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    Enhancing InGaN LED performance via ALD-grown Al2O3 sidewall passivation

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    InGaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are at the forefront of solid-state lighting technologies due to their superior efficiency and broad spectral emission. However, their performance is often compromised by leakage currents, which lead to reduced external quantum efficiency. Passivation of surface defect, the need of which arises from either epitaxial growth or mesa etching, emerges as a promising strategy to mitigate leakage currents and enhance LED performance. This study compares the effects of different sidewall passivation using two dielectric materials, Al2O3 and SiO2, on the reliability and long-term stability performance of InGaN LEDs. The study conducts a comprehensive analysis to evaluate the impact of each material on reducing leakage current and improving overall device efficiency. The experimental findings of our study indicate that the LEDs with Al2O3 sidewall passivation have better long-term stability performance, lower series resistance, higher breakdown voltages, significantly lower leakage current, and up to a 19% increase in light output power compared to SiO2 sidewall passivation. These superior properties of Al2O3-passivated LEDs increase device reliability and stability. Conversely, SiO2-passivated LEDs demonstrate relatively higher leakage currents, which can be attributed to lower dielectric constant, non-uniform film deposition and incomplete defect passivation

    SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMANIN BİR İTİCİ GÜCÜ OLARAK KÖY ENSTİTÜLERİ MİRASININ KORUNMASI

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    The Village Institutes, established in Turkey between 1940 and 1954, represent a pioneering approach to integrating education with rural development, addressing the nations urgent need for educational reform and socio-economic advancement in rural areas. The 21 village institute campuses, systematically and meticulously designed with a unique architectural language, have endured through various institutional uses over time but have undergone changes influenced by the change in educational system. The study aims to understand the physical transformation of the sites through narratives and archive documents as a model of the Early Republican Period, evaluate their unique role in rural development, identify conservation challenges and values. By analyzing seven village institute sites in detail and evaluating others at a broader scale, the study argues that much like during the Early Republican Era, village institute campuses still hold the potential to serve as tools for achieving sustainable development goals today. By integrating the existing qualities and potentials of each campus with the socio-cultural and economic opportunities of their respective regions, the study proposes strategies for the holistic and participatory conservation of the campuses. Additionally, it offers suggestions for the adaptive reuse of abandoned open spaces and buildings to support sustainable development for seven village institute sites. This study provides a foundation for developing similar proposals for other village institute campuses, making it possible not only to ensure the conservation of the entire village institute network but also to revive their original development mission.1940 ve 1954 yılları arasında Türkiye'de kurulan Köy Enstitüleri, eğitimi kırsal kalkınma ile entegre eden ve ülkenin eğitim reformu ile kırsal bölgelerdeki sosyoekonomik gelişim ihtiyacını ele alan öncü bir yaklaşımı temsil etmektedir. Sistematik ve titizlikle tasarlanmış, kendine özgü bir mimari dile sahip 21 köy enstitüsü yerleşkesi, zamanla çeşitli kurumsal kullanımlarla varlığını sürdürmüş ancak eğitim sistemindeki değişiklikler ve çevrelerindeki kentleşmenin etkisiyle dönüşümlere uğramıştır. Bu çalışma, Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi'nin bir modeli olarak enstitü alanlarının fiziksel dönüşümünü anlatılar ve arşiv belgeleri aracılığıyla anlamayı, onların kırsal kalkınmadaki benzersiz rollerini değerlendirmeyi ve koruma problemleri ile değerlerini tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yedi köy enstitüsü alanını detaylı bir şekilde analiz ederek ve diğerlerini daha geniş bir ölçekte değerlendirerek, çalışma, tıpkı Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nde olduğu gibi, köy enstitüsü yerleşkelerinin günümüzde de sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedeflerine ulaşmada bir araç olma potansiyeline sahip olduğunu savunmaktadır. Her kampüsün mevcut nitelikleri ve potansiyelleri, bulundukları bölgelerin sosyo-kültürel ve ekonomik fırsatlarıyla entegre edilerek, kampüslerin bütüncül ve katılımcı bir şekilde korunmasına yönelik stratejiler sunmaktadır. Ayrıca, yedi köy enstitüsü alanı için terk edilmiş açık alanlar ve binaların sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı destekleyecek şekilde yeniden işlevlendirilmesine dair öneriler sunmaktadır. Çalışma, diğer köy enstitüsü kampüsleri için de benzer önerilerin geliştirilmesine zemin hazırlayarak, yalnızca köy enstitüsü ağının korunmasını sağlamakla kalmayıp, aynı zamanda özgün kalkınma misyonlarını da canlandırmanın mümkün olduğunu göstermektedir.Ph.D. - Doctoral Progra

