therapy to facilitate a desired cell death mechanism and developing a novel nanosystem for more efficacious cancer treatment. An anticancer drug camptothecin (CPT) and mitochondria-targeting monomer are simultaneously delivered into cancer cells by glutathione-degradable nanogels for cooperative activation of cell death mechanisms. With the assistance of CPT to raise the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the mitochondria-accumulated monomer undergoes ROS-triggered disulfide polymerization with high efficiency, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and enhanced cell death.imag