Revista Facultad de Jurisprudencia
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Inteligencia Artificial y derecho de autor, precedentes actuales
No full textThis work addresses the problem that Artificial Intelligence with respect copyright, beginning with an analysis of the existing regulation regarding this technology, followed by an analysis of the administrative and jurisdictional decisions, concluding with possible solutions and comments regarding the problems discussed.
En este trabajo se aborda el problema que presenta la Inteligencia Artificial con respecto a los derechos de autor, iniciando con un análisis de la regulación existente con respecto a esta tecnología, seguido de un análisis de las decisiones administrativas y jurisdiccionales, para concluir con posibles soluciones y comentarios con respecto a los problemas tratados
Facial Recognition Systems under the European Union's Artificial Intelligence Act
No full textThe human eye can distinguish one person from another by identifying them on their face, physical appearance or other characteristics that make a person unique. Nowadays, technology allows us to make the exact identification by using Facial Recognition Systems (FRS). A computer does not perceive a face but learns a set of data representing various pixels. Consequently, the human eye is improved and replaced, and now this process can be completed automatically using pattern recognition.
In this regard, the European Commission refers to the Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) as a proposal that promises to establish a general framework with many essential requirements for AI-based systems. Numerous concerns are up in the air, from how to tackle these problems to what courses of action the developers of the systems should take. This research aims to debate the treatment of FRS under the AIA. Consequently, it will analyze the prohibitions of certain Artificial Intelligence practices and the classification of high-risk AI systems that directly impact the use of FRS. Next, the problem of bias will be examined, with specific emphasis on the development stage of an AI system and human oversight is essential to achieve bias mitigation.
The implications of using algorithms daily can either open or close opportunities for people. In that sense, it stands to reason to instruct Artificial Intelligence to be intelligent enough, so it does not discriminate against anyone based on gender, race, religion, sex, or any other factor.
 
Agentes artificiales en las juntas corporativas
No full textThousands of years ago, Roman businessmen often ran joint businesses through commonly owned, highly intelligent slaves. Roman slaves did not have full legal capacity and were considered property of their co-owners. Now business corporations are looking to delegate decision-making to uber-intelligent machines through the use of artificial intelligence in boardrooms. Artificial intelligence in boardrooms could assist, integrate, or even replace human directors. However, the concept of using artificial intelligence in boardrooms is largely unexplored and raises several issues. This Article sheds light on legal and policy challenges concerning artificial agents in boardrooms. The arguments revolve around two fundamental questions: (1) what role can artificial intelligence play in boardrooms? and (2) what ramifications would the deployment of artificial agents in boardrooms entail?Miles de años atrás, empresarios romanos gestionaban negocios conjuntos a través de esclavos altamente inteligentes de propiedad común. Los esclavos romanos no tenían plena capacidad legal y eran considerados propiedad de sus dueños comunes. Ahora, las corporaciones buscan delegar la toma de decisiones a máquinas superinteligentes mediante el uso de inteligencia artificial en las juntas corporativas. La inteligencia artificial podría asistir, integrar e incluso reemplazar a los directores humanos. Sin embargo, el concepto de usar inteligencia artificial en las juntas directivas está, en gran medida, inexplorado y plantea varios problemas. Este artículo arroja luz sobre los desafíos legales y de políticas que surgen con la implementación de agentes artificiales en las juntas directivas. Los argumentos se centran en dos preguntas clave: (1) ¿qué papel puede desempeñar la inteligencia artificial en las juntas directivas? Y (2) ¿qué implicaciones tendría su implementación
Trascendencia constitucional de la imposibilidad de recurrir las sentencias en los procesos de desahucio por transferencia de dominio en el Ecuador
No full textIn Ecuador there is a legal problem that consists in the fact that, in the cases in which Article 48 of the Leases Law (LDI) is applicable, "the resolution issued by the Judge [...] will cause execution", or what is the same, it will be considered firm, without the legal possibility of appealing it vertically. In this paper I will try to demonstrate the unconstitutionality of this precept, contrary to what the Constitutional Court of Ecuador (CCE) has held on this matter. To do this, through various methods of legal research, I will inquire into legal norms, sentences and doctrine; Through the study of a real case that serves as an example to demonstrate that in our legal practice unfair results are produced due to the impossibility of appealing the sentences that resolve evictions due to transfer of ownership. Finally, I came to the fundamental conclusion that, in accordance with the literal nature of the Ecuadorian Constitution, the right to appeal judicial decisions must be