    Erken çocuklukta kültüre uygun çocukluk çağı saldırganlığı teorisinin Türkiye bağlamında durumsal analiz yoluyla oluşturulması: Gömülü teori yaklaşımı

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    Aggression is a persistent behavioral problem with long-term negative consequences and strong resistance to change. Culture plays a significant role in shaping aggressive behavior, and although prior research has offered general insights into childhood aggression across cultures, much of the literature originates from Western contexts, particularly the United States and Europe. Given Türkiye’s distinct cultural structure, there is a pressing need to develop culturally grounded theories that reflect local perspectives. This study aims to construct a comprehensive and culturally appropriate theory of childhood aggression through a grounded theory design. The research was conducted in two phases. Study 1 focused on defining aggression and identifying its key characteristics to inform the sampling and design of the main study. In this phase, data were collected from 18 experts, including psychologists, psychiatrists, child development specialists, early childhood educators, and guidance counselors. Study 2 explored childhood aggression from the perspectives of parents, teachers, and through observation of children in Ankara. Theoretical sampling was employed, and participants included 12 fathers, 12 mothers, 17 preschool teachers, and five children aged 60 to 72 months. Data collection tools included semi- structured interview, observation forms, and field notes.To ensure trustworthiness, strategies such as audit trails, thick description, reflective journals, memo writing, triangulation, peer review, and member checking were employed. As a result, the study developed a culturally appropriate theory of childhood aggression consisting of nine themes: behavioral antecedents, aggressive behaviors, behavioral consequences, intervention strategies, functions of aggression, patterns and manifestations, influencing factors, background determinants, and behavioral challenges and outcomes.Saldırganlık, değişime dirençli, uzun vadeli olumsuz sonuçlar doğuran kalıcı bir problem davranıştır. Kültür, saldırganlığın şekillenmesinde önemli bir rol oynar. Mevcut literatürde erken çocukluk dönemindeki saldırganlığa dair genel bir bakış sunulsa da, bu çalışmaların büyük kısmı Amerika ve Avrupa merkezlidir. Oysa Türkiye, Batılı ülkelerden farklı bir kültürel yapıya sahiptir ve bu durum, yerel bağlamda kuramsal geliştirmelere duyulan ihtiyacı ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışma, erken çocukluk dönemine özgü saldırganlık davranışına kültürel açıdan duyarlı ve bütüncül bir kuram geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma, grounded theory (gömülü teori) deseniyle yürütülmüş ve iki aşamadan oluşmuştur. Birinci çalışmada, saldırganlığın tanımlanması ve özelliklerinin belirlenmesi yoluyla ana çalışmanın örneklem süreci şekillendirilmiştir. Bu aşamada psikolog, psikiyatrist, çocuk gelişimi uzmanı, okul öncesi öğretmeni ve PDR uzmanı olmak üzere 18 uzmandan veri toplanmıştır. İkinci çalışmada, Ankara’daki 60–72 aylık öğretmenleri ve ebeveynleriyle görüşmeler yapılmıştır ve çocuk gözlemi gerçekleşmiştir. Teorik örnekleme ile ulaşılan katılımcılar; 12 baba, 12 anne, 17 öğretmen ve 5 çocuktan oluşmuştur. Veri toplamada yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler, gözlem formları ve alan notları kullanılmıştır. Güvenirliği sağlamak amacıyla denetim izi, kalın betimleme, yansıtıcı günlük, not alma, veri çeşitlemesi, akran incelemesi ve katılımcı kontrolü gibi yöntemlere başvurulmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda saldırganlığa ilişkin dokuz temadan oluşan kültürel bağlamlı bir kuram geliştirilmiştir.Ph.D. - Doctoral Progra

