Проблемы Арктики и Антарктики
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    Факторы формирования поверхностного притока к озерам антарктического оазиса Холмы Ларсеманн

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    The study aims to identify formation factors of water inflow to the Antarctic lakes of the Larsemann Hills oasis (East Antarctica). The objects of study are 11 lakes of the oasis. The analysis was performed based on the expeditionary data of the Russian Antarctic Expedition (RAE): 63rd season (23 December 2017 – 3 February 2018), 64th season (12 January 2019 – 27 February 2019), 65th season (2 November 2019 – 24 March 2020). Data of lakes water level observations, aerial photography of the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and route surveys are given, the results of identifying the boundaries of the lakes catchments are presented. The factors that determine the formation of water inflow to the lakes in this region were identified based on the analysis of the materials. The most significant are the meteorological conditions, the presence of perennial snowfields and glacial areas in the catchments, and the presence of lakes that can cause outburst flood. The seasonally thawed layer also has an impact on the formation of the inflow to the lakes. The vegetation cover is not so important for inflow formation in this region due to the physical and geographical conditions. As for anthropogenic activity, it mainly affects the environmental situation of the catchments and water quality, while the anthropogenic influence on the formation of water inflow to the lakes in the oasis is limited to the territories of polar stations. The factors identified should be taken into account in the further study of hydrological processes, the creation of models that describe them, and the organization of field observations.Объектами исследования являются 11 водоемов антарктического оазиса Холмы Ларсеманн. Работа выполнена по материалам сезонных работ 63 — 65-й РАЭ: используются наблюдения за уровнем воды озер, аэрофотосъемки БПЛА, маршрутные обследования, приведены результаты выделения границ водосборных площадей озер. Наиболее значимыми выявленными факторами, определяющими формирование притока воды к озерам, являются метеорологические условия (количество твердых осадков, ветровой режим, температура воздуха), наличие многолетних снежников и ледниковых участков на водосборах, прорыв верхнего в системе озера. Сезонно-талый слой рыхлых отложений регулирует склоновый сток по мере протаивания и промерзания. Особенностью оазиса является то, что на формирование стока практически не влияют растительный покров и антропогенная деятельность

    The effect of using local mean versus constant reference salinity to estimate Arctic Ocean freshwater content changes

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    Changes of high-latitude freshwater content (FWC) play an important role in shaping the variability of polar oceans. FWC is defined as depth-integrated departure of salinity from a reference salinity Sref divided by this Sref . A constant Sref is often used for high-latitude FWC estimates. Here it is argued that for analyzing FWC spatiotemporal changes the use of local mean Sref is a better choice. Analysis of 2007 FWC anomalies in the 25–75 m layer demonstrated, for example, that the choice of Sref = 34.8 (which is often used in climate studies) leads to FWC spatial anomalies exaggerated, on average, by ~0.6 m, which is a substantial fraction of total spatial FWC changes. The problem is aggravated in areas where the difference between the local Sref and Sref = 34.8 is greater. Thus, it is concluded that using climatological mean salinities as Sref provides superior estimates of spatiotemporal Arctic Ocean FWC changes.Changes of high-latitude freshwater content (FWC) play an important role in shaping the variability of polar oceans. FWC is defined as depth-integrated departure of salinity from a reference salinity Sref divided by this Sref . A constant Sref is often used for high-latitude FWC estimates. Here it is argued that for analyzing FWC spatiotemporal changes the use of local mean Sref is a better choice. Analysis of 2007 FWC anomalies in the 25–75 m layer demonstrated, for example, that the choice of Sref = 34.8 (which is often used in climate studies) leads to FWC spatial anomalies exaggerated, on average, by ~0.6 m, which is a substantial fraction of total spatial FWC changes. The problem is aggravated in areas where the difference between the local Sref and Sref = 34.8 is greater. Thus, it is concluded that using climatological mean salinities as Sref provides superior estimates of spatiotemporal Arctic Ocean FWC changes

    Памяти Ивана Евгеньевича Фролова

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    Тенденции изменения интенсивности каcкадинга плотных вод с арктических шельфов при сокращении ледяного покрова в морях Северного Ледовитого океана

