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Before The Treaty of Waitangi: A Critical Historiography, 1841–1986
No full textHistoriographical discussions of the Treaty of Waitangi/Te Tiriti o Waitangi have tended to focus on issues and debates subsequent to the publication of Claudia Orange’s 1987 The Treaty of Waitangi. Those which have discussed earlier histories have done so as a brief prelude to modern understandings, or else focus on individual historians and their legacy. As a result, the early antecedents of modern views, the tensions within them, and the broader trends and societal contexts underpinning later views are understudied. This study takes a longer-term view of the development of views in Treaty history from 1841 to 1986. It identifies persistent tensions between interpretations of the Treaty as sacred, coherent, and foundational, or ambiguous, flawed, and duplicitous—contradictory views that often coexisted in historians’ work. It contends that historical work has been most fruitful when attempting to capture the tension within the Treaty as both a vehicle for meeting Māori needs, and an ideological object open to manipulation. Emphasis on one or the other side has served diverse practical ends, aligning with or opposing Māori movements at different times. Treaty history has consistently reflected contemporary Crown-Māori relations, acting as a proxy for broader political debates. Challenging assumptions in critical historiography that political considerations undermine historical integrity, this study argues that such engagement is necessary when studying politically charged symbols like the Treaty. The study concludes with the suggestion that revisiting the tensions in older Treaty history is timely in an era of growing concern over the potential reversal of Treaty-based reforms, and new contradictions in scholarly views on the Treaty.</p
Predictors of Advice Compliance Intention in AI chatbot-based Mobile Mental Wellness Apps: The Role of Customer Engagement and Attachment
No full textOver the past decade, advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) technology have given rise to AI chatbot-based mobile mental wellness apps (MMWA). These AI chatbots act as mental wellness advisors, offering mental wellness advice to improve the mental wellness of MMWA customers. Although research to date suggests AI chatbot-based MMWAs can be effective for an individual's self-management of their mental wellness, less is known about customer engagement with these AI chatbots, customers' compliance intention towards the advice they receive from the AI chatbots, the advisor characteristics of the MMWA AI chatbots, and customers' attachment to these AI chatbots. It is crucial to investigate customer engagement and customer advice compliance in the context of MMWA AI chatbots. Customer engagement is important to study because it results in positive outcomes for both service marketers (e.g., brand equity, customer loyalty, self-brand connection, and customer commitment) and customers (e.g., personalised experience, feelings of being valued, quick problem resolution, and efficient access to information). Furthermore, marketers are increasingly incorporating tools in their mobile apps that foster customer engagement due to the portability and functionality of these mobile apps. Similarly, it is important to study customer advice compliance in the context of MMWA AI chatbots since in high-contact service settings such as AI chatbot-based MMWA services, customer compliance with service provider advice/instructions has a significant influence on successful service delivery and the effectiveness of service outcomes. Examination of the AI chatbot advisor characteristics is vital because the MMWA AI chatbots are mental wellness advisors. Finally, attachment to these AI chatbots is important to investigate, as attachment is a strong determinant of customer engagement. Thus, the purpose of this research is to gain an understanding of AI chatbot advisor characteristics that predict customers' advice compliance intention towards MMWA AI chatbots and, importantly, the role that customer engagement and attachment play in this process.The research purpose is addressed by empirically testing a research model. The research draws upon stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) theory, advice response theory (ART), attachment theory (AT), and computers-are-social-actors (CASA) theory to develop and test a research model. This study examines relationships between AI chatbot advisor characteristics (perceived likability, perceived trustworthiness, perceived expertise and perceived similarity), customer engagement with the AI chatbot, attachment to the AI chatbot, customers' personal dispositions of attachment (comfort with closeness, comfort depending on others, and attachment anxiety) and customer advice compliance intention.This study adopts a quantitative approach to test the proposed model. A single cross-sectional survey is conducted among customers of three AI chatbot-based MMWAs (i.e., Wysa, Youper, and Replika) from the United States and the United Kingdom. The final data set for analysis includes responses from 769 participants. