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Norway and national liberation in Southern Africa
No full textThis book documents and analyses the involvement of Norway in the liberation struggle in Southern Africa. Apart from focussing on the formulation of official policies and the extensive cooperation with the liberation movements in the field of humanitarian assistance, mainly based on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs records, the study highlights the popular involvement and commitment to the struggle. Separate chapters are concerned with the churches, trade unions and solidarity movements, such as the Norwegian Council for Southern Africa and the Namibia Committee. The book also includes a case study on the battle for sanctions.The Study forms part of the Nordic Africa Institute's research and documentation project "National Liberation in Southern Africa: The Role of the Nordic Countries".Contents: An introductory note / Tore Linné Eriksen -- 1. The Origins of a Special Relationship: Norway and Southern Africa 1960-1975 / Tore Linné Eriksen -- 2. The Namibian Liberation Struggle: Direct Norwegian Support to SWAPO / Eva Helene Østbye -- 3. The South African Liberation Struggle: Official Norwegian Support / Eva Helene Østbye -- 4. Norway and "Rhodesia": 1965-1980 / Wolf Lorenz -- 5. "Fuelling the Apartheid War Machine": A Case Study of Shipowners, Sanctions and Solidarity Movements / Tore Linné Eriksen and Anita Kristensen Krokan -- 6. The Norwegian Council for Southern Africa (NOCOSA): A Study in Solidarity and Activism / Nina Drolsum -- 7. The Freedom Struggle in Southern Africa: The Role of the Norwegian Churches 1948-1994 / Berit Hagen Agøy -- 8. Trade Union Support to the Struggle Against Apartheid: The Role of the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions / Vesla Vetlesen -- 9. Pioneering Local Activism: The Namibia / Eva Helene Østbye -- 10. An Ambiguous Champion: Some Concluding Remarks / Tore Linné Eriksen -- Bibliography -- Statistical Appendix.</p
Small states in an unstable region : Rwanda and Burundi, 1999-2000
No full text"Small States in an Unstable Region - Rwanda and Burundi 1999-2000" is the second overview by Filip Reyntjens on present development sin Rwanda and Burundi. The first one "Talking or Fighting?" (published 1999) covered the period 1998-1999. In the new publication questions such as governance and institutions, human rights, justice, civil wars, opposition and political dialogue in Rwanda and Burundi are investigated as well as how the regional situation, resulting from the ongoing war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, has a serious destabilizing effect on the internal situation in both countries.CONTENTS -- Introduction -- Governance and Institutions -- Human Rights -- Justice -- Civil Wars, Opposition and Political Dialogue -- Conclusion and Perspectives</p
Identity transformation and identity politics under structural adjustment in Nigeria
No full textAll over the world, there has been a massive resurgence in the politics of identity, including especially those forms of identity which, for a long time, were considered as negative and inimical to national unity. Today, ethnicity and religion have become major rallying points for political agitation, resulting in violent intra- and inter-state conflicts and posing direct challenges to national and regional stability as well as the post-1945 nation-state project across the world. This volume is dedicated to a discussion of various dimensions of the resurgence of identity politics in contemporary Nigeria. It is the product of a field-based research effort undertaken by a national working group which was keen to explore the origins, dimensions, and consequences of the increased spate of intra- and inter-communal conflicts within Nigeria in the context of a deep-seated national economic crisis, attempts at structural adjustment implementation, and a prolonged programme of transition from military to elected civilian rule. Such platforms of political mobilisation as ethnicity and religion, and the ways in which they combine with each other and with other variables like regional identities, are discussed along side the increase in the political significance of various aspects of youth and gender identities. In this sense, the contributions in this volume represent the first comprehensive effort to understand the dissolution and recom-position of popular political identities in contemporary Nigeria.Contents: Foreword / Adebayo Olukoshi -- Preface and acknowledgements / Attahiru Jega -- 1. General Introduction. Identity Transformation and the Politics of Identity Under Crisis and Adjustment / Attahiru Jega -- 2. The State and Identity transformation Under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria / Attahiru Jega -- 3. The Transformation of Ethno-Regional Identities in Nigeria / Jibrin Ibrahim - 4. Religious Identity in the Context of Structural Adjustment in Nigeria / Ibrahim Mua’zzam and Jibrin Ibrahim -- 5. Transformation of Minority Identities in Post-Colonial Nigeria / Abdul Raufu Mustapha -- 6. National Council of Women´s Societies and the State, 1985-1993: The Use of Discourses of Womenhood by the NCWS / Charmaine Pereira -- 7. Adjustent and the Transformation of Labour Identity: What´s New and Does It Matter? / Jimi O. Adesina -- 8. The Youth, Economic Crisis and Identity Transformation: The Case of the Yandaba in Kano / Yunusa Zakari Ya’u -- 9. Youth Culture and Area Boys in Lagos / Abubakar Momoh -- 10. Structural Adjustment, Students’ Movement and Popular Struggles in Nigeria, 1986-1996 / Said Adejumobi </p
