African Journal of Empirical Research
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Perception of clinical learning environment among undergraduate health-based students at Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya
Get PDFImprovements in the clinical learning environments of a health-based training institution depend on identification of gaps. There was need to conduct studies around clinical learning environments in Sub-Saharan Africa since they were rated low and because there were concerns on the adequacy and quality of healthcare services that were available. This study was anchored on the constructivist theory with underlying pragmatic approaches, the main objective being to examine the perception of clinical learning environment among undergraduate health-based students at Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology (MMUST). Cross-sectional study design employing mixed methods was used. The population of the study included all second, third, and fourth-year students who were enrolled in the study during a period spanning from June 2024 to November 2024. Stratified random sampling technique was used to arrive at a sample size of 302 participants computed through Taro Yamane formula and purposive sampling used for the interviews with students’ class representatives. Data was respectively collected by use of interview schedule and self-administered questionnaire; analyzed thematically, and through descriptive-inferential statistics using SPSS version 27, P<0.05. The questionnaire was found to be reliable with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.830. The study realized a response rate of 90%. Majority (59.9%, n=272) of the participants were male, and persons aged between 18-23 years (87.9%), mean age of 21 years. Significant mean differences were realized on the bases of level of study and type of academic program. The overall clinical learning environment was found to be very good with a score of 84% (n=200), whereas perceptions on clinical teaching was at 86.29% (n=100). However, the psycho-social support system domiciled in the clinical teaching was rated low with a mean of 2.8(SD=0.23). Themes that emerged during the interviews were status, challenges, and proposed solutions to challenges of the clinical learning environment. It was concluded that the clinical learning/teaching environment was positively perceived by students despite having a psycho-social support system that was rated low. Recommendations were made on the need for strengthening the environment’s psycho-social support system, and further series of research involving teachers
Utilization of track one diplomatic strategies in combating the bandit economy along the Kenya and Uganda Border
Get PDFThe bandit economy is a pervasive global security issue, thriving in regions like Texas, Oklahoma, and the UK, where it has evolved into a lucrative enterprise. In Africa, the problem is exacerbated by illicit small arms, weak Track One Diplomacy, and cross-border dynamics. Despite advancements like aerial monitoring by Kenya and Uganda, banditry persists, posing significant challenges to regional security and requiring more effective supranational strategies. The objective of the study was to assess the Track one Diplomatic strategies for combating banditry along the Kenya-Uganda border. The study was conducted in Lokitanyala along the Kenya-Uganda border. The study utilized descriptive research design. The study used both probability and non-probability sampling techniques. The study was guided by power theory. The study target 621,241 respondents from which, a sample size of 384 was derived, using Fisher’s formula comprising Lokitanyala households, while key informants were drawn from political and religious leaders, administrative leaders, youths (former bandits) and civil society. Both primary and secondary data were used in this study. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedules; FGDs. Quantitative Data was analyzed through SPSS version 25 to generate descriptive statistics that were presented in the form of frequencies and percentages in graphs, tables and charts. Qualitatively, it emerged to the researcher that, while bilateral agreements are beneficial, their success depends on the commitment and implementation by the involved parties. The findings revealed that some of the track one diplomatic strategies used combating banditry include; joint border patrols, bilateral, agreements, Information sharing, joint public awareness sessions. The study concludes that, Track one diplomacy strategies along the Kenya-Uganda border have been pivotal in addressing cross-border security issues and fostering bilateral cooperation. The study recommends that both the governments of Kenya and Uganda implement community development programs that provide alternative livelihoods, improve access to education, and create economic opportunities
Factors influencing the adoption of improved sweet potato varieties: The role of perceived risk in Gaza Province, Mozambique
