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Deconstructing the Cradle of Literature: An Application of Pierre Bourdieu’s “Field” Theory to the Studies of Literary Subjectivity and Local Creative Writing
Get PDFDifferent from Northrop Frye, who intends to terminate literary discussions by stressing archetypical analysis, Pierre Bourdieu attracts many interdisciplinary attempts upon his scientific methodology. Although he rarely centralizes the internal value of literature, as he did in an exceptional commentary on Guillaume’s poetry by adopting conventional judgments (descriptive, rhetoric, narrative, and stylistic), his sociological delineation of the objective and habitual mechanism of the literary field and the possibility of change oriented by personal dispositions strikingly reveals a new integrative way to understand the dynamic process of literary formation. Adding Merleau-Ponty phenomenology of perception and perspective of communicative externalization to Bourdieu’s field theory, one can refresh creative writing studies, a discipline merely starting to develop two decades ago. On the one hand, the holistic subjective process of textual production from perception to externalization in the bargaining between capitals, symbols, dispositions, and power can be envisioned. On the other hand, by combining re-centralization of the creative subjects and structural schematization of the literary field (and sub-fields), researchers can formulate practical strategies (a mix of textual analysis, qualitative and quantitative data collection, on-site observation, and so on) to launch a meta-investigation of the efficacy of creative writing exercises in various fields
First-Order and Second-Order Adjoint Method and Stochastic Approximation for Inverse Problems
Get PDFWe present a unified framework for estimating stochastic parameters in general variational problems. This nonlinear inverse problem is formulated as a stochastic optimization problem using the output least-squares (OLS) objective, which minimizes the discrepancy between observed data and the computed solution. A key challenge in OLS-based formulations is the efficient computation of first- and second-order derivatives of the OLS functional, which depend on the corresponding derivatives of the parameter-to-solution map—often costly and difficult to evaluate, especially in stochastic settings. To address this, we develop a rigorous computational approach based on first- and second-order adjoint methods for inverse problems governed by stochastic variational problems. Specifically, we propose a new first-order adjoint method for computing the gradient of the OLS objective and introduce two novel second-order adjoint methods for Hessian evaluation. A stochastic Galerkin discretization framework is employed, enabling efficient implementation of the adjoint-based derivative computations. Numerical experiments demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed computational framework
Wooden Spatial Analogies: Playful, Transformative Design Process Kit with Inclusion in Mind
Get PDFThis paper concerns solutions to insufficient support in educational inclusivity through the subject of the five design process steps. It leverages the insights of researchers, such as Linda Silverman, regarding ‘visual-spatial learners’, individuals who perceive the world through images rather than words and thrive in navigating complex tasks, yet often face challenges with linear, step-by-step processes. This work critiques the conventional educational methods that frequently overlook the profound potential of spatially adept students. A final prototyped solution was assembled. The outcome was shaped, sanded, and painted wooden spatial analogies of play, designed for rearrangement, and interactively representative of the design process steps. This is in conjunction with the terminology and definition cards of each step presented on eye-catching large-font, 8.5”x6.5” illustrated, laminated cards. This paper serves to validate these particular thinkers, but could be utilized by a broader audience
Facial Color Matching in Optical See-Through Augmented Reality
No full textAugmented reality (AR) aims to combine elements of the surrounding environment with additional virtual content into a combined viewing scene. Displaying virtual human faces is a widespread practical application of AR technology, which can be challenging in optical see- through AR (OST-AR), due to limitations in its color reproduction. Specifically, OST-AR’s additive optical blending introduces transparency and color-bleeding, which is exacerbated especially for faces having darker skin tones, and for brighter and more chromatic ambient environments. Given the increasing prevalence of social AR applications, it is essential to better understand how facial color reproduction is impacted by skin tone and ambient lighting in OST- AR. While past research has examined challenges in color reproduction in OST-AR due to optical blending, this work fills the gap by systematically varying skin tones, simulating diverse ambient conditions with controlled luminance and chromaticity, highlighting human face perception, and quantifying perceptual color adjustments needed to best reproduce OST-AR faces. In this study, a psychophysical experiment was conducted to investigate how participants’ adjusted colorimetric dimensions of OST-AR-displayed faces to match the color of the same faces viewed on a conventional emissive display. These adjustments were made for faces having six different skin tones, while under different simulated ambient luminance (‘low’ vs. ‘high’) and chromaticity (warm, neutral, cool). Additionally, participants rated their adjustments based on how well their adjusted faces matched the reference appearance and how much they thought the person depicted would like the appearance. The results indicate that the magnitude and specific dimensions of colorimetric adjustments needed to make matches varied across skin tones and ambient conditions. The current work is expected to facilitate virtual human face reproduction in AR applications and to foster more equitable and immersive extended reality environments