Land reform under structural adjustment in Zimbabwe : land use change in the Mashonaland provinces
No full textThis report examines the role of economic liberalisation in the reconstruction of the political economy of Zimbabwe's land question. Since the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) was introduced in 1990, the universe of policies surrounding and influencing the nature and scale of land reform has been changing in tandem with changing and varied supply responses to ESAP-related policy incentives within Zimbabwe's bi-modal agrarian structure. These responses are manifested in emerging new land use patterns and production processes oriented towards global markets. The growth of new export oriented land uses are a key determinant of the changing land question through their salient influence on transforming the structural and technological parameters of land use and the exchange values of land, and, therefore, of land ownership. Unequal benefits from ESAP reforms, especially from new land uses, however, fuel the struggle for more land redistribution. Thus a major result of these land use shifts is the changing organisation of the politics of landholders and land seekers, especially in their relations to the state, reflecting renewed struggle among various constituencies for historical and normative land rights against those seeking to preserve existing land rights in the context of an increasingly market-based land policy framework. A case study approach focusing on horticulture, wildlife and ostrich land uses, their economic features and impacts, and their socio-political ramifications was pursued between 1995 and 1997. Detailed case data and experiences were garnered from Zimbabwe's Mashonaland provinces and numerous secondary sources from the macro to the farmer and household level. The study assesses the direction and scale of these new rural land uses in Zimbabwe's prime lands with particular emphasis on the 1990-1996 period. It traces the new forms of land use in relation to emerging land bidding and ownership structures/ social relations of production among large scale and small farmers, private agrarian market agents, and the state itself. The emergence of new forms of rural land and commodity markets, new trends in socio-political organisation and policy advocacy among farmers' groups and other interest groups, as well as the changing relationship of government agencies to the control and use of land and commodity production, were the main social processes and relations examined.Contents: 1. Zimbabwe’s new land question -- 2. Methodological framework and study area -- 3. Policy and institutional context -- 4. Changing land uses and the reconstruction of the land questionolitics and actors in new land struggles -- 6. Concluding remarks </p
The institutional context of poverty eradication in rural Africa : proceedings from a seminar in tribute to the 20th anniversary of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
No full textThis volume presents papers focusing on politico-economic reforms in Africa and their impact on different groups of rural poor; and on the role that access to assets can play in addressing poverty issues. The volume also covers IFAD's twenty years of experience, new challenges and opportunities in smallholder development in East and southern Africa, and knowledge creation and dissemination in the context of strategic partnerships and alliances
War and peace in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
No full textA report on the last years' events in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which have transformed the country into an arena of international and internal violence and conflict involving so many participants that it can be described as the first African continental war. The study also contains a historical background to the recent events in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Internally displaced, refugees and returnees from and in the Sudan : a review