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    The article discusses the possible relationship between changes in the ice cover area of the shelf seas of the Arctic Ocean and the intensity of dense water cascading, based on calculation data obtained with the NEMO model for the period 1986–2010, with the findings issued at 5-day intervals and a spatial resolution of 1/10°. The cascading cases were calculated using an innovative method developed by the author. The work is based on the assumption that as the ice cover in the seas retreats, the formation of cooled dense water masses is intensified, which submerge and flow down the slope from the shelf to great depths. Thus, in the Arctic shelf seas, the mechanism of water densification due to cooling is added to the mechanism of water densification during ice formation, or, replaces it for certain regions. It was found that in the Barents Sea, the Laptev Sea and the Beaufort Sea, a decrease in the ice cover area causes an increase in the number of cases of cascading. However, in most of the Arctic seas, as the area of ice cover decreases, the number of cases of cascading also decreases. As a consequence, for the whole Arctic shelf area, the number of cases of cascading also decreases with decreasing ice cover. It is shown that in the Beaufort Sea the maximum number of cascading cases was observed in the winter period of 2007–2008, which was preceded by the summer minimum of the ice cover area in the Arctic Ocean. In the Barents Sea after 2000, a situation has been observed where the ice area has been decreasing to zero values, whereas the number of cascading cases has for some time (1 month approximately) remained close to high winter values. This possibly means that the cooling and densification of the waters in ice-free areas occurs due to thermal convection. Based on the calculation of the number of cases of cascading, it can be argued that the intensification of cascading due to a reduction in the ice cover is a feature of individual seas of the Arctic Ocean, those in which there is no excessive freshening of the upper water layer due to ice melting.В статье рассмотрена возможная взаимосвязь изменения площади ледяного покрова шельфовых морей Северного Ледовитого океана с количеством случаев каскадинга — стекания сформировавшихся на шельфе уплотненных в результате охлаждения и/или осолонения вод вдоль уклонов рельефа дна. Выявлено, что в Баренцевом море, море Лаптевых и море Бофорта при уменьшении площади ледяного покрова наблюдается увеличение числа случаев каскадинга, но в остальных арктических морях при сокращении площади ледяного покрова число таких случаев сокращается. Исходя из расчетов количества случаев каскадинга можно сделать вывод о том, что интенсификация формирования уплотненных вод на шельфе и их стекание вдоль континентального склона при сокращении ледяного покрова характерна для отдельных морей СЛО, в которых не наблюдается избыточного распреснения верхнего слоя вод при летнем таянии льда

    Внутренняя дренажная сеть и характеристики подледникового стока ледника Альдегонда (о. Западный Шпицберген)

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    The polythermal Aldegondabreen is one of the most widely studied glaciers of the Nordenskjöld Land (Svalbard). However, the structure of its internal drainage network remains poorly understood. In order to determine the position and hydro-chemical characteristics of the surface and internal drainage channels of the glacier complex studies were carried out including ground penetrating radar (GPR) measurements and hydrological surveys. The GPR profiling performed in 2018–2020 identified four channels of internal drainage network, two of which are found along the northern side of the glacier in the area of cold ice and are subglacial. The other two are located in the area of temperate ice along the southern side of the glacier and are englacial, stretching at the cold-temperate surface. At the outlet grotto, the subglacial waters have a bicarbonate-calcium composition and low salinity (electrical conductivity 30–40 μS/cm), inherited from the surface meltwater streams that enter the moulins in the upper part of the glacier. No noticeable increase in mineralization occurs during the movement of the flow along the glacier bed. The englacial channels’ waters at the outlet grotto have the same bicarbonate-calcium composition but a higher salinity (electrical conductivity 100 μS/cm), which we attribute to the filtration through the rocks of the riegel near the Aldegonda terminus, or, alternatively, to the influx of the groundwater at the same spot. Measuring the hydrochemistry of the Aldegonda river tributaries both on the glacier’s surface, at the grottos and on the moraine in the valley made it possible to identify the zone of enrichment of the main volume of the low-mineralization glacial meltwater of bicarbonate-calcium composition by the high-mineralization (electrical conductivity up to 760 μS/cm) groundwater of sulphate-calcium composition coming from the springs on the riegel in front of the glacier’s terminus in the central part of the Aldegonda Valley. Presumably, the springs are fed by the deep filtration of melted glacial waters along the Aldegonda subglacial talik.С целью определения положения и гидрохимических характеристик поверхностных и внутренних дренажных каналов ледника были выполнены комплексные исследования, включавшие детальное георадиолокационное профилирование и гидрологическую съемку. Проанализированы материалы предшествующих работ по изучению дренажной сети и подледникового стока. По данным георадиолокации сделаны выводы о строении внутренней дренажной сети ледника, согласно которым выделены основные каналы движения талых вод: 2 подледниковых в области холодного льда и 2 внутриледниковых вблизи области теплого льда. Выдвинуты и обоснованы предположения об области питания внутриледниковых каналов в верховьях ледника и их дренировании в местах переуглублений. Показано изменение электропроводности и гидрохимического состава подледниковых выходов и реки Альдегонды на всем ее протяжении. Выявлена зона обогащения слабоминерализованных талых ледниковых вод гидрокарбонатно-кальциевого состава сильноминерализованными подземными водами сульфатно-кальциевого состава, поступающими из источников на ригеле перед фронтом ледника в центральной части долины реки Альдегонды

