Проблемы Арктики и Антарктики
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    Строение приповерхностной части ледника в районе бухты Тала (Восточная Антарктида) по результатам георадарных работ сезона 2018/19 г.

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    The paper discusses the results of the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey carried out in February 2019 in the area of Thala Bay (Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica). Thala Bay is one of the strategic facilities of the Russian Antarctic Expedition (RAE) in the Progress station area as since 2019 heavy cargo has been unloaded here intended for the construction of new facilities at the Vostok station. Transportation of goods to the point of formation of logistic traverses takes place on ice tracks, whose safety must be evaluated taking into account the expanded system of crevasses. In addition, the current track is characterized by a significant slope of the terrain, which also complicates the relocation of heavy equipment.In February 2019, a GPR survey was carried out within the Thala Bay area to assess the possibility of organizing an alternative section of the route within it. According to the visual observations, this area was characterized by an extensive system of crevasses, the width of which at the surface reached 20-30 cm, and the prevailing longitudinal direction coincided with the direction of the route. The task of the geophysical survey was to map the crevasses not identified by visual inspection and to determine their morphology. According to the GPR data, it was shown that the crevasses within the site are located to the firn layer and are characterized by an irregular shape, significantly expanding at the deeper levels and reaching a width of 6 m. The results of the survey are illustrated with the scheme of the firn thickness which shows location of the crevasses. According to the recommendations of the authors, the section of the glacier is suitable for operation provided the glaciological situation using the GPR method is monitored annualy.В настоящей работе обсуждаются результаты георадиолокационных исследований, выполненных в районе российской антарктической станции Прогресс (оазис Холмы Ларсеманн, Восточная Антарктида) в сезон 64-й Российской антарктической экспедиции (РАЭ) в 2018/19 г. Изыскания проводились с целью оценки безопасности участка ледника в районе пункта разгрузки судов в бухте Тала для проложения в его пределах трассы передвижения тяжелой санно-гусеничной техники. По итогам георадарного профилирования в пределах исследуемого района выявлена сеть трещин, развитых в снежно-фирновой толще и достигающих максимальной ширины 6 м. Результаты работ проиллюстрированы схемой мощности снежно-фирновой толщи по участку работ и их распространения по состоянию на февраль 2019 г

    Памяти Александра Ивановича Данилова

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    Уникальные геологические структуры района купола Лоу и ледников Вандерфорда и Тоттена (Земля Уилкса) по данным геофизических исследований

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    Wilkes Land is a key region for Gondwana reconstruction, however it remains one of the largest regions on Earth with poorest knowledge of geology. This study comprehensively reviews the ICECAP/ IceBridge geophysical data for the Law Dome region including Vanderford and Totten adjacent glaciers over Wilkes Land and their role in obtaining new insight on the East Antarctic geology hidden under the ice cover. We analyzed more than 100,000 line kilometers of new magnetic, gravity and subglacial bedrock topography data that are available through the National Snow and Ice Data Center (USA). The newly acquired data supports our previous idea of the continuous rift structure existence at the southern boundary of Law Dome that runs between Vanderford and Totten Glaciers. The rift length exceeds 400 km and width varies from 50 to 100 km. In accordance with results of depth to Moho estimations and density modelling, for axial part of the rift it is characteristic an essential thinning of the Earth crust thickness, it is raised up to 24–26 km and continue to be elevated along entire length of this structure. The thickness of sedimentary rocks within the rift exceeds 3 km, their high density probably evidence that they were formed during Late Paleozoic – Early Mesozoic. The results of our investigations support tectonic nature of this structure as continuous rift developed since the Mesozoic extension phase (~160 Ma) of the Wilkes Land continental margin. Second distinctive structure is the strong reversely magnetized Law Dome magnetic anomaly with an area of about 9,500 km2. This anomaly would map out one of the largest mafic/ultramafic intrusions of the Earth, similar in extent to Norway’s Bjerkreim-Sokndal layered intrusion, the Coompana Block gabbro in Australia, or even the granitic-gneiss complex in the Adirondack Mountains of North America.В работе анализируются геофизические данные проекта ICECAP/IceBridge для района купола Лоу на Земле Уилкса, которые подтверждают ранее высказанную идею о существовании рифтогенной структуры, подстилающей ледники Вандерфорда и Тоттена. Протяженность рифта превышает 400 км, а его ширина варьирует от 50 до 100 км. Результаты расчетов глубин до поверхности Мохоровичича свидетельствуют, что для осевой части рифта характерно существенное утонение коры до 24–26 км. Мощность осадочных отложений в пределах рифта превышает 3 км. Интенсивная отрицательная магнитная аномалия на куполе Лоу обусловлена обратным намагничением пород, ее площадь составляет порядка 9500 км2. Как наиболее вероятный источник аномалии рассматриваются породы гранитного или гранито-гнейсового состава

    Изменчивость ледовых условий плавания по трассам Северного морского пути за период 1997–2018 гг.