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) is used to analyse the measurement model and structural model. The findings reveal that the AI chatbot advisor characteristics (i.e., perceived likability, perceived trustworthiness, perceived expertise, and perceived similarity) are predictors of customer advice compliance intention towards the MMWA AI chatbots. Although not all AI chatbot advisor characteristics (i.e., perceived likability and perceived similarity) influence advice compliance intention directly, all characteristics influence advice compliance intention indirectly, serially through customers' attachment to the AI chatbot and customer engagement with the AI chatbot and/or through customer engagement with the AI chatbot. Study findings highlight the importance of customer engagement with the AI chatbot for fostering customer advice compliance intention. Additionally, customers' dependence on others, their attachment anxiety, and their connection to the AI chatbot play a crucial role in their engagement with the chatbot. Although customers' comfort depending on others and attachment anxiety do not directly influence customer engagement with the AI chatbot, they indirectly influence customer engagement with the AI chatbot through attachment to the AI chatbot. The findings of this study also reveal that customers' comfort with closeness has no influence on customers' attachment to the AI chatbot, nor on customer engagement with the AI chatbot.This study makes several contributions. First, this research theorises how specific AI chatbot advisor characteristics directly influence advice compliance intention in the context of AI chatbot-based MMWAs. This study also importantly theorises the role of customer attachment to the AI chatbot and customer engagement with the AI chatbot in inducing higher advice compliance intention. Second, this study extends the scope of application of the advice response theory to marketing. Third, this research advances our understanding of human attachment to AI chatbot advisors. Finally, this research establishes that customers' comfort depending on others and attachment anxiety are important factors influencing customers' attachment to the AI chatbot and customer engagement with the AI chatbot in the studied context. From the practitioner's perspective, the findings of this study can be used by AI chatbot-based MMWA service marketers to program AI chatbots in such a way that the characteristics of AI chatbot advisors can drive higher levels of customer engagement and customer advice compliance intention. In addition, the results of this research can be used by AI chatbot-based MMWA service marketers to formulate strategies to enhance perceived AI chatbot advisor characteristics, customers' attachment to the AI chatbot, customers' comfort depending on others, and customers' attachment anxiety, which will boost customer engagement with the AI chatbot.</p
Assessing Basic Facts knowledge for enhanced teaching and learning
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Successful coastal adaptation projects? The role of multi-lateral climate funding.
No full textThis thesis investigates the evaluation of climate change adaptation success of projects in coastal zones of developing countries, specifically focusing on those financed through multilateral organisations. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) underscores the critical nature of adaptation for communities in these areas, particularly given the compounded impacts of rising sea levels and climate variability (Pörtner et al., 2022). This thesis examines the critical role of climate adaptation interventions in coastal zones in contributing to coastal communities' resilience, where pressures on their well-being and the environment they depend on are increasing. A widening funding gap for adaptation strategies persists despite global efforts to bolster adaptation through climate finance mechanisms. The complexity of climate change adaptation, coupled with the specific contexts of implementation, shapes the understanding of its success. This complexity also challenges the effectiveness of current Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) systems in assessing the impact of adaptation interventions, raising questions about whether the right tools are being used and if they are sufficient to understand climate adaptation success at the local community level.The latest assessments of the fulfilment of previous climate negotiation commitments, such as achieving USD 100 billion per year by 2020, half of which should go to adaptation funding, show these targets remain unmet, despite noticeable increases in tracked climate finance flows. The Paris Agreement, under Article 14, mandates a global stocktake to evaluate the collective adaptation efforts and support of country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. However, the process focuses predominantly on national programme efforts, leaving a gap in understanding the aggregated adaptation achievements at the project level. Consequently, this research confronts a pivotal question: How does multilateral climate funding influence the evaluation of success in coastal adaptation?A mixed-method approach incorporates expert interviews, practitioner surveys, and content analysis of project proposals and their M&E systems. A grounded theory framework underpins this methodology. The analysis focuses on climate adaptation projects in coastal areas funded through the three leading multilateral