guaranteed in any process in which rights are decided and that, contrary to what was sustained by the Court in one of its judgments, the argument focused on speed and effective judicial protection in favor of the plaintiff as the new holder, is not incompatible with the right of appeal; There are other solutions or measures that can perfectly guarantee both issues, without the need to understand them as irreconcilable or contradictory.En el Ecuador existe un problema jurídico, consistente en que, en los casos en que resulte de aplicación el Art. 48 in fine de la Ley de Inquilinato (LDI), “la resolución que dicte el Juez […] causará ejecutoria”, o lo que es lo mismo, se reputará firme, sin que quepa la posibilidad legal de recurrirla verticalmente. En este trabajo intentaré demostrar la inconstitucionalidad de dicho precepto, contrario a lo que al respecto ha sostenido la Corte Constitucional del Ecuador (CCE). Para ello, mediante el empleo de varios métodos de investigación, indagaré en las normas jurídicas, en sentencias y en la doctrina; pasando por el estudio de un caso real que sirve de ejemplo para demostrar que en nuestra práctica jurídica ocurren injustos resultantes de la imposibilidad de impugnar sentencias resolviendo desahucios por transferencia de dominio. Finalmente se arribó a la conclusión fundamental de que, conforme a la literalidad de la Constitución ecuatoriana, el derecho a recurrir fallos judiciales se tiene que garantizar en todos los procedimientos en los que se decidan derechos y que, contrario a lo que sostuvo la CCE en una de sus sentencias, el argumento centrado en la celeridad y la tutela judicial efectiva a favor del actor de la demanda como nuevo propietario, no tiene por qué desconocer el derecho a la defensa en la garantía de la posibilidad de impugnar; sino que existen otras soluciones o medidas que pueden perfectamente garantizar ambas cuestiones, sin necesidad de entenderlas como irreconciliables o contradictorias
De Robespierre a Rawls: análisis del "derecho a la subsistencia" a la luz del liberalismo igualitario
No full textThe article examines the evolution of the concept of "right to subsistence" through the perspectives of Maximilien Robespierre and John Rawls, prominent political philosophers. Robespierre, a leader during the French Revolution, considered it a fundamental right, arguing that the State should ensure protection of its citizens against poverty and food insecurity. In contrast, Rawls, known for his theory of egalitarian liberal justice, argued that a just society must ensure a minimum of freedom and well-being for all its members, including the protection of economic, social, and cultural rights. This analysis is framed within a historical and philosophical context where poverty and social inequality were central issues, both during the French Revolution and in the 20th century. The article explores how these two thinkers address the relationship between the right to subsistence and social justice, recognizing the importance of guaranteeing basic needs for a dignified life. By considering the ideas of Robespierre and Rawls, the ongoing relevance of economic, social, and cultural rights in the pursuit of a more equitable and just society is highlighted.El artículo examina la evolución del concepto de "derecho a la subsistencia" a través de las perspectivas de Maximilien Robespierre y John Rawls, destacados filósofos políticos. Robespierre, líder durante la Revolución Francesa, lo consideró un derecho fundamental, argumentando que el Estado debía garantizar la protección de sus ciudadanos contra la pobreza y la inseguridad alimentaria. En contraste, Rawls, conocido por su teoría de la justicia liberal igualitaria, sostuvo que una sociedad justa debe asegurar un mínimo de libertad y bienestar para todos sus miembros, incluyendo la protección de derechos económicos, sociales y culturales. Este análisis se enmarca en un contexto histórico y filosófico donde la pobreza y la desigualdad social eran problemáticas centrales, tanto en la Revolución Francesa como en el siglo XX. El artículo explora cómo estos dos pensadores abordan la relación entre el derecho a la subsistencia y la justicia social, reconociendo la importancia de garantizar necesidades básicas para una vida digna. Al considerar las ideas de Robespierre y Rawls, se destaca la relevancia continua de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales en la búsqueda de una sociedad más equitativa y justa
Mechanisms to measure the effectiveness of international tribunals and its relationship with judgement compliance.
No full textIn the last 80 years, the world has seen a proliferation of international tribunals solving international disputes of different nature (territorial, commercial, …). There is a clash between two tendencies: one opting to strengthen them and another looking to undermine them. Both are founded on the premise that international tribunals are not likely to disappear but can constitute major actors in international scenarios. This is particularly important for human rights tribunals.
In this scenario, it is necessary to present a critical study on their performance to determine their effectiveness and the benefits (if any) of keeping institutions that can be very costly (not only monetarily speaking) for the international community. Much of the state of the art regarding international tribunals is centered on their creation and design (from a historical and procedural perspective) or their relationship with other actors (using judicial independence as a starting point).