    Bullying Among Special Education Students

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    The purpose of the study is to examine traditional and cyberbullying among the students with special education needs attending special education schools. Additionally, traditional and cyber victimization among special education students have been examined in terms of gender and grade levels. A sample of the present study consists of 295 students with special education needs (177 gifted, 118 deaf) attending segregated special education schools. The Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire, the Revised Cyber Bullying Inventory-II, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and a demographic data sheet were employed to collect data. Results of the study indicated that of the total 295 students with special education needs, 28.1% of the students with special education needs were bullies and 39.3% were victims of traditional bullying. Furthermore, 13.5% of the students with special education needs were identified as cyberbullies, and 23.3% of them were found as cybervictims. When gender and grade level were examined in regard to traditional and cyber victimization, significant gender differences were found in 9 and 10 grade levels. Male students with special education needs obtained higher scores for victimization than female students with special education needs. The results of the study were discussed in the light of literature

    Two-Dimensional Titanium Disulfide Nanosheets for Enhanced Capacity of Zinc-Ion Capacitors

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    Capacitors offer high power density, superior cycle stability, and fast charging, making them highly promising for energy storage. However, their energy density needs to be improved. Due to zinc’ s abundance, low cost, high capacity, and stability, aqueous zinc-ion capacitors (ZnCs) have garnered significant attention. ZnCs face challenges such as rapid capacity decrease and reduced lifespan due to strong electrostatic interactions, electrode material dissolution, and sluggish ionic diffusion. Bulk titanium disulfide (TiS2) has been investigated as an electrode material to overcome these disadvantages, but the effects of its two-dimensional (2D) structure have yet to be discovered. With this work, bulk TiS2 is exfoliated into semi-metallic 2D-TiS2 nanosheets using organolithium chemistry, optimizing it as a cathode material for ZnCs to enhance energy density. The 2D-TiS2 exhibited a specific capacitance of 214.3 F g−1 at 0.1 mV s−1 scan rate and a specific capacity of 116.4 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1, while significantly outperforming bulk TiS2. This work highlights the potential of 2D-TiS2 to enhance the energy density of ZnCs through improved electrical conductivity and improved accessibility of ions through nanosheets, offering a new class of cathodes for enhanced energy storage