    Памяти Виктора Ефимовича Бородачёва

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    Изменчивость гидрохимических характеристик поверхностных вод пролива Шокальского по результатам наблюдений на научно-исследовательском стационаре «Ледовая база Мыс Баранова» в 2018–2019 гг.

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    In connection with the progressing climate change in the Arctic, it is extremely important to conduct systematic long-term monitoring in the high-latitude Arctic. An important place in the network of monitoring stations is occupied by the research Station «Cape Baranov» Ice base», located on Severnaya Zemlya (in the area of the Shokalsky Strait). The article presents the results of hydrochemical observations at the Ice base from December 02, 2018 to July 15, 2019. 35 hydrochemical stations were operated from the ice of the strait in the seawater layer of 0–110 m. A significant temporal variability of the characteristics in the upper layer (0–10 m) has been recorded. Four phases of variability of the hydrochemical parameters (HP) have been identified. In December (phase 1) the HP values indicate the presence of surface waters, the origin of which we associate with the transformed river waters (TRW) of the Ob and Yenisei, coming from the Kara Sea. From January to mid-April (phase 2) the highest salinity levels and homogeneous HP are observed due to intensive vertical mixing of waters in the autumn-winter period. At the end of April — May (phase 3) there is a slight desalination of the surface layer in the Shokalsky Strait, with HP pointing to the presence of TRW. From June to July, 15 (4th phase), there is a sharp decrease in the salinity, an increase in oxygen and pH, as well as a drop in the concentration of all the biogenic elements. Such HPs indicate both additional desalination from ice and snow melting and the beginning of phytoplankton bloom. An estimation has been carried out of the proportion of TRW and waters formed during sea ice melting. The average integral proportion of TRW in the water column is ~ 4 %, and for melt water this indicator is close to zero. The influence of ice formation on the hydrochemical characteristics of the surface layers is most noticeable in the 1st and 3rd phases. During the period of strong desalination of the surface waters (May —July), the TRW proportion can reach 10 % or more. From July, the contribution of the melting of sea ice is comparable to that of TRW.В соответствии с программой систематического долгосрочного мониторинга климата Арктики на НИС «Ледовая база Мыс Баранова» в 2018–2019 гг. в проливе Шокальского выполнено наблюдение гидрохимических характеристик поверхностных вод и проведен анализ причин их временной изменчивости. Выделены 4 фазы изменчивости характеристик поверхностных вод, обусловленных влиянием речного стока, процессами вертикального перемешивания, образования и таяния льда и функционированием фитопланктона в весенне-летний период. Выполнена оценка доли речных и талых вод в составе поверхностного слоя вод пролива: доля речных вод в столбе воды составляет ~ 4 %, для талых вод этот показатель близок к нулю. В периоды сильного распреснения поверхностных вод (май — июль) доля речных вод достигает десяти и более процентов