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    Адаптивные изменения сезонных миграций диких северных оленей на Таймыре

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    As the largest in the world the Taimyr population of wild reindeer displays pronounced seasonal migrations from forest zone to tundra for fawning in spring and return motion in fall. These motions are characterized with dynamics varying from year to year. Evidences of experience suggest that migration course cannot yet be interrupted or curtailed with artificial constructions or anthropogenic disturbance. By results of long-term observations carried out by one of the authors during 20 years, migration timing and speed were related to current ambient temperature and varied from year to year. As foreseen temperature rise happens more intensively inArcticthan upon an average through the Planet and is higher overland than it is over ocean it must apparently exert influence on the pattern of reindeer migrations. We hold that this phenomenon consists with changes in migration activity for recent decades and manifests increasing all-year-round separate reindeer groups presence in tundra. Some of these groups are registered and presented on the skeleton map. In the light of current climatic trend the ecological mechanism of migrations decrease should be grounded on reindeer bioenergetics and derived from ecological function of their migrations. Energy expenditures for far movements are getting less appropriate and the proportion of total heads staying in tundra zone all-year-round will increase. Available bioenergetics parameters and the simple model let to make a prediction. In the end we propose some preventive conservation arrangements to secure the mass heads of wild reindeer staying in tundra against adverse factors, mainly pending anthropogenic.Обитающая на Таймыре популяция диких северных оленей характеризуется четко выраженными сезонными миграциями, динамика которых варьирует от года к году. На основе многолетних полевых наблюдений показана зависимость начального времени и скорости сезонных миграций от текущей приземной температуры воздуха. Рассмотрено влияние на миграции прогнозируемых климатических изменений, приводится картосхема отмечаемых изменений в миграционной активности популяции за последние десятилетия. В свете наблюдаемой тенденции обоснованы экологические причины сокращения миграций оленей с позиций биоэнергетики. Предлагаются превентивные природоохранные меры, призванные обезопасить поголовье оленей в тундровой зоне от неблагоприятных, прежде всего антропогенных факторов

    Сходство и отличие биоэнергетических характеристик полихет в донных сообществах мелководных заливов Арктики и Антарктики

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    Впервые проведено сравнение биоэнергетических характеристик полихет мелководных водоемов Чаунской губы (Восточная Арктика) и бухты Нелла (Восточная Антарктика), расположенных в высоких широтах противоположных полушарий планеты. Оказалось, что средние значения потока энергии через популяции сопоставимы: 56±25 и 40±13 ккал/м2 в год соответственно. Вместе с тем динамика потока энергии в заливах на различных грунтах и глубинах имеет заметные отличия. Различия и сходства между значениями ассимилированной полихетами энергии обусловлены в первую очередь физико-химическими особенностями исследованных водоемов

    Об оценке климатических рисков и уязвимости природных и хозяйственных систем в морской арктической зоне РФ

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    The article presents an analysis of the impacts of climate change on the natural and economic systems of theArcticand the existing methods for assessing climatic risks. Based on the analysis of the impact of climate change on natural and economic systems and the Arctic population, a register of risks due to climate change has been formed. A conceptual model for assessing the impact of climate change on various systems is proposed. The main problems in the identification of climatic risks in theArcticare identified. Indicators of climate change were selected: the surface air temperature; sea ice extent and the frequency of dangerous hydrometeorological phenomena that affect economic activity in the Arctic sea zone and its individual regions. The assessment methodology of natural and economic systems vulnerabilities in the Russian Arctic sea zone, including susceptibility to impacts, sensitivity and adaptive potential, is considered. These are the key factors on the basis of which the systems vulnerability to climate change is determined, as well as the information support of the processes of assessment and reduction of the consequences of climate threats. The algorithm of the developed methodology for vulnerability determining includes a sequence of 7 steps.В статье представлены описания воздействий изменения климата на природные и хозяйственные системы Арктики и существующих методов оценки климатических рисков. Сформирован реестр рисков, рассмотрены методы оценки климатических рисков в арктической зоне РФ, индикаторы изменения климата в Арктике, предложен подход к оценке уязвимости природных систем и экономики в морской Арктической зоне РФ к изменению климата, обоснованы рекомендации по принятию адаптационных мер

    Численная реализация начально-краевой задачи для нелинейных одномерных уравнений пороупругости для системы вода–лед

