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Umleavyo : the dilemma of parenting
No full textSocieties and families are changing all over the world. Less of what the older generations transmit of their experiences can be replicated by the younger generations in their own lives. What we are witnessing is a type of cultural delinking from past generations. Parents despair when their good intentions fail to have an effect and feel overwhelmed by circumstances they cannot control.The Reproductive Health Study Group linked to the University of Dar es Salaam published the first set of studies, Chelewa, Chelewa: The Dilemma of Teenage Girls, in 1994. The focus was on the teenage girl and the various reactions of the adult world to teenage out-of-wedlock pregnancies. The next set of studies, Haraka, Haraka: Look Before you Leap, appeared in 1998 and looked at the erosion of the customs that had regulated marriage, parenthood, and intergenerational obligations.This third and final report, Umleavyo: The Dilemma of Parenting, comprises studies on the generation gap and the ways in which this gap has widened over the past century. In these studies, the past serves as the seemingly stable background on which to project currently fluid and ambiguous parent-child relationships. The main focus of the studies is the different methods of, and goals for, bringing up the next generation. These include physical punishment; achieving compliance through fear and reference to supernatural forces; initiation ceremonies that provide multiple precautions and timely instruction on marriage and procreation; emphasis on relations between people as the most crucial experiences; and encouraging a sense of personal responsibility.The volume is based on the narratives of the grandparents, parents, and youths in the villages of the Pare people in the north and of the initiation leaders in Songea in the south, and on a comparison of the opinions of Nyakyusa elders and youths on gender issues. The central questions raised in the book are: How should one-support youths for whom there is no clear passage to full adulthood? And, how can one forge links between the plight of families and issues of citizenship and public action?CONTENTS -- The Dilemma of Parenting. Virginia Bamurange -- Counselling between generations -- Who will prepare the girls? -- Fathers who wash their hands -- Who am I? -- At what age is the time ripe? -- An appeal -- From the Moving Forest to Video Movies. Juliana C. Mziray -- Targets of a ”civilising mission” -- The generation of resistance -- The parents’ generation – A split generation -- The parents’ religious commitments and how they were brought up -- A generation without roots and direction -- From the moving forest to video movies -- Custodians of Custom. Mary Ntukula -- Becoming a Ngoni woman -- The road to Ngoni manhood -- Yao migrants in urban Songea -- Continuities, revisions and deviations -- The Lack of Consensus about Gender among Nyakyusa Adults and Youths. R.S. Katapa -- Nyakyusa culture and traditions -- Gender-bound duties -- Negative effects of business -- Government’s contribution and the impact of education -- Virginity, bride wealth and attitudes towards cohabitation -- Non-formal entry into marriage -- Mixed marriages -- Boys’ talk, girls’ talk -- Problems youth face -- Reflections on the current predicament of youth -- The Topic Nobody Wants to Talk About. Zubeida Tumbo-Masabo -- The profile of Manzese -- Feeling risk and bargaining power -- Barriers to communication -- Initiating improved communication -- Conclusion -- In the Past, in the Present and Henceforth? Rita Liljeström -- Families across cultures -- Some characteristics of rural African families -- Adult–children interaction in Africa -- The blow of sexuality -- Advantages and disadvantages of education and marriage -- The divide of individualisation -- What matters? -- Links between family and society -- Biographies of the Author
Tales of the nation : feminist nationalism or patriotic history?
