African Journal of Empirical Research
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Examining pre-service teachers’ journal reflection experiences during Supported Teaching in Schools (STS) in Ghana: Benefits and challenges
Get PDFThis study investigated the experiences of pre-service teachers with reflective journaling while they were part of a Ghanaian university\u27s Supported Teaching in Schools (STS) program. The objective was to evaluate the perceived advantages and challenges of reflective journaling and its impact on the professional development of pre-service teachers. The theories that guided this research are Schön\u27s (1983) theory of reflective practice and Kolb\u27s (1984) Experiential Learning Cycle. Using cross-sectional descriptive survey design and multi-stage sampling, the researcher utilized self-administered questionnaires to gather quantitative data from 180 pre-service teachers out of a population of 312 pre-service teachers. Data was analysed using the Mean, Standard Deviation, Regression Analysis and Correlation Coefficients. The results show that reflective journaling enhances critical thinking abilities among pre-service teachers, promotes their capacity for self-reflection, and improves their overall professional development. The study highlights the value of reflective journaling for the professional development of pre-service teachers in Ghana. However, it also identified obstacles such as a lack of direction and time constraint, which can diminish its effectiveness. It is crucial to offer structured guidance, time for reflective activity, regular mentor feedback, and the efficient use of digital tools to support meaningful engagement in reflection, addressing these issues and optimizing the benefits of reflective practice in pre-service teacher education
A review on solving the interoperability challenge of health care systems using artificial intelligence
Get PDFTackling the challenge of healthcare interoperability calls for more than just technical fixes; it needs a well-coordinated and collaborative effort that brings together both systems and people. This study, grounded in sociotechnical systems theory, recognizes that successful health information exchange depends not only on technology but also on how people work together around it. The research aimed to pinpoint where current data sharing falls short, explore how well automated tools help standardize and connect health information, and understand how better interoperability affects patient care and health system efficiency. To do this, a mixed methods approach was used: quantitative analysis of healthcare data highlighted where inconsistencies and breakdowns were happening, while interviews and focus groups with healthcare workers and system developers provided deeper insights into what is working and what is not. The results showed that many healthcare facilities still operate on systems that do not talk to each other well, leading to fragmented data and unnecessary delays. But when automation was introduced, tools that translate and link data from different systems made a big difference. Information became more consistent, manual entry errors dropped, and providers gained quicker access to patient records. The study found that to truly improve interoperability, healthcare systems need to invest in integrated solutions that prioritize data consistency, security, and compatibility. It recommends developing national standards for how health data is shared, offering more training to health workers on using digital tools, and building stronger partnerships between healthcare providers, tech developers, and policymakers. When these pieces come together, the result is a more connected, efficient, and patient-centered healthcare system where everyone involved can work smarter and deliver better care
Effect of teachers’ professional knowledge and practice on pupils’ learning outcomes in public primary schools in Kakamega County, Kenya
Get PDFIn the year 2012, the Teachers Service Commission (TSC) in Kenya launched the Performance Contract (PC) policy in the teaching service. Teacher PC was launched to correct the failure by the Ministry of Education to achieve targets outlined in the Kenya Education Sector Support Project (KESSP) of 2005-2010. Appraisals of the PCs are guided by predetermined set targets using the Teacher Professional and Development (TPAD) tool. Despite PC having been in place over the last thirteen years, there has been little change in learning outcomes in Kakamega County public primary schools. The purpose of the study was to establish the effect of teachers’ achievement in professional knowledge and practice PC target on pupils’ learning outcomes. The learning outcomes examined were academic achievement (Kenya Certificate of Primary Education-KCPE), pupil retention rates and pupil completion rates. This study was guided by the New Public Management (NPM) theory. A correlational research design with a mixed-methods approach was adopted for the study. Eighty-two (82) schools were selected from the 13 sub-counties of Kakamega County using multistage random sampling. Four key informants involved in Teacher PC supervision (2 Curriculum Support Officers, one Sub-County TSC Director and the County TSC Director) were also purposefully selected and interviewed. