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    Her boşluk bir boşluk değildir: Türkçe Sağ Budak Yükseltme ve Sözdizim-Sesbilimsel Biçim arakesiti

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    This thesis investigates Right Node Raising (RNR) constructions in Turkish. I argue that Turkish RNR requires both ellipsis and multidominance. The evidence comes from the variation in agreement morphology on the surviving verb: I show that when the verb shows cumulative agreement (i.e., when it agrees with both subjects), the structure shows effects reminiscent of multidominance (licenses plurality dependent expressions and allows distributive readings). In comparison, when the verb shows non-cumulative agreement (i.e., when it agrees with the subject of the final conjunct), the structure exhibits effects reminiscent of ellipsis (allows morphological and polarity mismatches, yields sloppy readings of pronouns, and permits the verbs in the two conjuncts to be semantically different). I also show that these effects are in complementary distribution, suggesting that an observed effect is only compatible with either multidominance or ellipsis. In addition, I argue that multidominance and ellipsis can interact, but I show that this interaction is sensitive to constituency.Bu tez, Türkçedeki Sağ Budak Yükseltme (Right Node Raising) yapılarını incelemektedir. Bu tezde, Türkçe Sağ Budak Yükseltme yapılarındaki fiil üzerindeki uyum çeşitliliğine dayanarak, hem Eksilti hem de çoklu-başatlık gerektirdiğini ileri sürüyorum. Fiil kümülatif uyum gösterdiğinde (her iki özne ile uyuma girdiğinde), yapı çoklu-başatlığın etkilerini göstermektedir: çoğulluk bağımlı ifadelere ve dağılımlı okumalara izin vermektedir. Fiil yalnızca son bağlaç öbeğinin öznesiyle tekil (kümülatif olmayan) uzlaşım gösterdiğinde ise yapı eksilti etkileri göstermektedir: biçimbirimsel ve kutuplanma uyuşmazlıklarına izin vermekte, zamirlerin değişken okumalarına ve senkretik fiillerin anlamsal olarak farklı olmasına olanak tanımaktadır. Bu etkilerin tamamlayıcı dağılım içinde olduğunu ve gözlemlenen bir etkinin yalnızca çoklu-başatlık ya da eksiltiden biriyle uyumlu olduğunu gösteriyorum. Buna ek olarak, çoklu-başatlık ve eksiltinin birbiriyle etkileşime girebileceğini savunuyor; ancak bu etkileşimin kurucu yapılarla sınırlı olduğunu ortaya koyuyorum.M.S. - Master of Scienc

    Correlations of Ground-Motion Intensity Measures Observed in the Turkish Strong-Motion Database

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    This study aims to develop correlation models for ground-motion intensity measures based on the Turkish strong-motion data. The intensity measures under examination are horizontal spectral accelerations (SAs) with periods spanning from 0.01 to 10 s, in addition to peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and significant duration. The investigation focuses on the dependence of the developed correlation coefficient models on the definitions of intensity measures. The examination of the Turkish strong-motion database revealed that the correlations in SA are mainly unaffected by the method chosen to define SA in multicomponent ground-motion records. Furthermore, an evaluation is conducted regarding the potential ergodicity dependence within the correlations of ground-motion intensity measures. Specifically, the total residuals derived from a recently developed local partially nonergodic ground-motion prediction model were categorized into between-event, event-and-site-corrected, and between-site residuals. The analysis revealed that the correlations among the between-event residuals exhibit a dependence on region and magnitude. Similarly, it was found that the correlations of event-and site-corrected residuals are influenced by region and source-to-site distance. By utilizing the site-corrected, region-specific correlations in conjunction with computed site-specific ground motions, partially nonergodic conditional mean spectra were developed for two well-monitored sites within the Marmara region

    Spatial planning for thermal comfort justice in an era of climate extremes: The case of Mardin, Türkiye

