ReDivia - Repositorio Digital de l'Instit Valencià d'Investigacions Agràries
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Effect of Rootstock on Citrus Fruit Quality: A Review
Get PDFCitrus rootstocks are a relevant tree part that contributes to crops adapting to biotic and abiotic conditions, it becoming a key factor to face the current era of climate change. Although the emphasis of most studies on rootstocks has been placed on the yield and optimization of the citrus fruit grown in different environments, other studies have paid attention to the effect of rootstock on fruit quality. Hence, the quality of citrus fruit is becoming increasingly more relevant as consumers demand high internal and external qualities to eat citrus fruit fresh. To better understand how rootstock influences citrus fruit quality, the literature that focuses on physico-chemical parameters, nutritional compounds and physiological disorders has been revised. This review points out the influence that the external aspects surrounding plants has on fruit quality, such as the rootstock/scion interaction, the water uptake capacity of roots, the modification of the photosynthetic rate or availability of nutrient minerals
First report of Australian grapevine viroid in grapevine in Greece
No full textIn 2017 and 2018, grapevine leaves and stems were collected from symptomatic and symptomless vines from various cultivars of prefecture of Heraklion and the vineyard of the Greek Institute of Grapevine in Likovrisi (Attica). Total RNA extractions were performed according to Maliogka et al. (2015) and multiplex RT-PCR method (Hajizadeh et al. 2012) revealed the presence of Australian grapevine viroid (AGVd) in 13 out of 298 samples tested (11 from Crete and 2 from Attica). The full-length genome of the viroid was verified with Sanger sequencing for two isolates from Crete, AGVd S122 (369 bp; GenBank accession No. MT227864) and AGVd Her75 (370 bp; MT227865). In symptomatic AGVd positive plants showing bright yellow and chlorotic discolorations, pathogens such as grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3) and grapevine yellow speckle viroid-2 (GYSVd-2) were detected, in different combinations in each plant, making it difficult for the observed symptoms to be directly correlated with the AGVd presence
Persistent Southern Tomato Virus (STV) Interacts with Cucumber Mosaic and/or Pepino Mosaic Virus in Mixed- Infections Modifying Plant Symptoms, Viral Titer and Small RNA Accumulation
Get PDFSouthern tomato virus (STV) is a persistent virus that was, at the beginning, associated with some tomato fruit disorders. Subsequent studies showed that the virus did not induce apparent symptoms in single infections. Accordingly, the reported symptoms could be induced by the interaction of STV with other viruses, which frequently infect tomato. Here, we studied the effect of STV in co- and triple-infections with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV). Our results showed complex interactions among these viruses. Co-infections leaded to a synergism between STV and CMV or PepMV: STV increased CMV titer and plant symptoms at early infection stages, whereas PepMV only exacerbated the plant symptoms. CMV and PepMV coinfection showed an antagonistic interaction with a strong decrease of CMV titer and a modification of the plant symptoms with respect to the single infections. However, the presence of STV in a triple-infection abolished this antagonism, restoring the CMV titer and plant symptoms. The siRNAs analysis showed a total of 78 miRNAs, with 47 corresponding to novel miRNAs in tomato, which were expressed differentially in the plants that were infected with these viruses with respect to the control mock-inoculated plants. These miRNAs were involved in the regulation of important functions and their number and expression level varied, depending on the virus combination. The number of vsiRNAs in STV single-infected tomato plants was very small, but STV vsiRNAs increased with the presence of CMV and PepMV. Additionally, the rates of CMV and PepMV vsiRNAs varied depending on the virus combination. The frequencies of vsiRNAs in the viral genomes were not uniform, but they were not influenced by other viruses
Phenolic profile of grapevine cv. Tempranillo skins is affected by timing and severity of early defoliation
Get PDFAim of study: To investigate the effects of three early leaf removal treatments on the phenolic compounds of cv. ‘Tempranillo’ (Vitis