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from the head teachers and teachers in the selected schools. The professional knowledge and practice PC target achievement scores and learning outcome scores over the past six years (2018-2023) were obtained from the selected schools and the records at the County Ministry of Education office. Quantitative data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation and multilinear regression analysis. Qualitative data was analysed thematically using the NVivo 14 software. The results showed that only 39% of the teachers achieved good professional knowledge and practice PC target scores (>74.5%). The associations between achievement in professional knowledge and practice with learning outcomes were poor (KCPE performance: r=.159; P= 0.7640; retention rates: r= 0.285; p=0.585; completion rates: r=-0.079; p=0.061). The linear regression models revealed weak, statistically insignificant relationships for all the learning outcomes (P>0.05). Further analysis showed that the majority (78.1%) of the teachers had a poor attitude towards the PC initiative and disagreed with regular PC assessment. The study concluded that teacher achievement in professional knowledge and practice PC target did not meaningfully predict KCPE performance among the sample schools. The study recommends TSC should review the appraisal questions on professional knowledge and practice to ensure they are comprehensive and effective in enhancing pupil learning outcomes. There is a need for further research to establish the effect of teachers’ professional knowledge such as subject-specific pedagogy on other pupil learning outcomes such as creativity, problem-solving and communication skills
Systematic review of socio-economic factors influencing dropout of students in public secondary schools in Machakos County, Kenya
Get PDFEducation remains one of the most effective instruments for social mobility and sustainable economic growth. Yet, despite Kenya’s strong policy commitments to universal access, student dropout persists in many public secondary schools, particularly in rural and peri-urban settings. This study undertakes a systematic review of socio-economic factors influencing student dropout in public secondary schools within Machakos County, Kenya. Drawing on empirical studies published between 2010 and 2025, the review analyzes how parental income, parental education level, family size, and family structure contribute to dropout tendencies. Guided by the Human Capital Theory, the study integrates quantitative and qualitative evidence from Machakos County and comparable Kenyan contexts to explain the mechanisms through which economic and social constraints affect retention. Findings from prior research indicate that low parental income, limited education among parents, large family sizes, and single-parent households collectively increase the probability of withdrawal from school. The review also highlights policy gaps in implementing bursary programs, social protection schemes, and parental engagement initiatives. The approach adhered to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses [PRISMA] guidelines for the screening, appraisal, and synthesis of empirical evidence, with credibility and rigor. By situating the dropout problem within the local context of Machakos County, the study offers a useful evidence base for educational planners and policymakers to strategize and implement specific interventions to deal with socio-economic inequalities. The review concludes that interventions to enhance family well-being, improve parental literacy, and strengthen social support mechanisms are key strategies to decrease dropout and increase throughput
Laboratory Reference Intervals for Routinely Analyzed Transferrin and Unsaturated Iron-Binding Capacity Parameters in the Adult Population of Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
Get PDFReference intervals (RIs) are used in the interpretation of clinical laboratory data to help doctors reach a medical decision point. However, due to a variety of reasons, RIs varies significantly between various populations. This study aimed at establishing transferrin, and IUBC reference intervals that can be used locally for the interpretation of iron indices at MTRH. A cross sectional study was conducted at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, 290 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study where their transferrin and IUBC were examined. The non-parametric approach was used to determine reference values with a 95% confidence interval. The Sigma diagnostics approach was used to verify the established Ris. IBM SPSS version 23.0 was used to conduct the statistical analysis. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare genders for significant differences. The established reference intervals for Transferrin: males: 2.13–4.01 g/L, females, 2.08–4.04 g/L; UIBC: males, 20.50–64.08 umol/L, females: 20.07–64.21 umol/L. Comparisons between genders for significant differences were done using Mann-Whitney U tests, revealing no significant gender-based differences between transferrin and UIBC exhibited. The established reference intervals in this study are age and sex-specific for routinely used transferrin and IUBC catering for the adult population of Uasin Gishu County aged 18–64 years. The result will assist the clinicians in reaching an informed medical decision
Exploring the Influence of Head Teachers’ Instructional Supervision on the Development of Competencies in Lesson Preparation for Science and Elementary Technology Teachers in Public Primary Schools in Gasabo District, Rwanda