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    To date, thermal comfort has been predominantly understood either as an individual (bodily) issue to be modified for those able to via consumption-side measures such as air conditioning, or as a technical question requiring adaptations predominantly at the building scale. Contributing to literature at the interface of critical temperature, urban heat and climate justice studies and spatial planning, the paper frames thermal (dis)comfort as a critical urban governance and social justice issue. The paper considers the potential of spatial planning systems to deliver more thermally-just built environments. Presenting an illustrative case study of the city of Mardin in south-eastern Türkiye, it explores the barriers to planning for thermally comfortable urban environments in the context of extreme heat. The results show that while the city's planning systems are procedurally robust, they fail to position thermal (dis)comfort as a socio-spatial justice issue requiring a scalar (e.g. city-level) response. Drawing on the case study, and the literature review, the paper presents a two-stage set of recommendations to embed thermal comfort justice within planning systems

    Cinsiyetlendirilmiş boş zaman: Kadın üniversite öğrencilerinin boş zaman algıları, kısıtlamaları ve müzakere stratejileri

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    This study explores the gendered nature of leisure through female university students’ leisure perceptions, constraints, and negotiations. It aims to understand how female university students’ leisure is shaped by patriarchal power relations and class dynamics as well as their negotiation strategies in order to claim their right to leisure and women’s unique shared experience compared to male university students. Based on semistructured in-depth interviews with 21 university students, both male and female, this study explores how patriarchal, and class relations intersect to shape female university students’ leisure experiences and how their leisure practices are distinctly constrained and negotiated compared to male university students’. To better analyze the distinctive role of patriarchal relations in leisure, the study focuses on the participants’ everyday leisure practices and experiences. The study reveals that while female university students seek joy and freedom in leisure as an everyday practice, they also face patriarchal constraints that differ significantly from those experienced by men. Female university students employ different negotiation strategies within the private and public spheres, often challenging the gendered division of leisure and patriarchal social control. Eventually, findings indicate that, rather than being an apolitical practice, iv leisure becomes a site of everyday struggle where patriarchal power relations are both reproduced and challenged through women’s negotiation. Findings indicate that despite resistance, female university students’ leisure experiences continue to be gendered and constrained by patriarchal power relations and social control of women. Despite different sociodemographic characteristics, female university students’ leisure continues to reflect participants’ feelings of inequality and constraints.Bu çalışma, kadın üniversite öğrencilerinin boş zaman algıları, kısıtlamaları ve müzakereleri aracılığıyla boş zamanın cinsiyetçi doğasını araştırmaktadır. Çalışma, kadın üniversite öğrencilerinin boş zamanlarının ataerkil iktidar ilişkileri ve sınıf dinamikleri tarafından nasıl şekillendirildiğini ve erkek üniversite öğrencilerine kıyasla kadınların boş zaman haklarını ve kadınlara özgü ortak deneyimlerini talep etmek için kullandıkları müzakere stratejilerini anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. 21 erkek ve kadın üniversite öğrencisiyle yapılan yarı yapılandırılmış derinlemesine görüşmelere dayanan bu çalışma, ataerkil ve sınıf ilişkilerinin kadınların boş zaman deneyimlerini nasıl şekillendirdiğini ve kadınların boş zaman uygulamalarının erkeklere kıyasla nasıl farklı şekilde kısıtlandığını ve müzakere edildiğini araştırmaktadır. Ataerkil ilişkilerin kadınların boş zaman deneyimlerindeki kendine özgü rolünü daha iyi analiz etmek için, çalışma katılımcıların günlük boş zaman uygulamalarına ve deneyimlerine odaklanmaktadır. Çalışma, kadınların boş zamanlarında günlük bir pratik olarak neşe ve özgürlük ararken, erkeklerin deneyimlediklerinden önemli ölçüde farklı çeşitli ataerkil kısıtlamalarla da karşılaştıklarını ortaya koymaktadır. Kadın üniversite öğrencileri, özel ve kamusal alanlarda farklı müzakere stratejileri kullanarak, genellikle boş zamanların cinsiyete vi dayalı bölünmesine ve ataerkil sosyal kontrole meydan okumaktadır. Sonuç olarak, bulgular boş zamanın apolitik bir uygulama olmaktan ziyade, kadınların müzakereleri yoluyla ataerkil iktidar ilişkilerinin hem yeniden üretildiği hem de sorgulandığı bir günlük mücadele alanı haline geldiğini göstermektedir. Bulgular, direnişe rağmen, kadın üniversite öğrencilerinin boş zaman deneyimlerinin cinsiyete dayalı olmaya ve ataerkil iktidar ilişkileri ile kadınların sosyal kontrolü tarafından kısıtlanmaya devam ettiğini göstermektedir. Farklı sosyo demografik özelliklere rağmen, kadın üniversite öğrencilerinin boş zamanları, katılımcıların eşitsizlik ve kısıtlama duygularını yansıtmaya devam etmektedir.M.S. - Master of Scienc