No full textThe Sudan has been at war since independence intermitted only by a brief period of peace that lasted for a decade. The civil war that has been ravaging the country as well as the conflicts in the neighbouring countries have contributed to the difficult problem of population displacement in the region. Sweden has for many years contributed disaster relief to the Sudan. The Swedish humanitarian development assistance directed to meet the needs of the Sudanese people is currently at a stable 70 million SEK. It is very important to take into account the experiences gained on population displacement in order to prevent more disasters from taking place but also to improve the assistance given to the people who have already left their homes. With this aim, the Swedish Government has just adopted a new strategy for humanitarian assistance to Sudan, focusing on protection for the internally displaced, particularly women and children. State of the art reviews concerning refugees and the displaced in Mozambique and Somalia have previously been published by the Nordic Africa Institute and Sida within the series Studies on Emergencies and Disaster Relief. This report is another contribution within that series and it will hopefully serve as a source to some of the research on population displacement from and in the Sudan. The report comprises a review of the literature and includes comments on priorities for future research.CONTENTS -- CAUSES OF THE CRISIS -- DISPLACED AND REFUGEE MOVEMENTS -- LIVELIHOOD AND EXPERIENCE -- THE NATURE AND IMPACT OF ASSISTANCE PROGRAMMES -- RESETTLEMENT -- REPATRIATION -- INTEGRATION -- IMPACT ON THE HOSTING AREAS -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
Foreign aid, debt and growth in Zambia
No full textThis study first discusses the structural problems of Zambia and the policies of adjustment that have been tried. It then uses a computable general equilibrium model to analyse the impact of various strategies with regard to external resource transfers. It compares the impacts of foreign loans or grants to the private and the public sectors, as well as the impact of a turnaround of the country's fortunes with regard to its external terms of trade. The results of the policy analysis show that the scope for growth is highly dependent on the tightness of the external resource constraint
Poverty, conflict and gender : the politics of reconstruction and redistribution 1996-1999: final report
No full textProducing nature and poverty in Africa
No full textDevelopment donors have supported thousands of environmental initiatives in Africa over the past quarter century. The contributors to this provocative new collection of essays assess these projects and conclude that environmental programmes constitute one of the major forms of foreign and state intervention in contemporary African affairs. Drawing on case study material from eight countries, the authors demonstrate clearly that environmental programmes themselves often have direct and far-reaching consequences for the distribution of wealth and poverty on the continent. Individual essays in the collection theorise specific forms of environmental intervention; the degree of historical discontinuity that exists between contemporary and past environmental policies and practices; the effect environmental programmes have had on localised systems of knowledge and value regimes; the strategies of accumulation that have been spun out of heavy donor and state investment in environmental programmes; and the numerous social, cultural and political-economic dislocations these initiatives have produced in African environments all across the continent.CONTENTS: Producing Nature and Poverty in Africa: An Introduction / Vigdis Broch-Due -- A Proper Cultivation of Peoples: The Colonial Reconfiguration of Pastoral Tribes and Places in Kenya / Vigdis Broch-Due -- Conservation in the Sahel: Policies and People in Mali, 1900-1998 / Tor A. Benjaminsen -- Knowledge Claims, Landscape, and the Fuelwood-Degradation Nexus in Dryland Nigeria / Reginald Cline-Cole -- Placemaking, Pastoralism, and Poverty in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania / Nina Johnsen -- Reproducing Locality: A Critical Exploration of the Relationship between Natural Science, Social Science, and Policy in West African Ecological Problems / James Fairhead and Melissa Leach -- The Other Side of "Nature": Expanding Tourism, Changing Landscapes, and Problems of Privacy in Urban Zanzibar / Kjersti Larsen -- Primitive Ideas: Protected Area Buffer Zones and the Politics of Land in Africa / Roderick P. Neumann -- Eroded Consensus: Donors and the Dilemmas of Degradation in Kondoa, Central Tanzania / Wilhelm Östberg -- "Re-Claiming" Land in the Gambia: Gendered Property Rights and Environmental Intervention / Richard A. Schroeder -- Rethinking Migration and Indigeneity in the Sangha River Basin of Equatorial Africa / Tamara Giles-Vernick -- Fueling War: A Political-Ecology of Poverty and Deforestation in Sudan / Cindi Katz -- Producing Nature and Poverty in Africa: Continuity and Change / Richard A. Schroeder</p