    Kendini iyileştiren hidrojellerin kardiyak doku mühendisliğinde kullanımı

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    This research developed an injectable, self-healing, and conductive composite hydrogel (HAGOE) for cardiac repair by integrating hyaluronic acid (HA)-based hydrogels, graphene oxide (GO), and exosomes isolated from hAMSCs conditioned in low-glucose environment. Three HA variants (40, 80, and 100 kDa) were functionalized with phenylboronic acid (PBA) or fructosamine via EDC coupling, with successful conjugation confirmed by NMR and FTIR. All hydrogels (10% w/v in PBS, 1:1 ratio) exhibited rapid gelation at physiological pH and maintained injectability. Degradation studies over 21 days revealed mass losses of 26% for HA40 versus 14% for HA80 and HA100, with preserved tensile strength despite reduced stiffness. Biological evaluation demonstrated enhanced cardiomyogenic and angiogenic differentiation, leading to the selection of HA80 for its optimal degradation-porosity balance. GO was synthesized from graphite and characterized by FTIR, Raman, XRD, and XPS, confirming single-layer structure (270 nm average size) and increased sp²-hybridized domains critical for conductivity. Dose-dependent testing (0.5–2.5 mg/mL) showed improved conductivity without altering mechanical properties or viability. While GO-5 and GO-15 (5 and 15 μg/cm²) enhanced both cardiomyogenic and angiogenic differentiation. Exosomes isolated from hAMSCs conditioned in low- or high-glucose media were non-cytotoxic and equally promoted cardiomyogenesis. However, low-glucose exosomes significantly augmented angiogenesis, justifying their inclusion in HAGOE. In a Sprague-Dawley rat MI model, HAGOE (HA80 + GO-5 + low-glucose exosomes) injection reduced fibrosis and reparative cardiac remodeling compared to saline. These results highlight HAGOE’s multifunctional potential as a therapeutic platform for infarct regeneration.Bu araştırma, düşük glikoz ortamında kondisyonlanmış hAMSC'lerden izole edilen ekzozomlar, hiyalüronik asit (HA) bazlı hidrojeller ve grafen oksit (GO) entegre edilerek enjekte edilebilir, kendini iyileştiren ve iletken bir kompozit hidrojel (HAGOE) geliştirmiştir. Üç HA varyantı (40, 80 ve 100 kDa), EDC bağlantısı yoluyla fenilboronik asit (PBA) veya fruktozamin ile fonksiyonlandırılmış ve başarılı konjugasyon NMR ve FTIR ile doğrulanmıştır. Tüm hidrojeller (%10 w/v PBS, 1:1 oran) fizyolojik pH'da hızlı jelasyon gösterirken enjekte edilebilirliğini korumuştur. Yirmi bir günlük bozunma çalışmaları, HA40'ta %26 kütle kaybı gösterirken, HA80 ve HA100'de bu oran %14 olarak belirlenmiş ve sertlikteki azalmaya rağmen çekme dayanımı korunmuştur. Biyolojik değerlendirmeler, kardiyomiyojenik ve anjiyojenik farklılaşmayı artırdığını göstermiş ve bozunma-porozite dengesi en uygun olan HA80'in seçilmesine yol açmıştır. GO, grafitten sentezlenmiş ve FTIR, Raman, XRD ve XPS ile karakterize edilerek tek tabakalı yapı (ortalama 270 nm boyut) ve iletkenlik için kritik önem taşıyan sp²-melezlenmiş domain artışı doğrulanmıştır. Doza bağlı testler (0.5-2.5 mg/mL), mekanik özellikleri veya canlılığı değiştirmeden iletkenliği artırdığını göstermiştir. GO-5 ve GO-15 (5 ve 15 μg/cm²) hem kardiyomiyojenik hem de anjiyojenik farklılaşmayı artırmıştır. Düşük veya yüksek glikozlu ortamlarda kondisyonlanmış hAMSC'lerden izole edilen ekzozomlar sitotoksik olmayıp benzer şekilde kardiyomiyojenezi desteklemiştir. Bununla birlikte, düşük glikoz ekzozomları anjiyogenezi önemli ölçüde artırmış ve HAGOE'ye dahil edilmelerini haklı çıkarmıştır. Sprague-Dawley sıçan MI modelinde, HAGOE (HA80 + GO-5 + düşük glikoz ekzozomları) enjeksiyonu, salin ile karşılaştırıldığında fibrozisi azaltmış ve onarıcı kardiyak remodelingi iyileştirmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, HAGOE'nin enfarkt rejenerasyonu için çok fonksiyonlu bir terapötik platform potansiyelini ortaya koymaktadır.Ph.D. - Doctoral Progra

    ZEMİN-KAZIK-YAPI ETKİLEŞİMLERİNİN KAPSAMLI MODELLENMESİYLE YERİNDE DÖKME KAZIKLAR ÜZERİNDEKİ BİNALARIN SİSMİK DEĞERLENDİRMESİ

