Baynoon Centre for Studies and Development (BCSD): OJS
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From Immune Surveillance to Parasitic Evasion: A Review of Current Knowledge and Emerging Research in Parasitic Immunity
Full text linkThis research aims to provide a detailed overview of the complex relationship between host immune defense mechanisms and parasite evasion methods. Furthermore, it aims to synthesize available knowledge with the latest scientific discoveries to expand our understanding of this relationship and guide future efforts toward the management and treatment of parasitic diseases. We relied on a comprehensive methodology in previous studies to collect all relevant information on parasitic immunity from research published between 2017 and 2024. Articles were selected based on their importance in understanding the mechanisms of immune surveillance or evasion, the quality of peer-reviewed sources, and the novelty of the results. Data extraction involved a detailed screening and evaluation process, as well as the compilation of key themes and the identification of knowledge gaps, with great care being taken to ensure the accuracy of the information. The reviewed literature provided valuable insights into parasitic immunity and its complexities in host-parasite interactions. Immune surveillance mechanisms play essential roles, including specialized cells such as dendritic cells and T cells, which are essential for identifying and combating parasites. Among their strategies, parasites alter their antigens and sometimes hijack host molecules to evade the immune system. Because the immune system seeks out parasites, and parasites employ various defense mechanisms, they are difficult to eliminate. The fields of vaccines, diagnostics, and treatment are witnessing significant advances thanks to modern research and technologies. The weakness of vaccines, difficulty in diagnosing, and drug resistance stress the importance of on-going research and development for parasitic diseases. As a result, because the immune system and parasites are complex, modern and advanced drug therapies are essential to treat infections and the diseases they cause. The introduction of vaccines and new methods of testing for diseases is helping to control parasitic diseases, although we still face some challenges, such as vaccine limitations or drug resistance in some areas. To reduce the impact of parasitic diseases globally and help disadvantaged groups, we must utilize cutting-edge research and ensure that healthcare is shared equitably
EFFECTIVENESS OF AN EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM ABOUT MEDICATION ADHERENCE ON PATIENTS' KNOWLEDGE WITH GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE
Full text linkGastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is an umbrella term for a group of heterogeneous pathophysiologic disorders inducing effortless movement of stomach contents into the esophagus and resulting in troublesome symptoms or complications. Objective(s): the study to assess patients' knowledge about medication adherence with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and to evaluate patients' knowledge about medication adherence with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, in addition to determine the effectiveness of educational program on patients' knowledge about medication adherence with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Also, to find out the relationship between patients' knowledge and their socio-demographic and clinical data. Methods: Quasi experimental design was implemented in the present study by which the patients are assigned randomly into two groups (study and control groups) by using pre and post-test procedures for both groups to determine the effectiveness of an educational program. The study started from April 2nd, 2023 until April, 1st, 2024. A non-probability (purposive sample) technique selected 64 patients included in the present study. Data collected through using of a well-designed questionnaire consist of three parts: part I: Socio-Demographic Characteristic. part II: Clinical Data and Part III: Patients' Knowledge of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Concerning medication adherence. Results: the present study indicate that the overall patients’ knowledge about medication adherence after educational program application was good in study group while in control group was fair at post-test. In addition, that there is a non-significant difference in the study group’s patients' knowledge at post-test according to their demographic and clinical data, at a p-value of more than 0.05 except level of education was significant at p-value 0.014. Conclusion: The study concludes that a positive effect of the educational program on the patients' knowledge regarding medication adherence after GERD, and as this effect is proved. The study recommends that nursing education guideline should be prepared and up to date under the supervision of experts from the nursing and education authority for use by the health staff at the Ministry of Health as a standard in the management of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease
Optimizing Regional Financial Management in Order to Improve Infrastructure Projects of the Gorontalo Regency Public Works and Public Housing Agency
Full text linkThis study aims to determine the financial management of the Gorontalo Regency Public Works and Spatial Planning Agency (PUPR) that impacts budget efficiency, particularly in infrastructure projects. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach, which aims to provide a detailed description of the issues under study. The results of the study show that low local revenue (PAD) due to stagnation in the revenue sector, suboptimal collection, and economic conditions that have not yet recovered are the main obstacles to financing. Although the PUPR Office has made efforts to improve efficiency through budget verification, project prioritization, and feasibility studies, inefficiencies still occur due to delays in disbursement, irregular administration, weak coordination between OPDs, and suboptimal utilization of the Regional Financial Information System (SIKDA) and supervision. Identified improvement efforts include accelerating disbursement procedures, improving SIKDA discipline, strengthening coordination, simplifying procurement, and improving supervision and planning. It is hoped that these steps will increase the efficiency of budget utilization and support better infrastructure development in Gorontalo Regency