Zoo Visitors Learn by Observing Olive Baboons (Papio anubis) Participate in Cognitive Research or Engage in Natural Behaviors
Get PDFI conducted two experiments at the baboon exhibit at the Seneca Park Zoo in Rochester, New York to measure attitudes and actual knowledge in children and adults, as well as perceived learning in adults. I also recorded caregiver-child conversations in the presence and absence of live research. Experiment 1 included 150 adult participants, and Experiment 2 included 18 caregiver-child dyads. In each experiment, the research on-scientist present and research on-scientist absent group watched the baboons engage with live cognitive research while the research off-scientist present and research off-scientist absent group watched the baboons carry out their natural behaviors. A scientist interacted with the scientist present groups but was absent for scientist absent groups. Adults in the scientist present groups in both experiments filled out a written questionnaire about their attitudes toward scientific research in zoos and perceived and actual knowledge gained from their experience. Three- to eight-year-old children in Experiment 2 answered similar knowledge and attitude questions but in a verbal interview with a researcher. Stay time was measured for all groups. In Experiment 2, caregiver-child dyad conversations were recorded from the scientist present groups for the use of certain statement types. The research on-scientist present group did not score higher on quiz questions than the research off-scientist present group, but in Experiment 1, perceived they learned more. Adults in both experiments scored higher on quiz questions from the scientist’s talk than on signage. The scientist present groups stayed longer than the scientist absent groups. There was no difference in language used by dyads in the research on-scientist present and research off-scientist present groups or between caregivers and children, but there were within group differences. Zoos should consider making their research projects public and implementing interactive components in addition to static signage to increase engagement and learning in their visitors
Dynamic Defenses to Systematically Secure Exposed Attack Surfaces in Wireless Systems
Get PDFWhile modern wireless systems rely on strong encryption, this alone does not secure the entire attack surface, including exposed signal attributes, pre-authentication exchanges, and protocol metadata. This dissertation challenges the assumption that existing cryptographic protections are sufficient to protect these vulnerabilities. Signal attributes, including phase and amplitude variations due to modulation, are physical-layer characteristics of encrypted data communication that remain observable and exploitable for attacks like traffic analysis. The pre-authentication phase—during which session keys are negotiated and installed—is vulnerable to spoofing and denial-of-service attacks. Protocol metadata, such as operating channel, sender’s address and location, and timestamps, is unencrypted and can reveal behavioral or device-specific patterns. Adversaries exploit this information to fingerprint devices, disrupt connectivity, and impersonate infrastructure, even in networks with the latest security standards. Existing research often focuses on patching specific attacks rather than addressing the root cause: exposed surfaces that serve as advanced attack entry points. In this dissertation, we demonstrate how these surfaces enable sophisticated attacks and propose comprehensive, dynamic defenses to mitigate these threats. The first part of this dissertation focuses on modulation-level attacks. We demonstrate, for the first time, that existing obfuscation techniques designed to prevent classification can be defeated by persistent, adaptive sniffers due to the static nature of attack surfaces. In response, we introduce a dynamic camouflage approach combining moving target defense and cyber deception to obscure modulation schemes and detect evasion attempts in AI-based receivers. Specifically, the modulated symbols are first masked using small perturbations to make them appear to an adversary as if they originate from another modulation scheme, creating ambiguity about the modulation scheme. By deploying a pool of deep learning models and perturbation-generating techniques, our defense strategy keeps moving them as needed, making it difficult for adversaries to keep up with the evolving defense system over time. In parallel, we introduce a signal morphing strategy that produces high-entropy, statistically indistinguishable waveforms, rendering intercepted signals unclassifiable. This technique maintains bit error rates, requires no bandwidth overhead, and is compatible with both AI-based and conventional receivers across different wireless protocols with minimal computational cost. We evaluate both techniques using extensive simulations across multiple open-source datasets, as well as over-the-air experiments using a software-defined radio (SDR) testbed, demonstrating their robustness under real-world wireless conditions. The second part of the dissertation exposes and addresses vulnerabilities in the pre-authentication phase and protocol metadata in Wi-Fi systems. Specifically, we develop a formal symbolic model of the Wi-Fi pre-authentication phase, discovering new variants of man-in-the-middle and new denial-of-service attacks. Our findings were acknowledged by the Wi-Fi Alliance. To defend against these threats, we develop a cross-layer scheme that embeds signatures into preambles, at the physical layer, with a time-bound mechanism to authenticate access points (APs) and verify frame elements that expose important protocol metadata, protecting against spoofing and relaying. We evaluate our approach on an AP-SDR testbed, across different commercial devices, demonstrating its practical deployment. Finally, we verify its correctness and integrity using a model checker and a cryptographic protocol verifier. Taken together, our techniques pave the way for resilient, proactive defenses against adaptive, intelligent threats in wireless ecosystem
