ReDivia - Repositorio Digital de l'Instit Valencià d'Investigacions Agràries
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Identificación y relaciones genéticas de variedades de olivo en España mediante el uso de marcadores EST-SNPs
Get PDFEn España existe una gran riqueza varietal de olivo (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var europaea) que ha sido ampliamente caracterizada y evaluada. Aun así, varios estudios recientes han evidenciado la presencia de variedades locales de olivo desconocidas, poniendo de manifiesto la necesidad de profundizar en trabajos de prospección, conservación y caracterización varietal. Por ello, en los últimos años, se están llevando a cabo trabajos de prospección en diferentes puntos del país (Andalucía, Aragón, Cataluña y La Rioja). Dichos trabajos han permitido la localización de 290 olivos cultivados de interés y recogida de material vegetal para su posterior identificación. Dicho material ha sido discriminado mediante un conjunto de 96 EST-SNPs recientemente desarrollado en el Banco Mundial de Germoplasma de Olivo del IFAPA (BGMO, Córdoba). El empleo de los marcadores EST-SNPs permitió la identificación de un total de 154 nuevas variedades en las cuatro regiones prospectadas y la detección de casos de sinonimias y homonimias. Además, los marcadores empleados pusieron en evidencia la presencia de una variabilidad relativamente amplia con unos rangos de heterocigosidad esperada y observada de 0,31-0,5 y 0,29-0,81, y valores medios de 0,46 y 0,53, respectivamente. El estudio de las relaciones genéticas entre las variedades prospectadas y el conjunto de variedades nacionales conservadas en el BGMO reveló una clara agrupación de variedades andaluzas y variedades del norte de España, indicando de esta manera una posible selección local de variedades de olivo en nuestro país. En concordancia con estudios anteriores en olivo, estos resultados ponen de manifiesto la eficiencia del conjunto de 96 EST-SNPs para la identificación varietal en olivo y su utilidad para mejorar el manejo de colecciones de recursos genéticos del cultivo
A genomic approach to the evolution, diversification and domestication of the genus Citrus
Get PDFCitrus is a highly diverse genus within the Aurantioideae subfamily that comprises a still
undetermined number of pure species, natively found in a vast territory that extends from India to Japan and Australia. Indeed, a pivotal unsolved issue concerning the genus Citrus is related to the taxonomy and evolution of these species, obscured by the frequency of the admixed Citrus germplasm and its huge phenotypical diversity. Besides pure species, countless citrus cultivars of commercial interest, such as mandarins, oranges, grapefruits
and lemons, have been traditionally included in this genus. Commercial citrus are the product of several interspecific crosses between these pure species, that occurred during the first events of Citrus domestication. In addition, a genome-wide analysis has recently provided the backbone of the Citrus phylogeny. This study suggests that the native current species diverged from an ancestral citrus in a relatively rapid radiation triggered by a global climate change, about 8 million years ago during the Late Miocene. Understanding the processes that shaped the evolution and subsequent domestication of the genus will prove useful for citrus breeders while providing novel insights in the field of plant genome
evolution
How did XF-ACTORS contribute to the work of NPPOs
Get PDFThe European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) is a regional standard-setting organization in plant health. One of EPPO’s main priorities is to prevent the introduction of dangerous pests from other parts of the world, and to limit their spread within the region should they be introduced. After the introduction of Xylella fastidiosa in the region, the first priority for the organization has been the revision of the Diagnostic protocol (first adopted in 2004). Standards on inspection of consignments and place of production have also been prepared
Effects of dispersal barriers on the distribution of Xylella fastidiosa in Alicante (Spain)
Get PDFThe plant pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is characterized by its wide range of hosts and its genetic diversity. The transmission of the pathogen from an infected plant to a healthy one occurs naturally through insect vectors. Presence/absence data of Xf from the official surveys in 2018 in the demarcated area for Xf in Alicante (Spain) were analyzed using Bayesian hierarchical models through the integrated nested Laplace approximation methodology (Rue et al., 2009) and the stochastic partial differential equation approach (Lindgren et al., 2011)
Variabilidad del valor nutritivo in vitro para porcino de los subproductos del secado del alperujo
Get PDFDurante el proceso de secado del alperujo se obtiene una fracción de polvo que queda retenida en los ciclones de extracción de los gases húmedos, conocida como orujo ciclón (OC). Los OC suponen aproximadamente un 3% en peso del orujo graso (OG) producido (Clara González, comunicación personal). Actualmente los OC se reciclan en los OG, pero trabajos previos (Marcos et al., 2019) sugieren que, para rumiantes, los OC tienen un valor nutritivo potencialmente mayor a los OG por su mayor fermentación ruminal. La incorporación de OG a niveles del 20% en piensos de cebo para porcino permite reemplazar cereales sin afectar los rendimientos productivos, y reducir las emisiones de gases contaminantes del purín (Ferrer et al., 2017 y 2020). Sin embargo, la composición de los OG es muy variable (de Blas et al., 2015) lo que puede limitar sus niveles máximos de inclusión en la formulación de piensos. El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar la variación de la digestibilidad in vitro de la energía del
OC y OG para su valorización nutricional en las matrices de formulación de piensos para porcino
Efecto del tipo de secado del alperujo sobre la composición y digestibilidad in vitro del orujo graso para porcino
Get PDFEl proceso de secado convencional (gases calientes) del alperujo consume elevadas cantidades de energía fósil y afecta negativamente al coste del orujo graso y a la huella medioambiental de su posible uso en piensos. Nuevos procesos de secado con vapor de agua sobrecalentado están siendo evaluados por la industria, por ser más eficientes energéticamente, reducir la oxidación y no emitir partículas al aire (Sehrawat et al., 2016). El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar el efecto de tres tipos de secado (convencional, vapor sobrecalentado y aire seco a altas temperaturas) del alperujo sobre la composición y digestibilidad in vitro del orujo graso para ganado porcino