    Design and synthesis of heterocycle-based push-pull NLOphores: A comprehensive study of their linear and non-linear optical properties

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    Push-pull chromophores, with strong intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), exhibit high ground-state polarization, driving strong NLO responses. The donor and acceptor abilities of the groups in the investigated compounds influence ICT, so the nonlinear response of these compounds was analyzed in relation to their strength. Two different families of NLOphores were synthesized through [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclizations of heterocycle-based electron-rich alkynes with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ). The λmax values of push-pull chromophores, particularly for charge transfer bands, fall within the range of 424–758 nm. The linear and nonlinear optical properties of these NLOphores were subsequently examined through a combination of experimental and theoretical methods. NLO measurements were conducted using a validated custom-made Z-scan device. The nonlinear absorption coefficients range from −1.44 × 10−4 cm.W−1 to −9.90 × 10−4 cm.W−1, while nonlinear refractive indices range from −1.59 × 10−7 cm2. W−1 to −2.26 × 10−6 cm2. W−1. As expected from their molecular structures, the TCNQ products displayed stronger nonlinear responses than the TCNE products

    MindfulLIME: a stable solution for explanations of machine learning models with enhanced localization precision—a medical image case study

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    Ensuring transparency in machine learning decisions is critically important, especially in sensitive sectors such as healthcare, finance, and justice. Despite this, some popular explainable algorithms, such as Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME), often produce unstable explanations due to the random generation of perturbed samples. Random perturbation introduces small changes or noise to modified instances of the original data, leading to inconsistent explanations. Even slight variations in the generated samples significantly affect the explanations provided by such models, undermining trust and hindering the adoption of interpretable models. To address this challenge, we propose MindfulLIME, a novel algorithm that intelligently generates purposive samples using a graph-based pruning algorithm and uncertainty sampling. MindfulLIME substantially improves the consistency of visual explanations compared to random sampling approaches. Our experimental evaluation, conducted on a widely recognized chest X-ray dataset, confirms MindfulLIME’s stability with a 100% success rate in delivering reliable explanations under identical conditions. Additionally, MindfulLIME improves the localization precision of visual explanations by reducing the distance between the generated explanations and the actual local annotations compared to LIME. We also performed comprehensive experiments considering various segmentation algorithms and sample numbers, focusing on stability, quality, and efficiency. The results demonstrate the outstanding performance of MindfulLIME across different segmentation settings, generating fewer high-quality samples within a reasonable processing time. By addressing the stability limitations of LIME in the context of image data, MindfulLIME notably contributes to enhancing the trustworthiness and interpretability of machine learning models applied to specific medical images, which is a critical application

    A Systematic Review on the Relationship Between Countertransference and Therapeutic Alliance in the Therapy Process