LAVENDER AROMATHERAPY INTERVENTION IN SUGAR LEVEL MANAGEMENT BLOOD IN ELDERLY PEOPLE WITH TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS: CASE STUDY
Full text linkBackground: Elderly with high blood sugar levels can affect metabolic performance and cause hyperglycemia resulting from unhealthy lifestyles of the elderly. This aromatherapy can help the elderly reduce stress and anxiety levels which can ultimately offer a positive effect on minimizing blood sugar.ObjectiveThis case study is to determine the application of lavender aromatherapy to minimize blood sugar in elderly people with diabetes mellitus. Method:The case study in this study utilized a descriptive study design and applied a nursing care approach that implemented lavender aromatherapy interventions. The subjects in this case study were 3 case study subjects whose inclusion criteria were elderly aged 60 years and above, elderly who had blood sugar ≥200 mg/dl, and elderly who were ready to be respondents. Exclusion criteria were elderly with complications, elderly with diabetes mellitus wounds.Resultsobtained before the administration of lavender aromatherapy to the three research subjects, blood glucose levels in subject I reached 376 mg/dL, subject II reached 276 mg/dL, and subject III reached 280 mg/dL. After administration of lavender aromatherapy once a day for 7 days with a duration of 15 minutes, there was a decrease in random blood sugar levels. On the 7th day, subject I's blood glucose levels decreased to 190 mg/dL, subject II 192 mg/dL, and subject III 194 mg/dL.Conclusion Elderly people suffering from diabetes mellitus before being given lavender aromatherapy obtained high blood glucose levels reaching 376 mg/dL. After being given lavender aromatherapy once a day and carried out for 7 days, the results of checking blood glucose levels on the 7th day showed a decrease in blood sugar levels reaching 190 mg/dL
Purification and Characterization of Arginine Deiminase from E. coli and Its Differentially Cytotoxic Effect on Normal and Cancer Cell Lines
Full text link In this study, the author is concerned with the purification, extraction and biochemical analysis of arginine deiminase (ADI) of a clinical strain of Escherichia coli to determine its anticancer properties. Ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by two subsequent purification processes such as Ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration enhanced the purity 9.5 fold and the final specific activity was found to be 16 U/ mg with the molecular weight of 46 kDa . The enzyme was observed to be most active at pH 7.0 and 37oC and lost less than 75% of its trial activities at marginally acidic to neutral pH. Using metal ion analysis and the fact that ADI was a metalloenzyme; Fe 3+ and Mn 2+ were found to increase the ADI activity, whereas EDTA suppressed the activity significantly. In vitro cytotoxic testing by MTT technique showed that ADI dose dependently and specifically suppressed the viability of HeLa cancer cells with the IC50 of 140.55 ug/mL, whereas the normal HEK293 cells had the IC50 of 253.47 ug/mL, with a selectivity index of 1.80. This justifies the therapeutic potential of bacterial ADI as a specific anticancer agent of arginine-auxotrophic tumors
ESTIMATION THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF FGF21 IN OBESE WOMEN IN SAMARRA CITY
Full text linkA global health concern, obesity is associated with higher rates of morbidity and mortality. Diabetes, fatty liver, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease, and cancer are among the complex disorders that define it. Chronic energy intake and expenditure imbalances result in excess fat accumulation in adipose tissue, which is the cause of obesity. The aim of this study is to determine the FGF21 levels in obese women and its relationship to obesity and studying the relationship of FGF21 with body mass and its relationship with obesity and adipose tissue. Fortytwo women were used in this study. Women age ranges from 20-35 years and divided into two groups: control group (12 women) BMI less than 24 and obese group (30 women) BMI more than 30. Pregnant women were excluded and also women with liver diseases, ovary cyst syndrome and chronic diseases. All cases are collected from 1st December 2023 to February 2024 from Samarra city and they were in good health, were not presently taking medications, levels of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) was measured using ELISA techniques, established tools and procedures used, the waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) were determined. The findings indicated a positive correlation between BMI and WC measures and a substantial (P<0.01) elevate in FGF21 levels in the obese group when compared to the group of control. ability to predict neck pain from this addiction. This study offers new therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of obesity, which is an epidemic that is still growing. It is evident; therefore, that FGF21 is a very promising targetable system for therapeutic management of the various metabolic issues linked to obesity
IL-17A and CICs as Markers of Inflammatory Response in Hydatid Disease: Implications for Diagnosis and Post-surgical Monitoring