Get PDFAdopting improved agricultural technologies is crucial for enhancing food security and agricultural production in regions like Mozambique, where farmers face significant problems, including climate variability and market uncertainties. Despite the potential of improved sweet potato varieties (ISPVs) to boost yields and resilience, adoption rates remain unpredictable, partly due to insufficient understanding of how farmers’ risk perceptions influence their decisions. Using the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), this study investigated the factors influencing the adoption of ISPVs in Gaza province, Mozambique, focusing on the role of perceived risks. The study used a cross-sectional survey design, and a multi-stage sampling method was employed to randomly select 382 farmers for interviews, of whom 76% reported adopting ISPVs. Data was collected using questionnaires, and the Logit model was employed to estimate the factors influencing ISPVs adoption. The model results indicated that farmers who diversified their crop production had access to extension services and perceived low risks (reduced yield and market uncertainty) were likelier to adopt ISPVs. The study highlights important policy implications, emphasizing the need to enhance the coverage and effectiveness of extension services, encourage crop diversification, and provide farmers with better access to production and market information, insurance cover, and training programs that reduce uncertainty and boost the adoption of ISPVs
Determinants of investors’ participation on the Rwanda stock exchange
Get PDFThe stock exchange contributes significantly to national economic development through stock investments. Thus, more investor participation is critical in achieving this economic outcome. The primary goal of this research is to investigate the factors influencing investor involvement on the Rwanda Stock Exchange (RSE). The study is anchored on Tobin\u27s separation theorem, financial socialization theory, and social network theory. The survey designed research has a population of 25,647 investors from where sample of 219 respondents was drawn from RSE investors. The collected data were analysed using Profile of the Respondents (demographics), correlation and regression analysis on SPSS. This study\u27s respondents were identified via purposive sampling, and responses were collected using a survey questionnaire. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire for investors, semi-directed interviews with brokers, and a documentary review. According to the findings, financial literacy, social network and government support has a significant joint positive effect on investors’ participation on the RSE. The study concludes that enhancing investor participation in the RSE depends significantly on a combination of individual knowledge, social influence, and institutional support. The study recommends that; in order to increase participation in the RSE, the Rwandan government broadens its financial literacy initiatives, implement investor-friendly laws, and promote the sharing of information on social media. The current article is unique in that it integrates personal and non-personal traits as important predictors of investor engagement in emerging nations\u27 stock exchanges
Effect of industrial induction process on acquisition of vocational skills during industrial attachment among TVET Trainees in Kakamega County, Kenya
Get PDFIndustrial attachment is an essential part of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), offering trainees practical experience beyond classroom learning. As a structured and credit-bearing element of the curriculum, it enables trainees to apply theoretical concepts in real-world professional environments. This hands-on training is vital for equipping trainees with the technical skills necessary to achieve Kenya’s industrialization goals. This study sought to establish the effect of the induction process on the acquisition of vocational skills during industrial attachment among TVET trainees. This study was informed by Experiential Learning Theory (ELT). The study applied descriptive survey research with the study population comprising public TVC (Technical and Vocational Centres/College) trainees, TVC assessors and industrial attachment supervisors. Kakamega County had 9 public TVCs with a total of 5220 diploma trainees on industrial attachment, 570 TVC assessors and 500 industrial supervisors. Census sampling was applied to settle on all the public TVCs in each sub-county. The study exclusively focused on diploma trainees on industrial attachment within the Department of Applied Sciences. All TVC trainers involved in the assessment of trainees during industrial attachments were purposively selected. The study used a sample size formula developed by Yamane (Yamane, 1967) to calculate the appropriate sample size of 372 trainees needed and ensure the survey results were statistically significant and representative of the entire population. 10% of the supervisor’s population and 10% of the TVET assessors’ population were sampled for interviewing, leading to a sample of 50 and 57, respectively. A pilot study was conducted to establish the reliability and validity of the instruments. Cronbach\u27s alpha coefficient of internal consistency was used as a reliability measure, where an alpha of 0.833 was obtained for the trainee’s questionnaire. Data was collected using one questionnaire for trainees and two interview guides for industrial supervisors and TVC assessors. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 26. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used, where descriptive statistics of frequency counts, means, percentages and standard deviations were used. Simple linear regression analysis was used for hypothesis testing. Qualitative data from interviews was analyzed by employing narrative and thematic analytical approaches. The study found that induction is critical to vocational skill acquisition among TVET trainees during industrial attachment. Effective induction enhances trainee preparedness and confidence. The study recommends strengthening induction programmes, aligning curriculum with industry needs and implementing continuous monitoring of industrial attachment experiences. These measures aim to enhance workplace readiness, bridge the gap between theory and practice, promote professional skill development and improve the overall effectiveness of vocational training