Get PDFThis study investigates the influence of head teachers\u27 instructional supervision on the competences of science and elementary technology teachers in public primary schools in Gasabo District, Rwanda. Effective instructional supervision is crucial for developing teachers\u27 abilities in lesson preparation, which is vital for improving student learning outcomes. The theoretical framework is grounded in the Teacher Professional Growth theory. Using qualitative design, the study surveyed a population of teachers and head teachers from 40 public primary schools in Gasabo district, whereby 132 people including both teachers and head teachers were targeted. Purposive sampling techniques were utilized, resulting in a sample of 5 head teachers and 24 teachers who were selected by the mean of snowball sampling technique. Data collection involved qualitative methods, including interviews and document review, with thematic analysis applied to analyze research data. The findings reveal that head teachers often neglect pre-observation conferences and fail to provide constructive feedback after classroom observations. This lack of comprehensive supervision hinders teachers\u27 professional development and their ability to effectively prepare lessons. The study shows a clear link between the involvement of head teachers in instructional supervision and the improvement of teachers\u27 competences in lesson planning. The study concluded that low levels of head teachers\u27 involvement in instructional supervision practices had a direct negative influence on the development of competences in lesson planning among science and elementary technology teachers, which in return affected their ability to effectively plan and implement their lessons. To address these issues, the study recommends that head teachers conduct regular pre-observation conferences and offer meaningful feedback to teachers. Additionally, it suggests that Sector Education Inspectors should frequently inspect schools to ensure proper implementation of instructional supervision practices. Furthermore, continuous professional development for head teachers is advised to enhance their supervisory skills. The research highlights the importance of effective instructional supervision in fostering teachers\u27 professional growth and improving educational outcomes. By implementing the recommended practices, schools in Gasabo District can better support their teachers, ultimately benefiting students\u27 learning experiences
Assessment of the Impact of Technology on Public Administration Efficiency: A Case of Tanzania Bureau of Standards
Get PDFThis study investigates the impact of technology on public administration efficiency, focusing on the Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS). In an era where technological advancements are reshaping organizational operations, understanding their implications for public sector efficiency is crucial. The primary purpose of this research is to assess how technology integration influences the effectiveness of public administration processes within TBS. Employing a case study design, the research utilized a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. The research was anchored in the theoretical framework of technology in public administration, employed a case study design, targeted all employees of the Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) as the population, utilized a sample size of 45 respondents, and implemented purposive sampling to ensure comprehensive representation from various departments. Data methods were distributed to TBS employees, complemented by in-depth interviews and document analysis. This methodology facilitated a comprehensive exploration of the interplay between technology and organizational dynamics, allowing for a nuanced understanding of employee experiences and perceptions regarding technology\u27s role in enhancing operational efficiency. Data was analyzed using a mixed-methods approach, employing descriptive statistics for quantitative data and narrative analysis for qualitative data to provide a comprehensive understanding of the findings. The findings reveal that technology significantly enhances the efficiency of public administration at TBS by streamlining processes, improving communication, and facilitating better service delivery. Employees reported that adopting technological tools led to faster decision-making and increased productivity. However, the study also identified several challenges associated with technology integration, including resistance to change, inadequate training, and limited resources. These barriers underscore the necessity for a strategic approach to technology implementation that considers the organizational context and employee readiness. In conclusion, this research highlights the critical role of technology in improving public administration efficiency while emphasizing the importance of comprehensive training and support systems to mitigate resistance and ensure successful integration. The study provides valuable insights for policymakers and administrators at TBS, suggesting that a proactive approach to technology adoption could lead to enhanced service delivery and overall organizational performance. Recommendations include the development of targeted training programs, fostering a culture of innovation, and ensuring adequate resource allocation to support technology initiatives. This research contributes to the broader discourse on public administration efficiency and technology integration, offering a framework for future studies in similar contexts
The Influence of Socioeconomic Factors on Health Information Seeking Behaviors in Expectant Teenagers: A Study in Kajiado County, Kenya