vinifera L.) grape skins. Area of study: The experiment was conducted in a vineyard located in Requena, Valencia (South-eastern Spain) over two consecutive seasons. Material and methods: Four treatments were investigated over two seasons in drip-irrigated vines: Control (C), non-defoliated and three defoliation treatment, applied at different phenological stages and intensities where all leaves from the first 6 nodes were eliminated just before flowering (ED) and at fruitset (LD). The fourth defoliation treatment was performed at the same time of ED but only the leaves facing east of the eight first nodes were removed (EED). At harvest, thirty-eight phenolic compounds were quantified by HPLC in the grape skins, including anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids and their tartaric derivatives. Main results: A general increase of the skin phenolic compounds concentration was found in response to the defoliation treatments. The largest and more significant effects were observed for LD in 2009 with relative increases with respect to the un-defoliated vines of 14.8, 86.0, 119.0, and 75.9% for anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols and hydroxycinnamates, respectively. On the other hand, EED did not clearly modify any polyphenolic compound. In addition, the response of phenolic families analyzed to defoliation treatments was different. Malvidine derivatives were not altered by any of the treatments, while the contents of quercetin and kaempferol derivatives and ferulic and coumaric acids, increased in both years when LD was applied. Research highlights: The defoliation effects on specific phenolic substances were dependent on timing, severity, and the season. Skin phenolic compounds increase in response to defoliation treatments and flavonols and hydroxycinnamates were the most affected families
Effect of Dietary Mineral Content and Phytase Dose on Nutrient Utilization, Performance, Egg Traits and Bone Mineralization in Laying Hens from 22 to 31 Weeks of Age
Get PDFA total of 192 laying hens were used to evaluate the effect of dietary mineral content and phytase dose on nutrient utilization, egg production and quality and bone mineralization of young laying hens. Four dietary treatments were studied: PC, positive control with no added phytase, 4.07% Ca and 0.61% P; NC, negative control with no added phytase, 2.97% Ca and 0.37% P; and P500 and P1000, where NC diet was supplemented with phytase at 500 and 1000 FTU/kg, respectively. Hens’ performance and egg traits were controlled from 22 to 31 weeks of age. Coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients were determined at 25 and 31 weeks of age. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and blood content of Ca and P, as well as bone traits, were determined at 31 weeks of age. Ca and P retention was higher in birds on PC diet at 25 weeks, but not at 31 weeks of age compared to those on NC diet (p < 0.05). P1000 birds had the highest CTTAD values for dry and organic matter at both ages (p < 0.001). CTTAD of Ca was significantly higher in P1000 diet than in NC diet at 31 weeks of age (p < 0.001). Birds fed with P500 diet at 25 weeks of age and P1000 at 31 weeks of age showed higher CTTAD and retention of P, but lower excretion of P than those fed NC diet (p < 0.05). Phytase inclusion linearly increased AID of dry matter and P (p < 0.001). P500 hens fed had the greatest body weight at the end of the trial (p < 0.05) and P1000 birds had the best feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). Fowl fed a PC diet produced eggs with higher shell thickness and yolk color than those fed on NC diet (p < 0.05). Phytase inclusion linearly increased the yolk color (p < 0.05). Tibia of laying hens fed with PC had significantly higher ash content than those on NC diet (p < 0.05), and birds fed with P1000 presented intermediate values. It can be concluded that it would be advisable to increase the dose of phytase in the feed of laying hens to obtain long-term benefits
Physiological characterization and proline route genes quantification under long-term cold stress in Carrizo citrange
Get PDFLow temperature is one of the abiotic stresses that most limits crop production, growth and distribution. Currently climate change weather alters temperature worldwide, which produces both high and low temperatures. This work aimed to know how citrus responds to long-term low temperatures after being submitted to 1 °C day-night during six weeks. Physiological parameters were analyzed and it was obtained that photosynthesis and growth drastically decreased, water potential increased and osmotic potential did not change. Fv/Fm (maximum quantum yield of PSII) lowered, and degradation of chlorophylls a and b took place.
