eJournal MAPEKI (Masyarakat Peneliti Kayu Indonesia)
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Strength and Stiffness Behavior of Earthquake Resistant Pedestrian LVL Timber Bridge
No full textA bridge is a structure which is used to connect two areas separate by obstacles. The environmental damage caused a number of reductions in the production of timber, and by that, the LVL timber which is a high quality processed or engineered timber is chosen. This research determined the design of the timber bridge structure for pedestrian with simple beam type and earthquake resistant. The load in this bridge is referring to the SNI 1725:2016 and SNI 2833:2008, the design of the girder and the connection is referring to SNI 7973:2013, and the deflection is referring to the LFRD for Highway Bridge Superstructures. The timber bridge is designed to have a span of 10 metres long and 3 metres wide. The modeling and designing of the wooden bridge are using an application called SAP2000 based on finite element analysis. Result obtained from this research indicated that the longitudinal dimension of the girder is 360 mm x 630 mm and the cross sectional dimension is 180 mm x 270 mm. The number of bolts and lock screws needed on the connection among the longitudinal girders are 40 pieces, between the longitudinal girders and the cross sectional girders is three pieces, and between the railing and the slab are two pieces. Based on the stiffness review, the results showed that the bridge deflection that occurred was lower than the permit deflectio
A Spectroscopic and Nondestructive Analysis Methods for Investigation of Inorganic Pigments in A Cultural Heritage in North of Iran
No full textMany of the historical objects that form our cultural heritage are made of wood. Wooden artefacts, wood painted panels and historic furniture represent a significant part of our cultural heritage. Their preservation over time is a challenging task, and insect infestation still represents a primary cause of loss of cultural heritage artifacts. For this reason in this research, wood pigments that are important in the conservation of historical wooden objects are described. The characterization of very stable pigments from a cultural heritage building named by SAGHATALAR which is located in Mazandaran province, a suburb around of Fridonkenar city in the north of Iran near Caspian Sea (Cochakbishehmahaleh village) was investigated. The result were showed no organic materials was find in the four colors (Blue, Red, Yellow and Green) as samples of this building were detected and taken samples from them for characterization and analysis. The spectroscopic techniques that have been used are Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X‐ray emission spectroscopy (XRD), Uv-vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and Mossbauer spectroscopy
Antifungal Activity of Triterpenoids and Steroids Isolated from Pinus merkusii Bark Against Phanerochaete chrysosporium
No full textThe outer part of a tree, known as the bark, protects the internal tissues from external conditions and attacks from microorganisms. Its antifungal activities are due to the presence of chemicals in this bark. This study aimed at evaluating the toxicity of triterpenoids and steroids from the bark of Pinus merkusii against Phanerochaete chrysosporium (white-rot). The triterpenoids and steroids were isolated from n-hexane extract of the bark through column chromatography. Then, the antifungal activity was evaluated by measuring the growth rate of the fungus on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium in a Petri dish. The isolation resulted in three triterpenoids (3β- methoxyserratt-14-en-21-one, serrate-14-en-3β,21β –diol, 3α,21β- dimethoxy-D14-serratene) and two steroids (β-sitosterol, Stigmast-4-en-3-one). There was more of antifungal activity with β-sitosterol and serrate-14-en-3β,21β –diol, due to presence of hydroxyl bond and their hydrophobicity
Mechanical Properties of Compressed Wood with Various Compression Ratios
No full textThis paper investigates five groups of compressed wood (CF), four of them made from compressed Japanese cedar with four different compression ratios (CR) of 33%, 50%, 67% and 70% and one without compression (control). The specimens were conditioned in relative humidity (RH) of 60% with moisture content (MC) of 12%. Mechanical properties tested were shear modulus in LR, LT and RT planes by single cube test method, Young’s modulus in the L, R, T directions and poisson’s ratios in all planes. Results showed that in comparison with control specimen, the average improvement on density with CR improvement were 25%, 75%, 175% and 261% corresponding to CRs of 33%, 50%, 67% and 70% respectively. It was also found that Young’s modulus in the L and T directions increased significantly with the increase of CR. Shear modulus of RT plane increased with the rise of CR. Poisson’s ratios tended to decrease with increasing compression ratio of CW
Catalytic Process in Producing Green Aromatics through Fast Pyrolysis of Wood of Five Tropical Fast Growing Trees Species
No full textThe generation of liquid fuels and chemicals is potential through a catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) which is a rapid, inexpensive, and promising method utilizing tropical wood biomass as starting material. There is a little known in the potential of wood biomass from tropical fast-growing trees as starting materials for the production of liquid fuel and chemicals. In this study the formation of aromatics by pyrolytic-gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (Py-GC/MS) is evaluated on the effect of wood species with different characteristics and its cellulose component to the formation of aromatics. Fast pyrolysis of eucalyptus wood characterized with low content of ash and high percentages of hollocellulose and α-cellulose produced much high relative peaks of levoglucosan and small relative peaks of lignin derived products. Meanwhile high content of vollatile matter and high crystallinity of cellulose attributed balsa and jabon woods as feedstock for fast pyrolysis. The catalytic process in fast pyrolysis of eucalyptus decomposed the most of oxygenated compound such as levoglucosan and furfural into aromatics in the presence of ZSM-5. Coke formation on the surface catalyst might lead partly of decomposition of levoglucosan and furfural to form aromatics in the catalytic fast pyrolysis of balsa wood. Cellulose component determined on the formation of benzene, toluene, styrene, p-xylene, indane, indene, and naphthalene in catalytic fast pyrolysis of wood
Improving The Physical Properties of Young Teak Wood Through Phenol Formaldehyde Compregnation