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    Bu çalışmada, karşı aktarımın psikoterapi süreci içerisindeki rolünü ortaya koymak amacıyla, terapötik ittifak ve karşı aktarım arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendiren çalışmaların gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, önceden belirlenen anahtar kelimeler ile Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, PsycNET, MEDLINE, TR Dizin ve Ulakbim veri tabanlarında yayınlanmış Türkçe ve İngilizce makaleler 1999 (Ocak)-2024 (Aralık) yılları kısıtında taranmıştır. Tarama sonucunda dahil etme ölçütlerini karşılayan 15 çalışma gözden geçirilmiştir. İncelenen araştırmalarda karşı aktarım, farklı biçimlerde tanımlanarak terapist ya da dış gözlemciler tarafından değerlendirilmiştir. Terapötik ittifak ise genellikle Bordin’in kuramına dayalı geliştirilmiş ölçeklerle incelenmiş ve bu değerlendirmelerde terapist, danışan ve süpervizör gibi farklı kaynaklardan veri toplanmıştır. Araştırmaların bulguları bir arada değerlendirildiğinde ise karşı aktarım ile terapötik ittifakla ilişkisine dair farklılaşan sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Kesitsel araştırma bulguları, olumsuz karşı aktarımın terapötik ittifakı zayıflattığını; olumlu karşı aktarımın ise terapötik ittifakı destekleyebildiğini ortaya koymuştur. Bunun haricinde boylamsal araştırmalar, olumlu karşı aktarımın yardımcı etkisinin yalnızca tedavinin başlangıç aşamasında gözlemlendiğini, tedavinin ilerleyen aşamalarında ise terapötik ittifakın gücünü zayıflattığını göstermiştir. Karşı aktarımın terapötik ilerlemeye olan en önemli katkısı ise etkili bir şekilde yönetildiğinde terapötik ittifakı desteklemesi olarak bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, olumlu karşı aktarım ile terapötik ittifak arasındaki sonuçlar daha karmaşıkken, olumsuz karşı aktarımın terapötik ittifak için zedeleyici olduğu konusunda bir uzlaşı söz konusudur. Bununla birlikte, karşı aktarımın olumsuz etkilerinin uygun şekilde telafi edilmesi ile olumlu terapötik kazanımların elde edilebileceğine dair bulgular, terapi süreci açısından umut vericidir. Bu derlemenin bulguları, terapötik ilişkinin inşa edilmesi ve etkin bir biçimde sürdürülmesi için klinisyenlerin karşı aktarım dinamiklerini fark etme ve yönetmeye yönelik terapötik becerilerini geliştirmelerinin önemini ortaya koymaktadır.This study aimed to explore the role of countertransference within psychotherapy by reviewing research on the relationship between countertransference and the therapeutic alliance. Articles published in Turkish and English between January 1999 and December 2024 were searched using specific keywords across Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, PsycNET, MEDLINE, TR Dizin, and Ulakbim. Fifteen studies that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Countertransference was defined in various ways and assessed either by therapists or external observers. At the same time, the therapeutic alliance was generally evaluated using Bordin’s theoretical framework with data collected from therapists, clients, and supervisors. Overall, the findings presented mixed results regarding their relationship. Cross-sectional studies indicated that negative countertransference tends to weaken the therapeutic alliance, whereas positive countertransference may enhance it. In contrast, longitudinal studies suggested that the beneficial effects of positive countertransference are mostly evident during early treatment stages but may diminish or even impair the alliance in later phases. The most significant contribution of countertransference to therapy appears to be its capacity to support the therapeutic alliance when effectively managed. In conclusion, despite the complex findings regarding positive countertransference, there is a broad consensus that negative countertransference harms the therapeutic alliance. Importantly, some studies show that these adverse effects can be addressed and transformed into positive therapeutic outcomes, which is encouraging for the therapy process. These results underscore the importance for clinicians to develop skills in recognizing and managing countertransference dynamics to foster and maintain a strong therapeutic relationship.Publisher's Versio

    Effect of Mixing Rate and Duration on Interaction Mechanisms, Physical and Rheological Properties of Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt Binders