The proline concentration in leaves moderately increased. The expression of two genes from the glutamate synthesis route (P5CS1 and P5CS2) and one gene from the ornithine route (dOAT) was quantified. The results reveal that the dOAT transcripts from the proline synthesis gene underwent greater induction than P5CS1 and P5CS2. A marked increase in the expression of proline degradative genes (PDH and P5CDH), a drop in starch, a decrease in the concentration of soluble sugars, and higher total nitrogen quantification in leaves were also observed. Citrus plants stopped growing, but mobilized reserve substances to survive cold stress conditions
Near infrared hyperspectral imaging and spectral unmixing methods for evaluation of fiber distribution in enriched pasta
Get PDFPasta is mostly composed by wheat flour and water. Nevertheless, flour can be partially replaced by fibers to provide extra nutrients in the diet. However, fiber can affect the technological quality of pasta if not properly distributed. Usually, determinations of parameters in pasta are destructive and time-consuming. The use of Near Infrared-Hyperspectral Imaging (NIR-HSI), together with machine learning methods, is valuable to improve the efficiency in the assessment of pasta quality. This work aimed to investigate the ability of NIR-HSI and augmented Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) for the evaluation, resolution and quantification of fiber distribution in enriched pasta. Results showed R2V between 0.28 and 0.89, %LOF < 6%, variance explained over 99%, and similarity between pure and recovered spectra over 96% and 98% in models using pure flour and control as initial estimates, respectively, demonstrating the applicability of NIR-HSI and MCR-ALS in the identification of fiber in pasta
Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Valencian Pepper Landraces
Get PDFSweet pepper is one of the most important economic fruits with nutritional attributes. In this sense, the nutraceutical value of consumed products is a major concern nowadays so the content of some bioactive compounds and antioxidants (phenols, ascorbic acid, lycopene, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and antioxidant activity) was monitored in 18 sweet pepper landraces at two maturity stages (green and red). All the traits except chlorophylls significantly increased in red fruits (between 1.5- and 2.3-fold for phenols, ascorbic acid, and 2-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition activity, 4.8-fold for carotenoid and 27.4-fold for lycopene content), which suggests that ripening is key for obtaining desired fruit quality. Among landraces, P-44 in green fruits is highlighted for its content in carotenoids, chlorophylls, phenols, and ascorbic acid, and P-46 for its antioxidant capacity and lycopene content. Upon maturity, P-48, P-44, and P-41 presented higher levels of phenols and lycopene, and P-39 of phenols, carotenoid, and DPPH. This work reflects a wide variability in the 18 pepper landraces at bioactive compounds concentration and in relation to fruit ripeness. The importance of traditional landraces in terms of organoleptic properties is emphasized as they are the main source of agricultural biodiversity today and could be helpful for breeders to develop new functional pepper varieties
Strategies to produce grapefruit-like citrus varieties with a low furanocoumarin content and distinctive flavonoid profiles
Get PDFPummelos and hybrids, such as grapefruits, have high furanocoumarin and low flavonoid contents. Furanocoumarins interact negatively with certain drugs, while flavonoids are antioxidant compounds with health benefits. To obtain new grapefruit-like varieties with low furanocoumarin and high flavonoid contents, diploid and triploid hybrid populations from crosses between diploid and tetraploid “Clemenules” clementine and diploid “Pink” pummelo were recovered and analyzed. With regard to furanocoumarins, triploids produce less bergapten, bergamottin and 6,7-DHB than diploids. Regarding flavonoids, triploids yielded more eriocitrin, narirutin, hesperidin and neohesperidin than diploids, whereas no differences were observed in neoeriocitrin and naringin. These results indicate that, the strategy to recover triploid hybrids by 4x × 2x crosses is more appropriate than the recovery of diploid hybrids by 2x × 2x crosses for obtaining grapefruit-like varieties of citrus with lower furanocoumarin and higher flavonoid contents
Assessment of Microbiota Modulation in Poultry to Combat Infectious Diseases
Get PDFPoultry is one of the main agricultural sub-sectors worldwide. However, public concern
regarding animal welfare and antimicrobial resistance has risen in recent years. Due to the influence
of management practices on microbiota, it might be considered to evaluate poultry welfare and
health. Therefore, the objective of this research was to analyse the influence on microbiota balance of
broilers under commercial and optimal farm conditions, using 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. The
research was performed in two identical poultry houses (commercial vs. optimal). Results showed
a higher level of microbiota complexity in the group reared under optimal farm conditions at the
end of rearing. Regarding microbiota composition, Firmicutes was the dominant phylum during the
entire growing period. However, the second most prevalent phylum was Proteobacteria at the arrival
day, and Bacteroidetes from the mid-period onward in both groups. Moreover, the most predominant
genera identified were Oscillospira, Ruminococcus, Bacteroides, and Coprococcus. In conclusion, it is
necessary to optimize farm management as much as possible. Using gut microbiota diversity and
composition as biomarkers of animal health could be an important tool for infectious disease control,
with the aim of reducing the administration of antibiotics at field level