Assessing the effectiveness of value-added taxation reforms on small and medium enterprises performance in Rwanda: A case study RRA in Nyarugenge District
Get PDFThis research paper describes the potential gains and pitfalls of Value Added Tax (VAT) reforms for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Rwanda. Efficiency and productivity: By reducing administrative burdens, VAT reforms can help SMEs focus on their core business activities, which can lead to improved profitability. However, the effectiveness of these reforms is contested, both in terms of their practical application and their different impacts. The study focuses on testing the impact of VAT reforms on SME performance in Rwanda for the following: impact of changes in the VAT rate, VAT registration reforms, and increasing use of a digital VAT system. The theoretical research framework for this study was based on the theory of tax compliance and the technology acceptance model. The current study was conducted by using a descriptive research design. In this study, the target population was 19,733 Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) of Nyarugenge District. In fact, the researcher used stratified random sampling to get a sample of 99 SMEs. Primary data is considered to be more reliable and adaptive and is usually acquired through questionnaires and interviews. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistical methods were applied using SPSS for its highly effective analytic capability. Results indicate that VAT rate reforms influence (M = 3.89; SD = 1.198) the performance of SMEs, VAT registration reforms influence (M = 3.67; SD = 1.287) the performance of SMEs, and VAT rate reforms influence (M = 3.87; SD = 1.290) the performance of SMEs. The study concludes that the predictors of SME performance in Rwanda are VAT rate reforms, VAT registration reforms, and VAT digital system reforms. It suggests that tax managers need to provide a support mechanism to SMEs in the transition period after VAT reforms. This includes financial literacy training and support for tax compliance. In addition, they should offer training and guidance to SMEs to help them understand the new VAT rules and regulations. Further, they should offer resources and guidance to help empower the SME businesses to maximise the benefits of the reforms
Scientific research culture for sustainable development from a gender perspective: A case study of the University of Nairobi, Kenya
Get PDFScientific research culture, the process of sharing knowledge, values, and skills, has become a powerful buzzword in the vision and mission statements of African universities. A vibrant scientific research culture in universities is a major contributor to national transformation and sustainable development. Africa has been disadvantaged due to the fact that it has continued to import and consume knowledge from the Global North, which, to some extent, is ineffective in addressing Africa’s unique problems. Therefore, African universities need to foster a vibrant scientific research culture in order to increase relevant research output and productivity. An effective, efficient, and relevant postgraduate program is likely to contribute to a vibrant scientific research productivity and output in the universities. The aim of this desktop study was to explore the status of postgraduate programs in the Faculty of Education, University of Nairobi. The current desk study is anchored on Kolb\u27s Experiential Learning Theory (ELT). Using a simple documentary analysis guide and online graduation booklets for the 2020, 2021, and 2022 academic years, the author collected data on the number of men and women postgraduate students in five departments in the Faculty of Education. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Study findings show an increase of men graduates, 36 (52.9%) in 2020 and 33 (54%) in 2022, while in 2021 there was a reverse, with 44 (70.9%) women as compared to 18 (29%) men graduates. Although there were 87 men and 104 women who graduated with master’s degrees in 2020, 2021, and 2022, more men (61) than women (46) graduated with PhD degrees. Out of the five departments in the Faculty of Education, the Department of Management, Policy, and Curriculum Studies (DEMPCS) had the highest number of PhD graduates, partly because the department has two PhD programs, Doctor of Education, usually done through coursework and thesis, and Doctor of Philosophy, done by thesis, whereas the other four departments have one Doctor of Philosophy degree program. More students in DEMPCS graduated with a doctor of education; for instance, in 2022, there were 15 students (8 men and 7 women) as compared to 4 (2 men and 2 women) graduates with a doctor of philosophy. The low research output and productivity, which affects scientific research culture, can partly be attributed to the few PhD graduates. Thus, there is a need for the Faculty of Education to devise ways of increasing research output and productivity by using appropriate strategies, with the aim of encouraging master\u27s students to enroll and complete their PhD degrees while continuing to disseminate their findings by attending conferences, seminars, and workshops and, above all, publishing
Rebalancing the public sector equation in Tanzania: The influence of internal marketing strategies in enhancing public service delivery through employee motivation and attitudinal alignment