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    The pavement industry promotes sustainable practices by integrating waste materials into asphalt production. Among these, crumb rubber (CR) has long been successfully used, though there is still no consensus and standardization on its production process. Therefore, this study systematically investigates the asphalt–rubber interaction mechanisms considering the mixing rate and duration on physical and rheological properties of wet process CR-modified asphalt (CRMA) binders. Based on the literature and practice, 12 CRMA binders are produced using conventional and high shear mixing (1000 and 5800 rpm), across six durations (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, or 180 min). The effects of these variables on physical and rheological properties were studied experimentally and statistically. Moreover, the CR-binder interaction mechanism is analyzed by fluorescence microscopy imaging in different aging phases. It is observed that the mixing method significantly influences the consistency, temperature susceptibility, and aging resistance of CRMA binders due to the rate of degradation of CR particles. Results reveal that CRMA binders prepared with high shear mixing enhance aging resistance, and the binders with conventional mixing yield lower temperature susceptibility and improved rutting resistance. Moreover, the noteworthy effect of mixing duration is only observed in consistency and long-term aging resistance, though a 90-to-120-min mixing duration is identified as an optimal range for a stable performance. Eventually, high shear mixing may be suggested for colder regions, where a softer binder is needed for easy handling and good performance, while conventional mixing is favorable for warmer areas. Ultimately, the mixing method considerably influences the overall performance

    SANSÜRLÜ ÖRNEKLEMDE SAGLAM TEHL ˘ ˙IKE ORANI TAHM˙IN˙I

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    In reliability or survival analysis, it is possible that one comes across incomplete data that is often a result of unintended censoring. These types of censoring are called type II (non-informative) censoring and are effective on the outcome of the analysis where regular and traditional methods are used. This study, focusing on censored cases, utilizes parameter estimation method of Modified Maximum Likelihood (MML) estimation to obtain censoring and distribution robust estimates on location-scale type families of data. The estimates often show little to no bias regardless of the sample size or the censoring and can be generalized over most location-scale families of distributions. The obtained estimates are then used to predict the censored partition of the data by proposing a linearization approach. The future order statistics are estimated reliably and easily and finally, to approximate the hazard rate for the failure or the expected event on both the censored and the uncensored portions of the data, the estimated location and scale parameters are used in linear interpolation to linearize the change over time. The results obtained from the interpolation are robust to varying time, and are well-performing in tails as well as middle-grounds of the dataGüvenilirlik veya ya¸sam süresi analizlerinde, genellikle istenmeden olu¸san sansürleme sonucu eksik verilerle kar¸sıla¸sılabilir. Bu tür sansürlemeler tip II (bilgi içermeyen) sansürleme olarak adlanldırılır ve klasik yöntemlerin kullanıldıgı analiz sonuçla- ˘ rını etkileyebilir. Bu çalı¸sma, böyle durumlarda Degi¸stirilmi¸s Maksimum Olabilirlik ˘ (MML) yakla¸sımı ile yer ve ölçek dagılımlarında sansürleme ve da ˘ gılım yapısından ˘ bagımsız sa ˘ glam tahminler elde edilir. Elde edilen tahminler, gözlemlenen sıralı ista- ˘ tistikler üzerinde aralık yöntemi ile sansürlenmi¸s veriyi tahmin etmek için kullanılır. Önerilen dogrusalla¸stırma (linearizasyon) yakla¸sımı ile, gelecekteki sansürlü sıralı is- ˘ tatistikler güvenilir ve kolay bir ¸sekilde tahmin edilebilir. Son olarak, hem sansürlü hem de sansürsüz veri kısımlarında beklenen olay için tehlike oranı (hazard rate) tahminlemek için, tahminlenen parametreler zamana baglı oransal de ˘ gi¸simi do ˘ grusal ˘ hale getirmede kullanılır. Bu yöntem sonucu elde edilen bulgular, zamana degi¸simine ˘ dayanıklı olup, verinin uç noktalarında ve orta kısımlarında iyi performans göstermektedir.M.S. - Master of Scienc

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