African Journal of Empirical Research
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Motivational Determinants of Adoption of Tarpaulins and Hermetic Bags for Maize Drying and Storage in Rukwa and Katavi Regions, Tanzania
Get PDFThis paper investigated the adoption of two key improved postharvest technologies—tarpaulins for drying and hermetic bags for storage—among smallholder maize farmers in Rukwa and Katavi regions, Tanzania - using the comprehensive Diffusion and Adoption Model. These two technologies were disseminated in the study area, yet adoption rate remained low. The objectives were to: assess the extent of adoption; analyse the motivational factors influencing adoption; and evaluate how these factors affect the likelihood of adoption. A total of 365 farmers were selected through proportionate stratified sampling during the 2021/2022 agricultural season. Data collection involved structured questionnaires for quantitative data and focus group discussions and key informant interviews for qualitative insights. The analysis utilised thematic content analysis and bivariate probit regression using STATA 17. Findings revealed that male farmers were significantly more likely to adopt tarpaulins (Coef = 1.132; p < 0.01), but less likely to adopt hermetic bags (Coef = -2.668; p < 0.01). Older farmers were less likely to adopt hermetic bags (Coef = -0.146; p < 0.01), whereas greater farming experience increased adoption (Coef = 0.112; p < 0.05). Higher income decreased tarpaulin use (Coef = -0.351; p < 0.05) but increased hermetic bag adoption (Coef = 0.774; p < 0.01). Membership in farmer groups (Coef = 0.932; p < 0.01) and access to extension services (Coef = 0.391; p < 0.05) positively influenced hermetic bag adoption. Farmers facing credit limitations were more likely to use tarpaulins (Coef = 0.601; p < 0.01). Negative attitudes and limited awareness reduced adoption rates. The paper highlighted the influence of gender, age, income, experience, social connections, and extension access on technology adoption. It recommends gender-inclusive training, financial support, strengthened extension services, and market incentives to promote adoption. These interventions can reduce postharvest losses, increase incomes, and enhancing food security among smallholder farmers
Individual Investors and Domestic Stock Preferences: The Effects of Availability Bias, Ambiguity Aversion, and Regret Aversion at the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange, Tanzania
Get PDFThe aim of this paper was to examine how psychological biases shape domestic stock preferences of individual investors engaging in stock trading at the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange. Cross-sectional survey research was employed to achieve the overall aim of the study. This study was informed by key behavioural finance theories. The empirical data concerning the behavioural constructs were collected from investors owning shares of the companies trading at the DSE. Using convenience and snowball sampling methods and a combination of physical and web-based techniques, a self-administered questionnaire, the researcher distributed more than 1,800 questionnaires. A final sample used for analyses consisted of 280 usable questionnaires. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis was used to examine the influence of the key variables under investigation. Overall, the findings of the study strongly support the hypotheses, demonstrating that availability bias, ambiguity aversion, and regret aversion each significantly contribute to DSP. The study concludes that recency bias and advocate recommendations drive investors toward domestic stocks, while the need for adequate information reinforces these results. Furthermore, fear of regret plays an important role in discouraging investors from diversifying into foreign stocks. Finally, the study recommends that financial literacy education, transparency, and behavioural interventions can help to counteract these cognitive biases and achieve more balanced investment strategies
Socio-demographic determinants of climate change adaptation practices in agro-ecological zones: A case study of Chamwino and Igunga districts, Tanzania
Get PDFThe global impacts of climate change have led to the development of various adaptation strategies, including Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) practices. In Tanzania, the introduction of CCA practices through eco-village projects between 2011 and 2019 reflects ongoing efforts to combat climate change effects. However, scientific understanding of the socio-demographic factors influencing households\u27 decisions to adopt CCA practices remains limited. This study investigates the influence of socio-demographic factors on the adoption of CCA practices in the agro-ecological zones of Chamwino and Igunga districts, representing central and western Tanzania. Data were collected from 295 respondents through household surveys, complemented by key informant interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs). Socio-demographic factors such as gender, age, education level, land ownership, and training attendance were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Pearson’s Chi-square test was employed to assess the statistical significance of the association between socio-demographic factors