This paper is focused on the effectiveness of international tribunals and the interrelation with compliance with their judgments and addresses the strained relationship between idealism and reality regarding compliance with the judgements of international human rights tribunals. It is argued that effectiveness is the essential parameter to assess its performance regarding State parties and its users. This paper illustrates how a compliance-based approach to the performance of international human rights tribunals is essential to assess their effectiveness. The analysis be centered on the InterAmerican Human Rights Court.En los últimos 80 años, ha existido una proliferación de tribunales internacionales que resuelven disputas internacionales de diferente naturaleza (territoriales, comerciales,…). En este contexto existe un choque entre dos tendencias: una que opta por fortalecerlos y otra que busca socavarlos. Ambos se basan en la premisa de que es poco probable que los tribunales internacionales desaparezcan y que pueden constituir actores importantes en los escenarios internacionales. Esto es particularmente importante para los tribunales de derechos humanos.
Así, es necesario presentar un estudio crítico sobre su desempeño para determinar su efectividad y los beneficios (si es que los hay) de mantener instituciones que pueden resultar muy costosas (no sólo monetariamente hablando) para la comunidad internacional. Gran parte del estado del arte sobre los tribunales internacionales se centra en su creación y diseño (desde una perspectiva histórica y procesal) o en su relación con otros actores (tomando como punto de partida la independencia judicial).
Este artículo se centra en la eficacia de los tribunales internacionales y la interrelación con el cumplimiento de sus sentencias y aborda la tensa relación entre el idealismo y la realidad respecto del cumplimiento de las sentencias de los tribunales internacionales de derechos humanos. Se sostiene que la efectividad es el parámetro esencial para evaluar su desempeño frente a los Estados partes y sus usuarios. Este artículo ilustra cómo un enfoque basado en el cumplimiento del desempeño de los tribunales internacionales de derechos humanos es esencial para evaluar su eficacia. El análisis se centrará en la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos
Medidas cautelares de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos: perspectivas para su cumplimiento en el caso ecuatoriano
No full textThis article analyzes the precautionary measures issued by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) in the context of the protection of fundamental rights, with special attention to the Ecuadorian case. Through the study of the Fernando Villavicencio case, in which the Constitutional Court of Ecuador resolved through action for non-compliance with Sentence No. 25-14-AN and accumulated, the effectiveness of precautionary measures in the protection of rights and their application is examined. in internal regulations.El presente artículo analiza las medidas cautelares emitidas por la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH) en el contexto de la protección de derechos fundamentales, con especial atención al caso ecuatoriano. A través del estudio del caso Fernando Villavicencio, en el que la Corte Constitucional del Ecuador resolvió mediante acción por incumplimiento la Sentencia No. 25-14-AN y acumulado, se examina la eficacia de las medidas cautelares en la protección de derechos y su aplicación en la normativa interna
Implicaciones y desafíos para la formación de abogados en la PUCE ante la irrupción de la IA
No full textThe use of AI, as well as any other technological tool and innovative methodologies, must be aligned with the achievement of the competencies of legal trainees, provided for in the respective Law degree study plans. Hence, AI for academia has many implications and challenges to which the responses are still lagging behind and which, therefore, require decisive actions on the part of all academic actors, to achieve, through the teaching-learning process, the training of multiliterate professionals.
The use of AI, as well as that of any other technological tool and innovative methodologies, must be aligned to the achievement of the competencies of trainee lawyers, provided for in the respective curricula of the law degree. Hence, AI for the academy has many implications and challenges to which the answers are still lagging behind and that, therefore, require decisive actions by all academic actors, to achieve, through the teaching-learning process, the formation of multiliterate professionals.
This article, from a theoretical-conceptual, analytical, interpretative and critical perspective, based on the experiences of both authors, has as general objective to raise awareness of the implications and challenges that the irruption of AI implies for the Faculty of Jurisprudence of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; and as specific objectives: 1) Identify the opportunities and threats regarding the development of competencies, and legal and ethical conflicts, among others, by the use of AI in the Law career; and, 2) Propose standards so that the use of AI, in the Faculty of Law, guarantees, on the one hand, the adequate development of transversal or generic and disciplinary or specific competencies; and, on the other hand, the respect of ethical and Christian principles and values. Such standards refer to: a solid axiological framework; permanent adaptation to digital transformations; quality; creativity, innovation and healthy curiosity; training and coaching, with motivation and incentives; pedagogical supervision; and, progressiveness.El uso de la IA, así como la de cualquier otra herramienta tecnológica y metodologías innovadoras, debe estar alineada al logro de las competencias de los aprendices de abogados, previstos en los respectivos planes de estudio de la carrera de Derecho. De allí que la IA para la academia tiene muchas implicaciones y desafíos ante los cuales las respuestas siguen aún rezagadas y que, por ende, exigen acciones decididas por parte de todos los actores académicos, para alcanzar, a través del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje, la formación de profesionales multialfabetizados.