Get PDFThis study examined the influence of internal marketing practices (strategies) in enhancing public service delivery through employee motivation, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment in Tanzanian public institutions. Despite decades of reforms, service inefficiencies persist due to a limited focus on internal workforce support. The targeted population was all public servants who were working in public institutions in Tanzania. Guided by the Services Marketing Triangle Model, the study employed a cross-sectional design with a sample of 443 pensionable public servants selected through convenience sampling from eight regions. Data were collected via structured questionnaires and analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that internal marketing practices significantly impact employee motivation (β = 0.033, p < 0.001), job satisfaction (β = 0.030, p < 0.001), and organizational commitment (β = 0.031, p < 0.001), leading to improved service delivery performance (β = 0.033, p < 0.001). Indirect effects confirm that internal marketing enhances performance through motivation, satisfaction, and commitment, highlighting the importance of internal strategies for service quality in Tanzanian public institutions. The study concludes that internal marketing is a critical, yet underutilized, strategy for sustainable public service improvement. The study thus recommends integrating internal marketing into HR policies, rebalancing reforms to include employees’ support, and incorporating internal marketing indicators into performance evaluations. Theoretically, the study extends the Services Marketing Triangle to public sector contexts, offering empirical insights and actionable strategies for institutional and policy-level reforms in Tanzania
Comparison of handcrafted features extraction techniques for traffic sign recognition
Get PDFTraffic Sign Recognition (TSR) is a critical computer vision task for the advancement of Autonomous Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and autonomous vehicles, directly impacting road safety. While deep learning dominates current research, handcrafted feature extraction techniques remain relevant due to their interpretability, lower computational demands, and suitability for embedded systems. This paper presents a systematic empirical evaluation and comparison of five predominant handcrafted feature extraction methods: Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG), Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT), Bag of Words (BoW), Local Binary Patterns (LBP), and Gabor Filters for traffic sign recognition. The techniques are assessed on the German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark (GTSRB) using three classifiers: Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest, and Decision Tree. Experimental results demonstrate that the choice of feature extractor and classifier significantly impacts performance, with HOG combined with an SVM classifier achieving the highest accuracy (95.2%). The study provides a clear performance hierarchy, revealing that HOG and LBP offer the best balance of accuracy and computational efficiency for this domain. We conclude that the optimal selection of a handcrafted feature extraction strategy is problem-dependent and provide concrete recommendations for implementing effective and efficient TSR systems
A phenomenological investigation on strategies used in addressing gender-based violence in public secondary schools in Vihiga County, Kenya
Get PDFIn Kenya, gender-based violence (GBV) is still a phenomenon that is prevalent in secondary schools and has considerably adverse effects on the health, educational attainment, and emotional states of students. This phenomenological study examines the approaches that teachers in Vihiga County, in the public sector of secondary schools, use to address and mitigate GBV. The research was conducted in a qualitative methodology using the semi-structured interview as the type of data collection. the target population consisted of teachers from secondary schools in Vihiga County, Kenya.. The study employed a purposive sampling method to identify participants; therefore, only those teachers directly involved in handling GBV and teaching subjects that enable them to address moral education were considered. Twelve guidance and counseling teachers were interviewed, who responded based on their life experiences and moral judgments within their school settings upon facing GBV. The thematic analysis of the data collected from the interviews was performed using the 6-step activity described by Braun and Clarke. The results indicate that the intervention on GV requires not only the incorporation of moral education into the curriculum but also the training of teachers and institutional support. In addition, the study highlights the importance of culturally affirmative, rights-based educational practices that foster open communication and enable students and educators to question injustices based on gender. The moral role-modelling functions of teachers were identified as playing a crucial role in shaping student practices and the conceptualization of GBV. However, study notes that none of these may be effective without increased institutional support, which implies clear policies, training, and community involvement. The study recommends adopting a more nuanced approach in the form of a comprehensive moral education strategy, supported by institutional policies and teacher education. This is aimed at introducing a learning culture where GBV may be dealt with proactively and students empowered to be part of a culture of gender equality