Investigación en bienestar animal en españa: pasado, presente y retos de futuro
Get PDFLa investigación en bienestar animal en España ha crecido de forma notable en los últimos años. Cada vez existen más grupos dedicados a este objetivo en centros de investigación y universidades. Sin embargo, este rápido crecimiento a veces no ha ido acompañado de un incremento de la colaboración entre investigadores de esta área, ni tampoco de una estrategia clara para abordar los retos en el contexto estatal. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la investigación en bienestar animal que se ha
llevado a cabo en España, e identificar los retos de futuro en esta materia. Para este fin, se analiza la bibliografía publicada hasta la fecha, seguido de una propuesta participativa basada en grupos focales de expertos que puedan identificar las áreas de investigación que merecen atención
Seasonal Fe Uptake of Young Citrus Trees and Its Contribution to the Development of New Organs
Get PDFThis work quantifies Fe uptake in young citrus trees, its partitioning among plant compartments, and the contribution of the Fe absorbed from fertilizer to the development of new tissues. A soil pot experiment was conducted using 4-year-old clementine trees (Citrus clementina Hort ex Tan), and a dose of 240 mg Fe was applied by labeled fertilizer (92% atom 57Fe excess). Plants were uprooted at five different phenologic states: end of flowering (May 15), end of fruit setting and fruit drop (July 1), two fruit growing moments (August 1 and October 15), and at complete fruit maturity (December 10). The Fe accumulated in the root system exceeded 90% of the total Fe content in the plant. All organs progressively enriched with 57Fe (8.5–15.5% and 7.4–9.9% for young and old organs, respectively). Reproductive ones reached the highest increase (111% between May and October). 57Fe enrichment from woody organs reflects an increasing gradient to sink organs. The root system accumulated 80% of the Fe absorbed from the fertilizer, but the young organs accumulated relatively more Fe uptake during flowering and fruit setting (15.6% and 13.8%, respectively) than old organs (around 9.8%). Although iron derived from fertilizer (Fedff) preferably supplied young organs (16.7–31.0%) against old ones (2.5–14.9%), it only represented between 13.8% and 21.4% of its content. The use efficiency of the applied Fe (FeUE) barely exceeded 15%. The lowest FeUE were found in young and old organs of the aerial part (1.1–1.8% and 0.7–1.2%, respectively). Since the pattern of the seasonal absorption of Fe is similar to the monthly distribution curve of the supplied Fe, it is recommended that the application of Fe chelates in calcareous soils should be performed in a similar way to that proposed in this curve
Sugar provisioning for ants enhances biological control of mealybugs in citrus
Get PDFIn many agroecosystems, the implementation of an integrated pest management (IPM) program against mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is undermined by the presence of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). In a mutualistic association, ants obtain carbohydrates from the mealybugs in the form of honeydew and, in exchange, protect the mealybugs against their natural enemies. Ants however also need protein in their diet. Thus, they can also prey on the mealybugs especially when their carbohydrates requirements are met. This study aims to assess whether providing ants with sugar-feeders (representing ad libitum sources of carbohydrates)
I) alters their mutualistic relationships with the mealybugs (ant-tending),
II) increases the parasitism of mealybugs,
III) increases ant predation rate and
IV) alters the protein and carbohydrate profile in ant workers. For this study, we selected a citrus orchard with high infestation levels of the mealybug Planoccocus citri tended by the ant Lasius grandis.
Our results showed that sugar provisioning reduced ant activity and ant tending, resulting in an increase of mealybug parasitism rates. Ants showed a tendency to prey more sentinel preys in trees with sugar-feeders, even though the differences were not significant. The gut content in terms of carbohydrates and proteins of ant workers did not differ among trees with and without sugar-feeders. Overall, our results show that sugar provisioning can be used for improving pest management strategies against mealybugs; while further research is necessary to corroborate that predation by ants of honeydew producers increases when sugar-feeders are provided
Global challenges facing plant pathology: multidisciplinary approaches to meet the food security and environmental challenges in the mid‑twenty‑first century
Get PDFThe discipline of plant pathology has an expanding remit requiring a multi-faceted, interdisciplinary approach to capture
the complexity of interactions for any given disease, disease complex or syndrome. This review discussed recent
developments in plant pathology research and identifies some key issues that, we anticipate, must be faced to meet
the food security and environmental challenges that will arise over coming decades. In meeting these issues, the challenge
in turn is for the plant pathology community to respond by contributing to a wider forum for multidisciplinary
research, recognising that impact will depend not just on advances in the plant pathology discipline alone, but on
interactions more broadly with other agricultural and ecological sciences, and with the needs of national and global
policies and regulation. A challenge more readily met once plant pathologists again gather physically at international
meetings and return to the professional and social encounters that are fertile grounds for developing new ideas and
forging collaborative approaches both within plant pathology and with other disciplines. In this review we emphasise,
in particular: the multidisciplinary links between plant pathology and other disciplines; disease management, including
precision agriculture, plant growth and development, and decision analysis and disease risk; the development
and use of new and novel plant protection chemicals; new ways of exploiting host genetic diversity including host
resistance deployment; a new perspective on biological control and microbial interactions; advances in surveillance
and detection technologies; invasion of exotic and re-emerging plant pathogens; and the consequences of climate
change affecting all aspects of agriculture, the environment, and their interactions. We draw conclusions in each of
these areas, but in reaching forward over the next few decades, these inevitably lead to further research questions
rather than solutions to the challenges we anticipate