institutions under the UNFCCC finance mechanisms: the Adaptation Fund, Green Climate Fund, and two funds under the Global Environmental Facility. The study identifies six key challenges to measuring adaptation success from existing literature. It examines M&E systems against these parameters: long time horizons for intended beneficial impacts to manifest, shifting baseline data and changing contexts as a result of climate change being an incremental problem, uncertainty regarding regional and local climate trends, lack of a standard "off the shelf" methodology to evaluate adaptation, attributing outcomes directly to specific adaptation efforts, and the mismatch between divergent adaptation values, perceptions, and goals among stakeholders and technical experts.The practical findings indicate that climate adaptation success remains a concept open to debate, with little consensus among practitioners involved in project implementation and M&E design. Project M&E systems mainly focus on observing outcomes, with limited application of Programme Theory elements due to project requirements and time constraints. However, emerging practices in evaluation systems are incorporating elements that look at the impact of interventions in the long term and assume a more holistic view to understand contributing factors for communities' vulnerability and resilience. While some progress has been made in evaluating interventions by incorporating Theory of Change approaches, challenges persist in detaching adaptation concepts and goal setting from the influence of definitions established by funding and implementing institutions. The involvement of communities impacted in the decision-making process is not evident in project designs, and ex-post evaluations to understand sustainable and long-term adaptation achievements are still nascent among multilateral funds.On the theoretical side, the findings highlight the need for new paradigms to redefine adaptation success in coastal areas, considering the complexities of nature–human interactions and the integration of sustainable development and risk management without negative impacts on livelihoods and ecosystems. Rethinking success factors in coastal adaptation will necessitate changes in the current climate finance architecture, as the need for holistic, transformational, and strategic climate interventions is currently challenged by the short-term and narrow scope of projects funded through the climate finance mechanisms. The role of evaluation will need to be elevated to meet the challenges of understanding climate adaptation achievements in an integrated and interdependent manner.This thesis contributes to the broader discussion on climate change adaptation evaluation and the meaning of adaptation success in coastal areas. It offers insights into the constraints and challenges of evaluating climate adaptation in coastal areas, identifies alternatives for evaluation systems, and proposes a framework to assess whether the success of adaptation interventions is likely.</p
Characterising Seismicity at Wairakei-Tauhara Geothermal Field Using a Dense Nodal Array
No full textThe high-temperature Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system is located in the Taupō Volcanic Zone in the North Island of New Zealand, and is used to generate electricity at five power stations. Microseismicity is common in geothermal systems, and precisely locating these earthquake events helps to characterise both the subsurface architecture and fluid processes of these systems. However, it is more challenging to detect and locate low-magnitude earthquakes due to the smaller amplitudes of their waveforms. In this thesis, we use an augmented seismic network to construct an earthquake catalogue for Wairakei-Tauhara, then leverage these data to improve the understanding of the geothermal system. We obtained 81 days of seismic data at Wairakei-Tauhara and the surrounding areas using the Wairakei Earthquake and Tomography Array (WĒTĀ), a high-density array of 141 seismic nodes. With WĒTĀ and the permanent GeoNet network data combined, we detected earthquake phase arrival times with a machine learning-based approach, located earthquakes with non-linear and relative relocation methods, and calculated a local magnitude scale and focal mechanism solutions to characterise seismicity. With absolute and cross-correlation-derived phase arrival times, we located 881 and 613 earthquakes, respectively, spanning a local magnitude range of -0.5 to 3.3. Our catalogue reveals that earthquakes predominantly occur within the Wairakei, Rotokawa, and Ngatamariki geothermal systems, and are clustered around production and injection fields. We used the distribution of hypocentres to identify faults and fracture networks, many of which correlate with pre-existing modelled fault locations. Focal mechanism solutions reveal predominantly normal and strike-slip mechanisms broadly aligning with the regional tectonic regime, and the temporal analysis indicates that much of the seismicity in these geothermal systems occur in swarms. We interpret that fluid-assisted faulting and fracturing, thermal contraction, and stress transfer may be prevalent source mechanisms for seismicity in these systems. We also use the high-density array to analyse ground shaking variations across the study area, and find that areas close to Lake Taupō, northwest of Wairakei, and Rotokawa were more prone to large amplitude ground shaking. We discuss the benefits and challenges of large-N arrays in geothermal settings and offer recommendations for future nodal deployments.</p