and agro-ecological zones, while a multivariate probit model was used to analyze the impact of socio-demographic factors on the adoption of CCA practices. The findings reveal that CCA adoption varies across zones, with the western zone showing a higher adoption rate. Chi-square results indicated significant associations between CCA adoption and factors such as soil water conservation, farmyard manure, mixed cropping, plant spacing, and the use of improved seeds and breeds (p<0.05). The multivariate probit model showed that gender, experience, land ownership, and training attendance significantly influenced adoption, with these factors promoting more practices compared to age, marital status, and education level. These insights are crucial for policymakers and local agencies to ensure that CCA initiatives are inclusive and address the diverse needs of different demographic groups
Assessing the determinants of retirement planning among public sector workers in Ghana
Get PDFThe challenges of life in old age have become a global discussing because of the changes in the world’s population demographics. These challenges are placed on individual households as well as governments globally. Life in old age is often associated with several challenges. Individual income at this stage of life usually reduces due to retirement from active work, retirees are seen to be isolated, while their expenditure surges owing to declining health conditions which require more financial commitment to manage. This study sought to assess the determinants of retirement planning among public sector workers in Ghana. The Planned Behaviour Theory guided this study. The target population for this study includes teachers teaching in the Kassena-Nankana West District. Cross-sectional study design was employed in the study. Quota and simple random sampling methods was applied in this study and a total of 212 teachers were selected from the various circuits of the district. Data was collected by the researchers and five field assistants. Structured questionnaire was administered to respondents face to face across the various circuits of the district. The research employs a quantitative methodology involving descriptive statistics and logit regression to analyse the data collected. Frequencies, percentages, and regression analysis were deployed to present the results. The study found that teachers with different socio demographic characteristics such as age, income level and launching of children influence their retirement planning. The study concludes that income has positive effect on retirement planning as individuals’ income increases; they tend to save a higher proportion of their earnings for retirement. The study recommended that the District branch of the teachers union (GNAT) in collaboration with financial institutions in the District should educate teachers on the need to prepare adequately for their retirement
The effect of the disposal process on the timely disposal of public assets: A case of the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Get PDFThis paper aimed to investigates the impact of the disposal process on the timely disposal of public assets, aiming to enhance understanding and contribute to the development of more effective and transparent asset disposal practices in Tanzania. Pegged on the Resource-Based View Theory, the study adopted the explanatory research design. A mixed-method research design was adopted, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative approaches. For the quantitative component, 130 employees were randomly selected from a population of 390 at the University of Dar es Salaam, resulting in 126 valid responses. Additionally, six participants were purposively selected for qualitative insights. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires and interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and simple regression analysis, while thematic analysis was used for the qualitative data analysis. The findings revealed that most respondents held a positive perception of the disposal process, particularly with the efficiency of disposal methods, timeliness, thorough inspection, prompt evaluation, and approval. Despite this, some concerns were noted regarding overall satisfaction and the selection of optimal disposal methods. The quantitative analysis indicated a significant positive relationship between the disposal process and timely disposal of public assets, with a Beta value of 0.642 and a p-value of 0.000. Moreover, a one-unit improvement in the disposal process was associated with a 0.677-unit increase in timely asset disposal. The study concludes that efficient and well-structured disposal procedures are critical for achieving timely public asset disposal. It recommends that public institutions streamline and, where possible, automate disposal processes to improve operational efficiency and effectiveness
The effects of outsourcing book keeping services on the quality of financial reports among small and micro enterprises in Nairobi County, Kenya