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    Construction of pile-supported high-rise buildings and large-span bridges has been steadily increasing due to rising demands in housing and transportation. Consequently, understanding the response of pile foundations under dynamic loads has become an important issue in the design of many structures. Modeling and the analysis of the soil-pile-structure systems with the consideration of SSI effects is a demanding task. Material nonlinearities of soil and structural elements, cyclic effects on the soil and pile group effects should be considered for realistic simulations. The application of the seismic loads, while considering these issues, is also a significant challenge for the dynamic analysis of the pile-supported structures. Given the challenges in these simulations, the design and assessment of these structures are generally conducted with force-displacement curves representing equivalent soil behavior in static and dynamic analysis. The kinematic and inertial interaction are considered with approximate techniques. Modeling this complex behavior with simplified sub-structuring for kinematic and inertial interactions requires a set of assumptions. The implications of these assumptions and simplified modeling techniques on the demand predictions for the pile and superstructure are also not clear. The goal of this study is to explore the dynamic behavior of a typical building structure supported by pile foundations, with a focus on soil-structure interaction (SSI) effects, and to extract practical insights from the results. A detailed 3D soil-pile (and structure) continuum model is used to simulate the response of these systems under dynamic loads. Soil medium, multiple piles and 2D frame structure are modeled together simulating the complex nonlinearity, including cyclic effects and residual displacements. The seismic loads are applied to the system using a local domain decomposition technique proposed by Lokke and Chopra (2018). The soil, pile group and the superstructure is modelled with different modeling approaches as linear, nonlinear alternatives. The demands on the pile and structure are then derived from a series of seismic analyses and compared to assess the impact of different modeling approaches.Kazık destekli yüksek binaların ve geniş açıklıklı köprülerin inşası, konut ve ulaşım taleplerindeki artış nedeniyle sürekli olarak artmaktadır. Bu nedenle, kazık temellerin dinamik yükler altındaki tepkisinin anlaşılması, birçok yapının tasarımında önemli bir konu haline gelmiştir. Zemin-yapı etkileşimi (SSI) etkilerini göz önünde bulundurarak, zemin-kazık-yapı sistemlerinin modellenmesi ve analizi özel çaba gerektiren bir süreçtir. Gerçekçi simülasyonlar için zemin ve yapısal elemanların malzeme doğrusal olmayanlıkları, zemin ve kazık grubu üzerindeki döngüsel etkiler dikkate alınmalıdır. Bu sorunları göz önünde bulundurarak sismik yüklerin uygulanması, kazık destekli yapıların dinamik analizi açısından da önemli bir zorluktur. Bu tür simülasyonlardaki zorluklar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, bu yapıların tasarımı ve değerlendirilmesi genellikle statik ve dinamik analizlerde eşdeğer toprak davranışını temsil eden kuvvet-yer değiştirme eğrileri kullanılarak yapılmaktadır. Kinematik ve atalet etkileşimleri yaklaşık tekniklerle dikkate alınmaktadır. Bu karmaşık davranışı kinematik ve atalet etkileşimleri için basitleştirilmiş alt yapılandırmalarla modellemek, bir dizi varsayım gerektirir. Bu varsayımların ve basitleştirilmiş modelleme tekniklerinin kazık ve üst yapı üzerindeki talep tahminleri üzerindeki etkileri de net değildir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kazık temellerle desteklenen tipik bir bina yapısının dinamik davranışını, zemin-yapı etkileşimi (SSI) etkilerine odaklanarak incelemek ve sonuçlardan pratik çıkarımlar elde etmektir. Dinamik yükler altında bu sistemlerin tepkisini simüle etmek için ayrıntılı bir 3D zemin-kazık (ve yapı) sürekli modeli kullanılmaktadır. Zemin ortamı, çoklu kazıklar ve 2D çerçeve yapı, döngüsel etkiler ve kalıcı yer değiştirmeler de dahil olmak üzere karmaşık doğrusal olmayanlığı simüle edecek şekilde birlikte modellenmektedir. Sismik yükler, Lokke ve Chopra (2018) tarafından önerilen yerel bölge ayrıştırma tekniği kullanılarak sisteme uygulanmaktadır. Zemin, kazık grubu ve üst yapı, doğrusal ve doğrusal olmayan alternatiflerle farklı modelleme yaklaşımlarıyla modellenmektedir. Kazık ve yapı üzerindeki talepler, bir dizi sismik analizden elde edilmekte ve farklı modelleme yaklaşımlarının etkisini değerlendirmek amacıyla karşılaştırılmaktadır.Ph.D. - Doctoral Progra