Full text linkBackground: Hydatid disease continues to affect large populations as a major health problem, specifically within endemic areas due to Echinococcus granulosus infection. The disease activates immune complexes (CICs) together with different types of cytokines, while IL-17A functions as an essential component for inflammation. The investigation of IL-17A function together with CICs behavior in hydatid disease serves to develop better diagnostic methods and postoperative assessment tools. Aim of the study: To investigate the assay value of IL-17A and CICs among hydatid disease patients before and after surgery to assess their usefulness for diagnosis and treatment assessment. Materials and methods: Three groups of patients participated in the case-control study, divided into surgically treated patients with hydatid disease, patients who did not undergo surgery, and control groups. IL-17A and CICs measurements were performed by ELISA, while cyst confirmation was done by MRI. Results: The measurement of IL-17A showed non-operated patients maintained much higher levels at 1,011.77 ± 317.78 Pg/ml than both operated patients, who had 411.37 ± 46.46 Pg/ml, and healthy controls, who maintained 161.51 ± 23.71 Pg/ml. The analysis revealed that non-operated patients presented with elevated CICs amounts (15.61 ± 3.32 μg/mL) compared to operated patients (7.73 ± 0.79 μg/mL) as well as controls (3.27 ± 1.00 μg/mL). The diagnostic evaluation through ROC analysis showed outstanding performance by measuring IL-17A and CICs with an equal 1.000 AUC for both markers. Conclusion: IL-17A and CICs are considered diagnostic indicators for hydatid disease and postoperative patient monitoring. Active hydatid infections reveal high marker levels, which reduce after surgical intervention and support their clinical importance
Pain in Children with Leukemia
Full text linkPain is one of the main factors in the management of patients with cancer. Pain is also a problem that is often overlooked in blood malignancies, where blood cancer pain is often recognized late and mistreated. Cancer patients may report several different anatomical sites of pain, which may be caused by the cancer, by cancer treatment, by general weakness or by concomitant disorders. Cancer pain should also be associated with several other physical symptoms and with all psychological symptoms assessed, including difficulty sleeping, worry, difficulty concentrating, and feeling sad, nervous or irritable. Pain in children with leukemia comes from four sources. First, pain caused by the disease itself, 25% of pain that appears early is bone pain, due to infiltration of bone or joints due to immature proliferation of white blood cells. ), second, invasive and painful procedures for establishing the diagnosis and treatment of the disease, third, side effects of procedures and chemotherapy that cause pain effects, fourth, children with leukemia who experience pain unrelated to their disease. A separate assessment of each pain syndrome is mandatory for optimal leukemia pain management. Pain should be evaluated regularly as the 5th vital sign. Pain intensity can be recorded by several tools, such as verbal description, visual analog scale (VAS) and numeric rating scale (NRS). These tools may not be appropriate for some patients, such as children, uncommunicative and unconscious adult patients, where facial expressions and verbal and non-verbal descriptors can be used. Therapy in patients Induction chemotherapy can be considered an etiological measure because of its powerful effect not only in relieving pain, especially malignant bone pain, but also in relieving pain due to the disease, which responds dramatically in most cases. Pharmacological therapy can involve opioids, NSAIDs, acetaminophen, and adjuvants according to the etiology of the type of leukemia and the complications involved
Association of SNPs in the TLR4 gene (rs4986790, rs4986791) with Susceptibility to Active TB in Iraqi Population
Full text linkThe main objective of this work was to assess the potential relation of (rs4986790 as well as rs4986791) SNPs, located at the TLR4 gene, and the susceptibility to developing active tuberculosis (TB). Approximately 78.9% of the samples demonstrated resistance to rifampicin. Testing of the TLR4 rs4986790 variant did not showed any significant differences in genotype frequencies between patients diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) and the control group. The study revealed notable disparities in the genotypic and allelic frequencies observed between the groups in relation to TLR4 rs4986791. Individuals harboring the TT genotype showed an increased susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB), whereas those carrying the CC or CT genotypes revealed a decreased susceptibility. The results suggest that the TLR4 rs4986790 mutation may not exert a significant influence on the vulnerability to tuberculosis (TB) within this specific community. In spite of that, it had been suggested that the rs4986791 variant may apply a substantial impact on the susceptibility to tuberculosis
Evaluation The MIR26 As a Bio Marker in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
Full text linkBackground: Rheumatoid arthritis, also known as RA, is a systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease that is persistent and affects 1% of people globally. Aim of study: This study was conducted to calculation the expression of miRNA-26 by RT-PCR. Methodology: A case control study has been conducted from 15 October 2023 to 15 of January 2024. This study has been done at the Medical City Hospital, Baghdad Government. And included 45 patients ( females and male) which diagnosed with RA disease by specialist physician, and their ages ranges between, 18 to 75 years. Blood was drawn from the patients to investigate the MIR26, by RT- PCR (Real time polymerase chain reaction). Results: The average Ct value for miR-26 in the group of controls is 6.82, with a fold change of around 1.00 while the average Ct value for miR-26 in group of patients is 7.59, with a fold change of around 7.59. Conclusion: There is significance elevation in miRNA26 in patients group other than in control subjects' group. It is possible that miR-26 contributes to the diseases or disorders that these people suffer from it