    Пространственные особенности химического состава снежного покрова Холмов Тала, Восточная Антарктида

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    Despite the great interest in the study of the chemical composition of the surface snow cover in Antarctica, the knowledge of the Enderby Land area remains extremely limited. In the Vecherny Oasis, where the construction of the Belarusian Antarctic Research Station has been carried out since 2015, the study of the chemical composition of the surface snow began in 2012 in preparation for the Comprehensive Environmental Evaluation. Its continuation is due to the need to assess the consequences of the construction and operation of the station in accordance with the requirements of the Antarctic Treaty Protocol on Environmental Protection.Snow samples were taken from 2012 to 2019 during the seasonal Belarusian Antarctic expeditions. Sampling was carried out from the surface horizons, which characterize the annual snow fallout. Chemical analytical studies were performed using standard methods. A total of 144 samples of snow water were analyzed.The aim of the study is to characterize the chemical composition of the surface snow of the Vecherny Oasis (and of the Thala Hills as a whole) to identify the areas of anthropogenic impact and trends in its change.The data on the main ions content in the surface snow, the value of pH and electrical conductivity, as well as the variabilities of the main indicators are presented. It is shown that the snow water of the Vecherny Oasis is very low-mineralized, with the sum of ions in the range of 1,04–57,3 mg/l (average — 7,4 mg/l), the values of electrical conductivity — 2,7–85,1 µS/cm (10,7 µS/cm). The snow water in most cases is characterized as slightly acidic. The chemical composition of the snow water and its mineralization is determined mainly by the content of chlorides and sodium ions. The high variability of the indicators of snow water hydrochemical composition within the areas of former and current human activities, as well as the increased content of sulfate ions, is considered to be indicative of anthropogenic impact.Статья посвящена пространственному анализу химического состава снежного покрова восточной части Холмов Тала (Земля Эндерби, Восточная Антарктида). Впервые на примере оазиса Вечерний детально охарактеризовано содержание основных ионов, величины рН и электропроводности для различных участков мониторинга, заложенных с учетом природных особенностей и антропогенного воздействия. Показано, что снеговые воды оазиса в период с 2012 по 2019 г. характеризовались как очень низкоминерализованные с диапазоном суммы ионов 1,04–57,3 мг/л (среднее — 7,4 мг/л), величины удельной электропроводности — 2,7–85,1 µСм/см (10,7 µСм/см); в 87 % случаев реакция среды снеговых вод оазиса характеризуется как слабокислая. Наиболее широким диапазоном измеренных концентраций хлоридов, сульфатов, ионов кальция и натрия характеризуются участки мониторинга, в пределах которых осуществлялась ранее и осуществляется в настоящее время хозяйственная деятельность. Полученные данные будут использованы для выявления трендов изменения химического состава снежного покрова в результате антропогенной деятельности и в связи с климатическими изменениями

    Микробная доступность органического вещества в донных отложениях арктических озер: лабораторный инкубационный эксперимент