Get PDFThe study aimed to establish the effect of outsourcing bookkeeping services on the financial reporting quality of SMEs in Nairobi County, Kenya. The Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) Theory, Resource-Based View (RBV) theory and the principal-agent theory guided this research. A correlational research design was used in this study, whereby the target population (358 firms) consisted of SMEs from Nairobi County. Structurally designed questionnaires were employed and filled out by SME managers. Using descriptive and multiple regression analysis in SPSS 24, an inferential conclusion was drawn on the correlation between outsourcing bookkeeping services and financial report quality. Validity was achieved, and the questionnaire was improved following the pilot study with support from the SME managers, while reliability was established by adopting Cronbach’s alpha coefficients above 0.70. Measures were taken to observe ethical considerations by seeking prior consent from all respondents involved and keeping their responses anonymous. The study found a strong and positive correlation between outsourcing bookkeeping services and the quality of financial reporting of SMEs in Nairobi County (β = 0.668; p < 0.05). This study sought to exemplify how outsourcing bookkeeping services could be advantageous to SMEs by enhancing their financial position and operation. These findings fill a gap in the literature and are useful to SME managers, policymakers, and other stakeholders on sound financial and reporting practices. The study concluded that outsourcing bookkeeping services enhances the accuracy, timeliness, and compliance of financial reporting among SMEs. It is therefore recommended that SMEs adopt outsourcing as a strategic tool for improving the quality of their financial reports and for ensuring better financial decision-making and accountability
Teachers’ familiarity with improvisation techniques in science education: Insights from the Zabzugu District, Ghana
Get PDFThis study examines primary school teachers\u27 proficiency in utilising improvisation techniques for science education in the Zabzugu District of Ghana. In resource-constrained environments, improvisation is a crucial strategy to enhance the quality of science education. This research is grounded in two fundamental theoretical frameworks: Constructivist Learning Theory and Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK). Using a descriptive survey design, with a target population of 298, data were collected from 196 primary school teachers across seven circuits in the Zabzugu District through stratified sampling. We analysed the data using SPSS version 25, employing descriptive and inferential statistical techniques to address the study\u27s objectives. The study found that teachers generally demonstrate high familiarity with and enthusiasm for improvisation techniques. However, challenges persist, including limited access to training workshops and resources on improvisation. A positive correlation (r = .376, p < .001, N = 196) was found between teachers\u27 familiarity with improvisation techniques and the challenges they face during implementation, suggesting that as teachers become more knowledgeable, they also become more aware of the complexities involved. The findings highlight the potential of improvisation to bridge resource gaps in science education and underscore the need for enhanced teacher training and support in this area. This research contributes to understanding how improvisation techniques can be leveraged to improve science education in resource-limited settings, with implications for educational policy and practice in Ghana and similar contexts globally. This study concludes that the teachers have proficiency and enthusiasm for improvisation in science education. However, enduring challenges require continuous professional development, enhanced access to resources, and focused support from policymakers to elevate teaching quality in resource-limited settings. Recommendations include practical training, collaborative learning, curriculum integration, and gender equity in resource allocation
Barriers to effective school-based assessments implementation by primary school teachers in Savelugu Municipality, Ghana
Get PDFThis study examined the difficulties encountered by primary school teachers in implementing school-based assessments (SBA) within the Savelugu Municipality. This research is significant in that it sought to clarify the challenges primary school teachers encounter in practising SBA in their classrooms. Fullan’s Change Theory, which explains that enduring change in educational institutions involves both strategic planning and emotional intelligence, guided the research study. The study employed a cross-sectional descriptive research design with a structured questionnaire as the principal research instrument for data collection. A sample of 270 primary school teachers were randomly sampled from a target population of 686 instructors within the municipality. The study attained a 100% response rate of completed questionnaires. The statistical tools that were used to analyse the data were means and standard deviations. The study found among other challenges confronting the conduct of SBA at the primary schools were, inadequate training for teachers on SBA methods, students copying assignments from their peers, lack of support from school leaders and frequent absenteeism by students. The study concluded that for SBA to be successfully implemented at the primary schools, it would require the right support systems, like tailored training for teachers, access to SBA guidelines, and changes to the school schedule. The study recommended that the Ghana Education Service (GES) and the Ministry of Education should furnish schools with essential resources, including materials and technical assistance, to facilitate effective implementation of SBA and enhance student learning outcomes in primary schools. Furthermore, educational institutions ought to engage in close collaboration with parents, community leaders, and social workers to tackle truancy and enhance steady student attendance