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    Summary This article is devoted to the problem of propagation of elastic transverse oscillations in a two-phase medium consisting of water and ice (ice impregnated with water). If we consider ice as a kind of porous homogeneous medium with constant partial density, then it becomes possible to apply the problems of the theory of filtration to the water-ice medium. In this paper, we consider one of the possible formulations of the direct problem modeling the propagation of a signal in this medium is considered. The initial-boundary value problem for a one-dimensional nonlinear system of poroelasticity equations is solved by numerical method on the basis of an explicit-difference scheme. A series of numerical calculations for a trial model of the media is presented.The aim of the paper is to describe the approach to the study of water-ice media using the equations of filtration theory. The object of the study is the propagation of wave oscillations in such media. Such fluctuations can have different nature (seismic, acoustic, etc.). For example, it is of interest to use this approach to model the propagation of sea waves in the ice of the initial stage of ice formation.Cтатья посвящена вопросу распространения упругих поперечных колебаний в двухфазной среде, состоящей из воды и льда (лед, пропитанный водой). Если рассматривать лед как некую пористую однородную среду с постоянной парциальной плотностью, то становится возможной постановка задач теории фильтрации для среды вода–лед. В данной работе рассматривается одна из возможных постановок прямой задачи, моделирующей распространение сигнала в этой среде. Численно решена начально-краевая задача для одномерной нелинейной системы уравнений пороупругости на основе явной разностной схемы. Представлена серия численных расчетов для пробной модели сред

    Хлорфенольные соединения в пресноводных озерах субарктических регионов

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    Chlorophenol compounds, representing a group of chlorinated phenols and their derivatives, are ionic compounds with different degree of hydrophobicity, lipophilicity and acidity. As potential anthropogenic sources of pollution of ecosystems by chlorophenol compounds is the regional atmospheric transport of these compounds from the territories of border regions. At the same time, the sources of the diversity of chlorophenol compounds are the natural processes of enzymatic biosynthesis in the components of the environment. These compounds are especially dangerous for the Arctic and subarctic ecosystems, since the conditions of the cold climate contribute to their longterm preservation, which increases their negative impact on living organisms.The research area includes subarctic small thermokarst lakes located in the central part of Vaigach Island and in Bolshezemelskaya tundra.The isolation of chlorophenol compounds from bottom sediment samples was carried out by accelerated liquid flow-through extraction with a hot mixture of organic solvents with extraction of easily and hardly extractable chlorophenol compounds and subsequent analysis on a gas chromatograph with an electron-capture detector. The total content of chlorophenol compounds was determined by summing their concentrations in the easily and hardly extractable fractions.The bottom sediments of the investigated lakes were characterized by a relatively high content of chlorophenol compounds. Toxic pentachlorophenol was found only in the sediments of lake Tundra Bolshezemelskaya. The revealed presence of chlorophenol compounds in the bottom sediments of the investigated lakes suggests their spread in the environment by atmospheric transport from abiogenic sources, as well as natural enzymatic and biochemical processes in these Arctic waters.В работе представлены результаты исследования по изучению уровней содержания и компонентного состава хлорированных фенолов и их производных в донных осадках пресноводных озер на территории Большеземельской тундры и острова Вайгач. Приведены профили хлорфенольных соединений, а также предполагаемые источники и пути поступления этих соединений в тундровые озерные экосистемы субарктических территорий Европейского Севера России

    Магнитометрия и георадиолокация в применении к картированию полигонально-жильных льдов едомного комплекса

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    Paper is dedicated to geophysical mapping of polygonal wedge ice. Magnetometric and ground penetrating radar surveys were implemented on a small area of Yedoma ice complex on Kurungnakh island in Lena river delta. Such deposits are widely spread on a huge areas of Siberia and Alaska. The study was conducted near the thermoerosional gully, which propagates along the most thick ice wedges. Polygonal pattern is observable on high-resolution aerial imagery and digital elevation model - this data was used during the interpreting of obtained results. Study area (40×50 m) was covered with highresolution magnetic survey at the elevation of 2 m with 2×2 m step and with ground penetrating radar survey along profiles with 1 m distance between the profiles. Map of total magnetic field anomalies allow to determine the ice wedges of Yedoma ice complex distinctly. Difference between maximum positive (polygons centers) and negative (ice wedges) anomalies reaches 6 nT (error of the survey is 0,3 nT). Beyond that smaller ice wedges which penetrate the ice wedges of Yedoma complex are also observable in magnetic field. Basing on ground penetrating radar data an amplitude slice of at 3,5 m depth was built. Yedoma ice wedges are observable at depth of 3–4 m. Ground penetrating radar data is quite noisy due to surface inhomogeneity (puddles, knolls, etc.). Results of the surveys were compared in the light of practical application of the methods for above mentioned goal. Magnetometric method appears as more efficient than ground penetrating radar survey: it does not require a contact with the surface and more rapid, it is more sensitive as the case stands. Ground penetrating radar method may have advantages in the case of natural (magnetic storm, high-magnetized overlaying deposits) and anthropogenic (metal constructions — pipelines, ETL) noise.На примере небольшого участка многолетнемерзлых отложений на острове Курунгнах в дельте р. Лены проведено сравнение эффективности методов магнитометрии и георадиолокации для картирования полигонально-жильных льдов едомного комплекса. Установлено, что оба метода сравнимы по эффективности и позволяют успешно решить задачу картирования при минимальной дополнительной обработке данных съемки. Показано, что метод магнитометрии является более оперативным в сравнении с методом георадиолокации. Отмечен ряд практических аспектов применимости методов в зависимости от наличия природных и техногенных факторов

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