    Implant Body Fracture Due to Fatigue in a Maxillary Implant-Retained Overdenture Treatment

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    The aim of this study was to determine the causes of fatigue and implant failures in an implant-retained overdenture case. One out of four implants portrayed inadequate osseointegration during healing abutment placement, and one was fractured from the middle to the apical third after 1 year of denture use. Various aspects, such as insufficient cooling while implant socket preparation, incorrect prosthodontic planning, and erroneous design of the denture, were evaluated. Macroscopic and microscopic inspections of the fractured implant body were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy. Consequently, metallic fatigue along with secondary cracks and beach marks were evident. It was deduced that the failed and fractured implants depicted substandard osseointegration; thus, they were susceptible to the wear out effect of the occlusal forces. Unfavorable osseointegration caused the fulcrum axis to move apically instead of forming on the neck part of the implant, and micromovements around the fulcrum axis mustered the fracture

    Navigating paradoxes: youth civil society amidst shrinking and expanding spaces in Azerbaijan

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    Youth engagement in civil society is increasingly recognised as a global trend, with authoritarian regimes consolidating power through strategic youth policies. This phenomenon offers a unique perspective on civil society under restrictive governance in post-Soviet Azerbaijan, which has a significant youth population. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Azerbaijan’s regime has reinforced its control, and the spillover from the Arab Spring has intensified repressive policies against opposition movements. This research examines how youth civil society organisations in Azerbaijan navigate the challenges of state repression and external funding dynamics. It employs a theoretical frame­work categorising civil society into three types: claims-making non-governmental organisations (NGOs), non-profit service providers, and regime-loyal NGOs. The study includes in-depth interviews with members of youth NGOs, alongside perspectives from international organisations, academics, and state institutions. The findings reveal a dual landscape: while some groups struggle under restrictive legal frameworks and seek alternative pathways, others align with the state for support. This study enhances understanding of civil society’s adaptability and resilience in authoritarian contexts, providing insights into how youth organisations balance survival and engagement in restrictive political environments

    Distributed Verifiable Random Function with Compact Proof

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    Verifiable Random Functions (VRFs) are cryptographic primitives that generate unpredictable randomness along with proofs that are verifiable, a critical requirement for blockchain applications in decentralized finance, online gaming, and more. Existing VRF constructions often rely on centralized entities, creating security vulnerabilities. Distributed VRFs (DVRFs) offer a decentralized alternative but face challenges like large proof sizes or dependence on computationally expensive bilinear pairings. In this research, a unique distributed VRF (DVRF) system called DVRFwCP with considerable improvements is proposed. DVRFwCP has constant-size proofs, which means that the size of the proof does not change based on the number of participants. This overcomes a significant drawback of earlier DVRF systems, which saw proof size increase with participant count. Furthermore, DVRFwCP produces more efficient verification than previous systems by eliminating the requirement for bilinear pairings throughout the verification process. However, DVRFwCP necessitates an extra step of interaction between the participants. These innovations contribute to a more secure and scalable solution for generating verifiable randomness in decentralized environments. We compare our construction to well-established DVRF instantiations such as DDH-DVRF and GLOW-DVRF while also pointing out the major improvement in the estimated gas cost of these algorithms

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