Availability, accessibility, and effectiveness of education programs for learners with autism in Kenya
Get PDFAutism spectrum disorder presents a wide spectrum of cognitive and behavioural profiles, implying that educational interventions must be highly individualized and multidisciplinary in nature. While Kenya has made strides in autism awareness and the implementation of Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC), research evidence has predominantly focused on general education of learners with disabilities, with minimal attention specific to autism. This study sought to examine the availability, accessibility, and perceived effectiveness of education programs for children with autism in Kenya, with a focus on how these programs support academic, social, and adaptive development. The study was guided by the Ecological Systems Theory, and utilised an exploratory study design. A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving quantitative surveys with parents of children with autism and qualitative interviews with teachers, and Curriculum Support Officers in charge of Special Needs Education (CSO-SNE). Exploratory descriptive analysis and thematic analysis approaches were utilised in data analysis. Findings revealed that current education programs of learners with autism are more effective in supporting learners\u27 social, adaptive and behavioral domains than the academic achievement. Results further reveal that while most children on the autism spectrum attend inclusive and/or integrated schools, autism-specific programs remain limited and unevenly distributed. Accessibility is hindered by household financial constraints, inadequate teacher training, and limited therapy support. The study concludes that there exists critical availability, accessibility and effectiveness gaps in the implementation of inclusive education under CBC. The study recommends the need for autism-sensitive curricula, multidisciplinary support services, expanded training for teachers, and targeted policy reforms. This study contributes original empirical evidence on the current state of autism education in Kenya and offers a rare integration of parent, teacher, and curriculum support officer perspectives aligned with the CBC framework
The relationship between digitalization and customer incivility in the banking context: Case of higher learning students in Tanzanian universities
Get PDFDigitalization has played a critical role in significant transformation of banking sectors in the global context by altering the quality of service delivery. Introduction of digital tool like online banking, automated customer service, mobile applications and customer’s chat-boats, has transformed mode of service delivery from traditional face to face interaction in to digital interface although digitalization has various positive impact to both customer and employee, such as convenient, and accessibility, but overdependence on digital interaction, may compromise of service interaction and affect customer satisfaction especially in event of system failure, confusion, scamming and system hackers. This challenge call for attention among practitioners in banking industries, to analyze effectively model under which the digital platform would operate efficiently without compromising quality of services, thus resolve problem of incivility of Digitalization. This study try to explore the relationship between digitalization and customer incivility in banking context based on underdevelopment landscape of third world countries where technology and infrastructure is not well developed. This research adopted Service Encounter Model, Technology Acceptance Model, Aggression Displacement Theory, Cognitive Dissonance Theory and Social Exchange Theory as theoretical frameworks. This study used cross sectional research. Study involved 411 respondents where 381 were bachelor and masters students from Dodoma University (UDOM), Mzumbe University, and Sokoine University of agriculture (SUA). While 30 was staff from National Microfinance Bank (NMB) and Cooperative Rural Development Bank (CRDB). Quantitative data were collected based on the research objectives and analyzed through descriptive statistics and regression analysis was applied for inferential statistics. It was found that there is positive correlation between customer incivility and digitalization especially when customer dissatisfied with the services due to network fail and reduces face to face interaction which might increase anonymity. Study recommend banking personnel to design more efficient system, ensure regular intervention to handle customer complaints and inquiries especially when there is system fail and invest in technological- infrastructure to enhance effectiveness and reliability of their online services so as to stimulate its adoption to their customers