Living Schools - a regenerative learning experience
No full textArchitecture weaves the fabric of education, culture, and community, transcending its role as mere shelter to become a canvas for learning and connection. This thesis investigates how regenerative design principles can transform primary school architecture into living tools for environmental education. Grounded in New Zealand’s sustainability policies, the study combines theoretical exploration and practical application. The research begins with a literature review to establish a theoretical framework, followed by case studies analysis of exemplary school designs around the world to analyse existing sustainable design practices. A survey of primary school educators in Wellington captures user perspectives, providing valuable insights into current challenges and opportunities in integrating sustainability within learning environments. These findings inform a design proposal that explores regenerative architectural solutions. By merging theory, user input, and design experimentation, this study offers recommendations for creating schools that inspire environmental stewardship, support diverse pedagogies, and strengthen community connections. This study hopes to craft a vision where schools nurture stewardship, ignite curiosity, and foster resilience. It offers a framework for spaces that educate not just minds, but hearts, bridging the threads of nature, pedagogy, and community into harmonious design.</p
Honing the safety and delivery of CAR T-cell therapy
No full textChimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is an emerging and evolving therapy for haematological malignancies, with the potential for broader use for other malignancies and autoimmune conditions. Although this therapy is now standard of care in many countries for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the clinical delivery of this therapy continues to be refined, as its clinical application catches up to the impressive underlying science. In this thesis I present three projects on the theme of improving the clinical delivery of CAR T-cell therapy for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The first project is a a clinical audit report including a new audit tool for reviewing nursing assessments of cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell neurotoxicity syndrome, two of the primary characteristic risks seen after CAR T-cell therapy. The second study, RE-TELL, is a qualitative research study of Aotearoa New Zealand CAR T-cell patients, support persons, clinicians and administrators, to identify future improvements in CAR T-cell delivery. Lastly, I present THERMAL, a study of wearable temperature monitors for the detection of neutropenic fevers, a key risk with CAR T-cell therapy. These three projects represent attempts to enhance the safe clinical delivery of CAR T-cell therapy for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, from the patient level to the service design level, which could be readily translated into CAR T-cell service delivery in the future, both in Aotearoa New Zealand and internationally.</p
Investigating New Zealanders' Attitudes, Behaviours and Intentions toward Cybersecurity, Privacy, Authentication and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
No full textThis PhD thesis presents a comprehensive investigation into the attitudes, behaviours, and security intentions of general population New Zealanders toward a variety of cybersecurity risks. It culminates in the development of a novel empirically derived model for understanding cybersecurity behaviour in the NZ context. Through systematic research progressing from qualitative exploration to quantitative validation, this thesis addresses critical gaps in understanding how New Zealanders conceptualise and respond to risks relating to cybersecurity, privacy, authentication and Artificial Intelligence (AI). The research began with a pilot study examining Internet of Things (IoT) cybersecurity behaviours, marking the first academic application of Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) to general population New Zealanders in this context. This initial phase revealed important patterns in how people evaluate security risks, particularly highlighting the roles of awareness, trust, and influence. A subsequent confirmatory study substantially validated these findings while expanding understanding through examination of remote working contexts during the COVID-19 pandemic, demonstrating both the applicability and limitations of existing theoretical frameworks in the NZ environment. Building on these qualitative insights, a nationally representative online survey was designed, focusing on four areas of vital importance in a contemporary Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) context: Privacy, Authentication, AI and General Cybersecurity. Results from this survey directly informed construction of the PSCYBR Model, which attempted to extend PMT by incorporating Social Influence Theory (SIT) constructs. While this theory driven approach showed promise when restructured, empirical testing revealed