Get PDFThis study examines the lived experiences of health information-seeking by expectant teenagers in Kajiado County, Kenya. Despite the importance of health information during pregnancy the true behaviours of expecting teenagers when searching for health information are not well understood. Limited research exists that explores the specific challenges, strategies, and perspectives of expectant teenagers in accessing and utilizing health information. The lack of knowledge impedes the creation of focused interventions and support networks that cater to the specific needs of expectant teenagers and enable them to make well-informed health choices. The objective of this qualitative study, which was anchored on a relativist-interpretivist philosophical foundation, utilizing a case study method, was to explore the influence of socio-economic factors on health information-seeking behaviours of expectant teenagers in Kajiado County, Kenya. The study was focused on the Health Belief Model. The target population was expecting teens in Kajiado County. A total of 32 expectant teenagers, aged between 13 and 19 sampled purposively from nearby villages, towns and medical institutions participated in the study. Saturation was attained at the 14th interview while the remaining 18 were utilized in three focus groups of six each for triangulation. Thematic analysis was used as a method of analysis from the obtained recorded narratives. Ethical considerations were all taken to account, like informed consent and confidentiality. The recruitment of research assistants well-versed in culture helped create rapport and rich data. Findings suggest that poverty, lack of resources and inadequate healthcare infrastructure limit opportunity, increasing pre-existing vulnerabilities. Apart from gender discrimination, social stigma associated with teen pregnancy served to further isolate and exacerbate the difficulties in obtaining and utilizing needed health information. The study concludes that socio-economic factors like poverty, gender inequality, education disparities, and inadequate healthcare infrastructure hinder expectant teenagers\u27 access to accurate health information, often leading them to unreliable sources. Therefore, together with inclusive services and peer support from governments and other pertinent authorities, an environment of empathy, autonomy, understanding, and acceptance will create knowledgeable, empowered, and benefit-aware expectant teenagers. The study recommends culturally sensitive education, skilled healthcare communication, income activities, mobile health, and peer support for expectant teens
Influence of material availability on international procurement of goods by private sector: A case of ALAF Ltd, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Get PDFThis study investigated the influence of material availability on the international procurement of goods by the private sector particularly focused on to examine the influence of supplier inventory level on international procurement of goods by private sector and to determine the influence of lead time for order on international procurement of goods by private sector. The study was guided by resource exchange theory, emphasizing the significance of resource exchange and the relationships between suppliers and buyers, to provide a theoretical basis for understanding procurement dynamics. The study used cross sectional research design while simple census sampling technique was used to include all 87 staff. Data were collected through questionnaire while data were analysed using descriptive analysis. The study\u27s findings revealed that supplier inventory turnover rates, days sales of inventory (DSI), and reliability significantly influence procurement decisions. Additionally, lead times for order processing and transportation were found to be critical determinants of efficiency in international procurement. Based on these findings, the study recommends that organizations should prioritize suppliers with high inventory turnover rates and low DSI, as these suppliers are better equipped to maintain supply continuity and minimize procurement risks. The study also recommends that businesses should work towards minimizing lead times by optimizing their order processing systems and improving communication with suppliers. Streamlining internal procurement processes and fostering transparent communication will help mitigate delays and improve procurement efficiency
Faith-based radio and strategic peacebuilding: Programming for electoral calm in Kenya
Get PDFThis study set out to examine the faith-based radio programs in Kenya that were specifically designed to promote strategic peacebuilding during general elections. Employing a descriptive case study design, the research used purposive sampling to select seven faith-based radio stations: MBCI Radio, Biblia Husema Broadcasting, Radio Waumini, Sayare FM, Upendo FM, Hope FM, and Family Radio 316. Key personnel including radio presenters, program managers, and producers were also purposively selected, resulting in a total sample of 49 respondents drawn from the seven stations. Primary data was collected using key informant interview guides, focus group discussion guides, and questionnaires. Findings revealed that all the sampled stations aired dedicated programs aimed at fostering peace, targeting audiences such as the youth, general public, voters, leaders, and parents. These programs employed a variety of formats, including religious sermons, gospel music, radio dramas, interactive talk shows, and community-based youth engagements. The content focused on promoting peace and highlighting the consequences of conflict. Overall, the programs were found to be effective in advancing strategic peacebuilding. Most stations had systems in place to assess their impact, using tools such as audience feedback mechanisms, peace indicator monitoring, impact evaluations, and broadcast surveys to measure the effectiveness of their programming during the election period