Este artículo, desde una perspectiva teórico-conceptual, analítica, interpretativa y crítica, a partir de las experiencias de ambas autoras, tiene como objetivo general el concientizar sobre las implicaciones y desafíos que la irrupción de la IA implica para la Facultad de Jurisprudencia de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; y como objetivos específicos: 1) Identificar las oportunidades y amenazas respecto al desarrollo de competencias, y conflictos jurídicos y éticos, entre otros, por el uso de la IA en la carrera de Derecho; y, 2) Proponer estándares para que el uso de la IA, en la Facultad de Jurisprudencia, garantice, por un lado, el adecuado desarrollo de las competencias transversales o genéricas y disciplinares o específicas; y, por otro, el respeto de los principios y valores éticos y cristianos. Tales estándares se refieren a: un sólido marco axiológico; adaptación permanente a las transformaciones digitales; calidad; creatividad, innovación y sana curiosidad; capacitación y entrenamiento, con motivación e incentivos; supervisión pedagógica; y, progresividad. 
Directors in the Loop? Responsible Corporate Governance for the Era of AI
No full textThe relationship between corporate success and technological progress has never been more overt, with digital businesses and products proliferating at extraordinary pace and scale. Of the many innovations to have emerged, Artificial Intelligence (AI) entails arguably the greatest disruption to the corporation, economy, law and society, and thus represents a singular challenge for the company director. AI is becoming pervasive, driving profitability and competitive differentiation, yet its profound socioeconomic externalities are provoking attention on corporate governance and the nexus between private value and public interest. At the same time, a lack of contextualisation for AI in contemporary regulatory frameworks creates ongoing legal uncertainties for industry and society. This paper critically assesses the effectiveness of corporate law and governance in this context, and argues—primarily from the Australian perspective—that directors are not adequately prepared to govern AI for long-term corporate value. Part 1 descriptively examines the distinctive challenge of AI governance, contextualising the subsequent normative arguments. Part 2 critically analyses present-day board and legal effectiveness in the governance of AI for shareholder and stakeholder benefit. Part 3 explores “responsible AI” governance reforms, contending substantial legal and normative changes are required in future. AI will effect a momentous socioeconomic transformation, promising great benefits but carrying equally profound risks; therefore, the paper concludes that while an appropriate regulatory framework for AI is now essential, the director has a critical role to pre-emptively adopt “corporate techno-social responsibility” principles and establish a new model of responsible governance to redefine corporate value for this most disruptive era
Entre la Identidad y la Ley: El Retroceso en Derechos Humanos por el Decreto supremo N° 009-2024-SA sobre Transexualidad en Perú del 2024
No full textThis research examines the impact of decree 009-2024-S.A , which classifies transgender individuals as mentally ill, on the LGBTIQ+ community. The study traces the historical context of laws affecting the trans and LGBTIQ+ community in various countries, identifying both progress and setbacks in human rights. Through interviews with experts in the Inter-American Human Rights System and a detailed legal analysis, the research highlights how national laws often conflict with international standards, such as the Inter-American Court's Advisory Opinion 24-17, which advocates for the depathologization of trans identities. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of empathy and the role of society in upholding human rights, regardless of whether one is part of the affected community. This work aims to raise awareness of the ongoing conflict between personal identity and the law, and the need for change to ensure that individuals can live with dignity and respect, free from pathologization and discrimination.Esta investigación analiza el impacto del decreto 009-2024-S.A en la comunidad LGBTIQ+, específicamente en las personas homosexuales y transexuales, al ser clasificadas como enfermas mentales. El estudio recorre la historia de las leyes que han afectado a la comunidad trans y LGBTIQ+ en varios países, identificando tanto los avances como los retrocesos en derechos humanos. A través de entrevistas con expertos en el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos y un análisis detallado del contexto legal, se examina cómo las normativas nacionales a menudo se contraponen a las normativas internacionales, como la Opinión Consultiva 24-17 de la Corte Interamericana, que promueve la despatologización de las identidades trans. Además, se enfatiza la importancia de la empatía y del rol de la sociedad en el respeto de los derechos humanos, independientemente de si alguien pertenece o no a la comunidad afectada. Este trabajo busca generar conciencia sobre cómo la identidad personal y las leyes a menudo están en conflicto, y cómo es necesario un cambio para garantizar que las personas puedan vivir con dignidad y respeto, sin ser patologizadas o discriminadas por su identidad