the need for a more fundamental re-evaluation of how New Zealanders approach cybersecurity-related risks. During the development process, additional theoretical frameworks were examined but ultimately discounted as less suitable for explaining NZ cybersecurity behaviours compared to the empirically-derived approach. Through rigorous exploratory analysis, the DPER (Data, Password, Effort and Risk) Model was developed. The DPER Model, emerging directly from analysis of a nationally representative sample of 1,006 New Zealanders, identifies three distinct factors that shape cybersecurity behaviour: Protection of Data, Importance of Password Management, and Effort and Risk. These empirically derived factors reflect actual behavioural patterns rather than theoretical constructs, providing valuable insights for developing targeted interventions and support strategies. The model validation employed regression analysis, with findings showing that the Protection of Data factor significantly predicts variance in trust outcomes, while Importance of Password Management, and Effort and Risk, factors demonstrate weaker but meaningful associations. The model’s validation through robust statistical testing demonstrates its reliability and utility for understanding attitudes, behaviours, and intentions toward risks relating to cybersecurity in a modern Aotearoa NZ context. The research reveals unique characteristics in how New Zealanders evaluate and respond to cybersecurity-related risks, influenced by cultural values, social structures, and practical considerations specific to the NZ environment. The findings highlight the importance of developing culturally appropriate security initiatives that resonate with diverse communities, including Māori and Pasifika populations. The thesis makes substantial contributions to both theoretical understanding and practical application. Organisations working to improve cybersecurity in NZ will have access to a model that reflects how general population New Zealanders actually think about and respond to cybersecurity-related risks. The research provides evidence based guidance for developing effective security awareness programs and support strategies tailored to the NZ context. Future research directions emerging from this work include longitudinal studies to track behavioural changes over time, detailed investigation of cultural adaptations, and examination of the model’s applicability to emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence. The thesis concludes by discussing practical implications for improving cybersecurity posture across NZ society, emphasising the importance of considering both individual and community factors in cybersecurity initiatives. This research represents a significant advancement in understanding cybersecurity behaviour among general population New Zealanders, helping to enhance New Zealand’s cybersecurity posture. The empirically-derived DPER Model offers a robust framework for developing targeted interventions that align with how New Zealanders actually think about and respond to cybersecurity challenges.</p
Locked Away Twice: The Role of Minimisation and Denial of Childhood Trauma in Prison Rehabilitation
No full textThis research project aimed to enhance rehabilitation outcomes for men and their families in forensic treatment units by investigating potential underreporting of childhood trauma, which can be a barrier to engagement in rehabilitation. The studies explored men’s experiences of disclosing childhood trauma in forensic settings and the distinct functions of endorsing minimisation and denial items on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Using a mixed-methods approach, the quantitative study evaluated the psychometric characteristics of the CTQ minimisation and denial (MD) scale by comparing MD rates between males in forensic rehabilitation and non-forensic males from New Zealand, with international studies. Rates of MD were significantly lower in the New Zealand samples than in the international samples, but they were consistent with the CTQ manual. While endorsing MD items was correlated with significantly lower reports of childhood abuse and neglect, it was not in the forensic sample, indicating a need to further explore MD in forensic contexts. The qualitative study involved focus groups with 10 men in prison-based rehabilitation for violent offending. Reflexive thematic analysis generated six themes centred on protecting one’s sense of self, shaped by sociocultural and contextual factors. The themes differed from the CTQ author’s original theoretical assumptions that MD detects social desirability biases. The findings highlight that MD can influence treatment readiness and engagement in rehabilitation and underscores the need for cautious interpretations of MD in forensic contexts. Future research should explore MD across special treatment units for those who have sexually offended, as well as for those who have violently offended, as the quantitative and qualitative studies analysed these samples independently, rather than concurrently. Future studies could also further analyse and interpret the relationship between MD, cultural dynamics, and gender dynamics, as these sociocultural factors influenced MD by working against the central idea of self-preservation.</p
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