An Investigation of Water-Based Cutting Fluids: Choline Amino Acid Protic Ionic Liquids as a Potential Sustainable Additive
Get PDFThis comprehensive investigation examines the use of choline amino acid protic ionic liquids (CHAAPILs) as environmentally friendly additives for water-based cutting fluids (WBCFs) and showed a significant improvement in both friction and wear compared to traditional cutting fluids. Notably, water alone is ineffective as a boundary lubricant for aluminum machining promoting cyclic hydrolysis that generates brittle Al(OH)3 films while generating friction above dry sliding. As traditional petroleum-based lubricants are increasingly recognized for their detrimental environmental impact, the development of sustainable alternatives has become essential in the tribology community. CHAAPILs derived from renewable amino acids and choline sources were specifically formulated to transform water into high performing machining fluids without compromising performance. Integrating these green additives into WBCFs aligns industrial practices with sustainable manufacturing goals, addressing ecological and operational demands. CHAAPIL analyses included but were not limited to, the following: the synthesis and characterization of CHAAPILs, using FTIR, NMR, TGA, and DSC, and confirming their purity and stability as lubricant additives. The three CHAAPILs (choline aspartate, choline leucine, and choline isoleucine) exhibited \u3e 99 % purity and remained stable up to 200-220 °C. Their contact angles on polished AISI 52100 steel and 6061 aluminum fell below 60°C, and their viscosities decreased from tens of pascal-seconds at 25 °C to under 0.15 Pa·s at 100 °C, ensuring both wetting and flow under metal-cutting conditions. The performance of CHAAPILs with WBCFs is benchmarked to the results of a traditional additive. The evaluation on the friction-reducing properties of CHAAPILs as additives was performed using tribological testing on a custom ball-on-flat reciprocating tribometer. Testing from the ball-on-flat reciprocating tribometer quantified and generated the coefficients of friction (COF) data via LABVIEW. The wear volumes calculation used an optical microscope to measure the worn track width. The results revealed CHAAPIL-enhanced water reduced the steady-state coefficient of friction by roughly one-third compared to a leading commercial cutting fluid. Friction and wear volume evaluations after testing with CHAAPILs in the lubrication system showed a reduction in wear volume of approximately 90%. Advanced analyses of the surface morphological changes included electron microscopy and 3-D profilometry. SEM and 3-D profilometry confirmed the elimination of deep plowing grooves and built‐up edge. Meanwhile, EDS mapping revealed carbon‐rich, oxygen‐depleted tribo‐layers in CHAAPIL cases. Raman spectroscopy further corroborated the suppression of hydrolytic aluminum‐hydroxide formation. Additionally, the spectroscopy also validated the chemisorption of ionic‐liquid species onto metal oxides with carboxylate and C-O vibrational modes not occurring in neat water. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that CHAAPILs reconcile water’s environmental advantages with the high‐performance demands of machining
Impacts of permafrost thaw and methane cycling in a Northern Peatland
Get PDFClimate change is disproportionately impacting high latitude regions, resulting in thawing permafrost, changes in vegetation, hydrology and greenhouse gas emissions. As permafrost thaws in peatlands, ground subsidence occurs, resulting in a transition from elevated palsa to lower, wetter bogs and fens. Changes in vegetation and hydrology with thaw result in increased methane (CH4) fluxes and distinctive shifts in the carbon isotope signature of porewater and emitted CH4. Previous research has established the differences between these landcover classes; however, we know little about how CH4 cycling processes change during land class transitions. To address this gap, we compared recently formed bogs and fens with more established sites at Stordalen Mire, a sub-arctic peatland in Abisko, Sweden that is undergoing rapid thaw. In 2023 and 2024 we revisited and reclassified 69 plots established in 2015; 23% of the surveyed plots had changed land class due to permafrost thaw. Vegetation data shows a distinct pattern that precedes landcover change. In thawing palsas, shrub and herbaceous cover declines and bryophyte cover expands before other signs of thaw become evident. Similarly, in thawing bogs, bryophyte cover is reduced, and open water increases before landcover change occurs. Porewater samples suggest that changes in pH, dissolved CH4 and d13C-CH also precede landcover change resulting from thaw. In 2015, palsa and bog sites that would experience thaw by 2024 already had distinct porewater chemistry profiles compared to sites that did not transition during the study time frame. The magnitude of CH4 emissions responds rapidly to thaw, with emissions increasing alongside landcover change. There was no difference observed between newer and older bogs or fens in terms of emitted CH4 magnitude or d13C-CH signature
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