259890 research outputs found
Sort by
Examining liberalization of Turkiye through international trade: A panel data analysis of Turkish export figures from 1992 to 2020
No full textSince the 1980s, Turkiye has implemented numerous initiatives to adapt to the global liberalization process following a period of import substitution policies. These initiatives were carried out with the assistance of international organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO). Turkiye officially became a member of the WTO in 1995, expecting that membership would enhance its international trade performance by expanding access to global markets and strengthening trade relationships with other member states. This study aims to analyze the impact of global liberalization on Turkish international trade performance, with a specific focus on exports. The study utilizes panel data analysis of Turkish export data from 1992 to 2020 obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute. The analysis examines both short-term trends (1992-2000) and long-term trends (1992-2020). Additionally, the study explores the influence of economic freedom indices on shaping Turkiye’s trade performance. The analysis includes Turkish exports to 90 WTO member countries, which are categorized into 48 developed and 42 developing economies. Key independent variables considered include GDP, consumer price indices, exchange rates, and economic freedom indices such as business, trade, and financial freedom. The panel data analysis reveals that Turkiye’s exports to WTO countries experienced growth during the short term (1992-2000) but displayed a declining trend in the long run (1992-2020). Furthermore, data from the Heritage Foundation obtained in 2023 suggest that Turkish exports were negatively impacted by freedom indices post-1996. This study is significant as it sheds light on the various aspects and consequences of trade liberalization, particularly WTO membership, and its effects on a developing economy like Turkiye
Exploring green practices, opportunities and challenges facing tourism and hospitality industry for sustainable future in Rwanda
No full textThis article examines the complexities surrounding green tourism practices in the global context with particular emphasis on Rwanda as a case study area. This article explores the opportunities presented to stakeholders and the challenges faced in achieving a sustainable future in tourism and hospitality consumption. The study pays keen interest to understanding the interaction between environmental conservation efforts, socio-economic development, and tourism sustainability. Thorough comprehensive literature review, key concepts and theoretical frameworks of green tourism are explored, laying the foundation for the analysis of previous studies on green tourism evolution globally and in developing countries. The study identifies factors influencing green tourism development, including environmental, socio-economic, policy, market, and technological factors. Using Rwanda as a case study, the study evaluates the current status of green tourism initiatives, assesses their effectiveness, and identifies challenges faced by stakeholders. Additionally, the study identifies opportunities for enhancing sustainability and competitiveness within Rwanda\u27s green tourism sector and proposes strategic recommendations based on research findings. Rwanda chosen as case study due to the country’s keen attention to sustainability and green practices. This study contributes to the academic understanding of green tourism practice and provides practical insights for stakeholders involved in sustainable tourism development in Rwanda
Saegusa–Ito Oxidation of Nitroalkanes Enabled by Sequential Electrochemical Oxidation and Photochemical Elimination
No full textNitroalkenes are versatile intermediates in organic synthesis, playing a crucial role in pharmaceutical and material science applications. Existing synthetic methods often suffer from low efficiency, necessitating the development of a more reliable and scalable approach. This study presents a novel strategy for the Saegusa–Ito-type desaturation of nitroalkanes, utilizing sequential electrochemical oxidation and photochemical elimination. The transformation proceeds via an α-iodo nitroalkane intermediate, generated through oxidative coupling with sodium iodide, followed by photochemical activation to afford the desired nitroalkene. Current efforts focus on optimizing reaction yields, and future studies will investigate the reaction mechanism using NMR, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This study represents a significant advancement in nitroalkene synthesis, providing a robust and scalable method with broad applicability in organic chemistry