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    The water ecosystems of the Arctic region are most vulnerable to modern climatic changes since the global biogeochemical processes mostly occur on the territories of the permafrost zone. Aquatic ecosystems show a high degree of sensitivity to climatic changes; both in these and in other ecosystems, the biogeochemical processes are intense. These water bodies are located in the permafrost zone, which is vulnerable to temperature increases. The paper gives new insights into the fundamental research question of how fast the organic matter of thawing permafrost can be converted to greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere (CO2, CH4). We aimed to assess the microbial response and the associated release of CO2 and CH4 from the Arctic lakes in response to temperature increase. We investigated lakes located in the Lena River delta in the Samoylov Island, Russia, at 72° 22′ N, 126° 28′ E. Bottom sediments from three thermokarst and three oxbow lakes were anaerobically incubated in the laboratory at two temperature regimes (at 4 °C and at 25 °C). All the oxbow lakes have shown similar dynamics of methane emission both at low temperatures (4 °C) and at high temperatures (25 °C). The shift of carbon isotopic composition in methane has indicated that methane is emitted in all the oxbow lakes with a similar composition of microbial communities. In the thermokarst lakes, the emission of methane in the sediments proceeded differently at low and at high temperatures. These results have indicated a dissimilar composition of methanogenic / methanotrophic populations in the thermokarst and oxbow lakes. In both cases, the temperature increase caused a growth in methane emission from the sediments of the Arctic lakes. The thermokarst lakes will make a greater contribution to methane emission than the oxbow lakes. Thus, it is believed that the emission of methane from the thermokarst lakes will rise from 6 to 46 times due to ambient temperature increase. Methane emission from the oxbow lakes will grow from 1.8 to 7.6 times. Our results suggest that with the global warming both thermokarst and oxbow lakes could become a great source of methane emission into the atmosphere.В работе представлены новые данные, касающиеся фундаментального вопроса о скорости преобразования органического вещества, захороненного в вечной мерзлоте, в парниковые газы (CO2, CH4 ). Основной задачей являлось определение микробной реакции в ответ на повышение температуры и связанной с этим процессом эмиссии CO2 и CH4 из арктических озер. В работе изучались озера, расположенные в дельте реки Лены на острове Самойловский, Россия (72° 22′ с. ш., 126° 28′ в. д.). Были проведены лабораторные анаэробные инкубационные эксперименты донных отложений из трех термокарстовых и трех старичных озер при двух температурных режимах (4 °C и 25 °C). Осадки старичных озер показали сходную динамику эмиссии метана, как при низких (4 °C), так и при высоких температурах (25 °C). В термокарстовых озерах, в экспериментах при низких и высоких температурах, эмиссия метана в отложениях протекала с использованием несхожих метаболических путей. Изотопное смещение углерода в метане указывало на различающийся состав метаногенных/метанотрофных популяций в термокарстовых и старичных озерах. В обоих случаях повышение температуры приводило к увеличению высвобождения метана из донных отложений арктических озер. В сравнении со старичными озерами, термокарстовые озера внесут больший вклад в эмиссию метана. Так, эмиссия метана из термокарстовых озер предположительно увеличится от 6 до 46 раз за счет повышения температуры окружающей среды, а из старичных озер — от 1,8 до 7,6 раз. Согласно результатам данного исследования, в условиях глобального потепления климата и термокарстовые и старичные озера могут стать значимыми источниками поступления метана в атмосферу Земли

    Движение судов в тертых льдах: результаты исследований

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    The paper gives a review of the studies concerned with operation of vessels in brash ice. Recently, the ice conditions have received an ever increasing attention of the researchers related to the fact that shipping in the Arctic regions and freezing seas, as well as in inland waterways has been scaled up. One of the important fields of brash ice studies is specifics of sailing under these conditions and primarily determination of the ship ice resistance. The paper shows that theoretical methods combined with physical modeling in ice basins are used for determination of the ship ice resistance under brash ice conditions. The paper traces the evolution of theoretical models utilized for calculations. It is mentioned that the models are mainly based on loose material mechanics. A rapidly developing computer modeling of ship motion in brash ice based on discrete element method is considered. Physical modeling techniques used for modeling brash ice in ice basin are described, and challenges of experimental investigations are discussed. It is pointed out that experimental studies in ice basin can provide valuable data not only about ship ice resistance but also about the mechanisms giving rise to ice channels filled with brash ice. The paper describes the methods for studying operation of ship propellers in brash ice conditions. It is concluded that further research into brash ice is needed.В статье приведен обзор исследований, посвященных изучению движения судов в тертых льдах. Показано, что для определения ледового сопротивления судна в указанных условиях используются теоретические методы исследования и метод физического моделирования в ледовых бассейнах. В работе прослежена эволюция теоретических моделей, применяемых для расчета. Описаны методы физического моделирования тертого льда в ледовом бассейне, обсуждены основные трудности, возникающие при экспериментальных исследованиях. Рассмотрено активно развивающееся в настоящее время компьютерное моделирование движения судна в тертых льдах на основе методов дискретных элементов. Дано описание методов изучения работы движителей судов в тертых льдах

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