No full textYoung teak wood exhibits inferior properties due to a high proportion of juvenile wood and sapwood. The modification through compregnation of phenol formaldehyde is required to improve wood qualities. Therefore, this study aimed to observe the possibility of improving the physical properties of young teak wood (15 years) using phenol formaldehyde compregnation at various concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%) and pressing times (15, 30, 60 minutes). The results showed that phenol formaldehyde concentration produced retention with a maximum value of 31.19 kg/m3. Based on wood without treatment (controls), the compregnation significantly increased the redness (a*) level by 45.57% and the specific gravity by 7.93%. The decreasing levels after treatment were observed in the brightness (L*) (by 36.56%), the yellowness (b*) (by 38.40%), and air-dried moisture contents by (by 5.44%). Furthermore, the reduction in hygroscopicity was observed in an equilibrium moisture content level in various relative humidity, as well as in increasing the stability dimension, though in a small magnitude
Potensi Tiga Jenis Kayu Tanah Gambut Sumatera sebagai Bahan Baku Pulp dan Kertas (The Potential of Three Peat Land Woods of Sumatera as Pulp and Paper Raw Material)
No full textThe growth of pulp and paper industries has encouraged the expansion of the industrial plantation forests for pulp wood. The exotic species planted for pulp wood initially maintained a relatively high productivity, however it decreases in the following rotation cycles. The peat land wood species of Sumatera could be an alternative for exotic species. However, the insufficient information on the wood properties has brought about they are less considered. This paper examined the fiber quality of Sumatran local peat-wood and its possibility as a raw material of pulp and paper. For specific gravity, samples were selected based on three different diameter groups in each plot. Fiber properties (dimension and fiber derivative values) used to asses the suitability of the wood for pulp and paper raw material were determined in accordance with the method of the Forest Product Laboratory (FPL). The resulted data and information were compared to those of krasikarpa (Acacia crassicarpa Benth.). The results showed that the fiber quality of sekubung wood was classified into grade II, while gerunggang and mahang putih were classified into grade III. The specific gravity of gerunggang wood was higher than these of other woods and comparable to that of krasikarpa. Although the growth of Sumatran local peat-wood is still low, however, conformity with government regulations (Government Regulation Number 57-2016 and Ministry of Environment and Forestry Regulation Number 17-2017) and fiber quality, the local peat-wood could potentially substitute the exotic wood species
Wood Permeability Assessment of Young Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.)
No full textWood properties of young teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) is inferior, and then preservative treatment is one possible solution to enhance its service life. The uptake and movement of preservatives through wood cell structure is directly connected to the wood permeability. There are two simple methods to identify wood permeability: water soaking and bubble test methods. This paper assesses the young teak permeability by water soaking and bubble test methods. The assessment was conducted into five cm thick young-teak discs by soaking in the red-dye water and blowing air into the discs which had been coated with soap. Results show that the heartwood is less permeable than sapwood. Red-dye penetrates almost 100% of the sapwood area, and the red-dye did not penetrate in the heartwood. Red-dye only penetrates in the cracked heartwood through the void volume in the cracking heartwood. There is a transition zone between sapwood and heartwood, and it is refractory. Bubble test with air pressure from compressor could open the air-pathway in the heartwood and sapwood of young-teak discs taken from Bogor. The bubble test result of young-teak discs from Madiun showed air-pathway only in the sapwood, but heartwood. The air pressure is not capable of moving the vapour through the wood cell. It indicates that the heartwood of young-teak from Madiun is less permeable and less possibility for pressure treatment
Thermal Conductivity of Teak Wood from Thinned Stands
No full textWood has been utilized as a heat conductor or insulator. Hence, this research aims to discover the thermal conductivity of teak wood using thinned stands from the Perhutani plantation forest. The samples obtained had varying moisture content and fiber direction, and were of distinct tree ages, at 12, 15, 20, 25, and 60 years. This result show that the thermal conductivity in air-dry conditions and fiber saturation points were 0.116 to 0.128 and 0.338 to 0.151 in W/Mk, respectively. The analysis of variance showed that the thermal conductivity of teak wood was affected by the interaction of fiber directions and moisture content but not significantly by tree age. Also, there was a weak relationship found between thermal conductivity and specific gravity in air-dry conditions and longitudinal direction
Keteguhan Rekat Kayu Lapis Sengon Menggunakan Perekat Lignin-Formaldehida dengan Dua Macam Bahan Pengisi (Bonding Strength of Sengon Plywood Using Lignin-Formaldehyde Adhesive with Two Types of Fillers)
No full textVarious efforts have been done to reduce the cost, such as finding a suitable mixture of fillers in the adhesive formulation. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristic of lignin-formaldehyde (LF) adhesive and the effect of different content of coconut shell flour and kaolin in the adhesive of lignin on the bonding strength of sengon plywood. Coconut shell flour and kaolin filler content were varied, i.e. 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. The plywood of (20x20x1.5) cm3 size was prepared using a liquid lignin-formaldehyde (LF) with a glue spread of 170 g m-2 surfaces. Bonding strength of plywood was tested to determine the quality of sengon plywood. The results showed that LF adhesive was appeared as a reddish-brown liquid and there were no foreign substances, solid resin content ranges from 31.85 to 35.68%, viscosity of 1.2 poise, acidity (pH) of 11.5, and gelatinized time ranges from 24.20-25.96 minutes. The type and filler content had a significant effect on the bonding strength of sengon plywood. Increasing of the filler content tended to increase the bonding strength of sengon plywood to 30%. The bonding strength of sengon plywood produced using the content of either coconut shell or kaolin flour fillers up to 30% complied with German Standards requirement. The maximum bonding strength value was obtained on adhesives using both types of fillers as much as 10 %