No full textIn light of the uses and misuses of history in Zimbabwean politics in recent years, this research report focuses on how versions of the country\u92s liberation war history have become a site of struggle over the definition of Zimbabwean national identity. As identity politics\u92often do, Zimbabwean nationalism draws on a wide field of cultural symbols of identity and political discourses of inclusion and exclusion. Therefore, the report takes a cross-disciplinary approach to the issue of national identity by mapping out the imaginary field of Zimbabwean nationalism. This approach opens up the possibility of cross-reading the political discourses of the President and the ruling party ZANU (PF) with opposing voices such as those in the works of the author Yvonne Vera. This cross-reading shows how Vera's novels and the political discourses participate in the struggle over Zimbabwean national identity by offering different versions of the nation\u92s history in the form of patriotic history, feminist nationalism, or narratives of difference. In this way the research report adds to our understanding of power and resistance in Zimbabwean politics of national identity.CONTENT -- FIELD OF INTEREST -- Problem definition -- Method -- YVONNE VERA -- A feminist writer -- A writer of history -- A Zimbabwean writer -- Summing up -- DISCOURSES OF NATIONAL HISTORY -- Analytical framework -- A discourse of spiritual history -- Rhodesian settler discourses -- Zimbabwean nationalist discourses -- Summing up -- NATIONALISM AND AFRICANISM -- Analytical framework -- Patriotic history -- Discussion -- MATABELELAND AND NATIONAL UNITY -- Analytical framework -- Ugly history -- Rape: A perversion of dialogue -- The spirit of national history -- Discussio
News from the Nordic Africa Institute : No. 1, January 2004
No full textContents: To Our Readers / Lennart Wohlgemuth -- Commentaries: Ghana, gateway to West African stability? / Takwa Zebulon Suifon -- Agendas on HIV/AIDS in 2003 / Catrine Christiansen -- Dynamics of national service in Eritrea / Redie Bereketeab -- CODESRIA 30 years: Celebrating and institution: CODESRIA 30 years -- Research: 'Gender and age in African cities': Themes, perspectives and approaches / Amin Kamete -- A ruthless author and a guilt-ridden audience: JM Coetzee wins the Nobel Prize for 2003 / Kirsten Holst Petersen -- Guest researcher: Kopano Ratele on sex and identity making -- Andrew Kiondo in memoriam -- Library: Change of chief librarian -- Publishing: Recent publications -- Conference reports: Conferences -- Scholarships: Awarded scholarships</p
News from the Nordic Africa Institute : No. 2, May 2004
No full textContents: To Our Readers / Lennart Wohlgemuth -- Commentaries: Why we must never forget the Rwanda genocide / Gerald Caplan -- Ethno-religious conflicts in Northern Nigeria / Jibrin Ibrahim and Toure Kazah-Toure -- Confronting the challenges of leadership / Carlos Lopes -- Capacity development: What is capacity? Going beyond the conventional wisdom / Heather Baser -- The need to rething the meaning of capacity / Ingemar Gustafsson -- Interview: Interview with Karen Tranberg Hansen -- Research: Sexual harassment and sexual violence in Nigerian universities / Charmaine Pereira -- The violent logic of marginality: Youth and the Liberian civil war / Mats Utas -- Guest researchers / Soila Judén-Tupakka and Manassé Aboya Endong -- Conference reports: Conferences and meetings -- NAI's networking in Africa: Experiences from Mozambique / Karin Andersson Schiebe -- Publishing: Recent publications -- Publications received</p
Reconsidering informality : perspectives from urban Africa
No full textThis book brings together two bodies of research on urban Africa that have tended to be separate: Studies of urban land use and housing, and studies of work and livelihoods. Africa’s future will be to an increasing extent urban. Nevertheless, the inherited legal, institutional and financial arrangements for managing urban development are inadequate. The recent decades of neo-liberal political and economic reforms have increased social inequality across urban space. Access to employment, shelter and services is precarious for most urban residents. Extra-legal housing and unregistered economic activities proliferate. Basic urban services are increasingly provided informally. The result is the phenomenal growth of the informal city and extra-legal activities. How do urban residents see these activities? What do they accomplish through them? How can these “informal” cities be governed? The case studies are drawn from a diverse set of cities on the African continent. A central theme is how practices that from an official standpoint are illegal or extra-legal do not only work but are considered legitimate by the actors concerned. Another is how the informal city is not exclusively the domain of the poor, but also provides shelter and livelihoods for better-off segments of the urban population. CONTENT -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Introduction. Karen Tranberg Hansen and Mariken Vaa -- SECTION I: LOCALITY, PLACE, AND SPACE -- Chapter 2. Sharing Public Space in Pointe-Noire, Congo-Brazzaville Immigrant Fishermen and a Multinational Oil Company. Gabriel Tati -- Chapter 3. The Right to Stay in Cato Crest Formality and Informality in a South African Development Project. Knut G. Nustad -- Chapter 4. Who Rules the Streets? The Politics of Vending Space in Lusaka. Karen Tranberg Hansen -- SECTION II: ECONOMY, WORK, AND LIVELIHOODS -- Chapter 5. Trade and the Politics of Informalisation in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. Ilda Lourenço-Lindell -- Chapter 6. Home Based Enterprises in a Period of Economic Restructuring in Zambia. Barbara Mwila Kazimbaya-Senkwe -- Chapter 7. Home Industries and the Formal City in Harare, Zimbabwe. Amin Y. Kamete -- SECTION III: LAND, HOUSING, AND PLANNING -- Chapter 8. Land Use Planning and Governance in Dar es Salaam. A Case Study from Tanzania. Marco Burra -- Chapter 9. Actors and Interests. The Development of an Informal Settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. Rose Gatabaki-Kamau and Sara Karirah-Gitau -- Chapter 10. The Law and Access to Land for Housing in Maseru, Lesotho. Resetselemang Clement Leduka -- Chapter 11. Upgrading an Informal Settlement in Cape Town, South Africa. John Abbott -- Chapter 12. Beyond the Formal/Informal Dichotomy. Access to Land in Maputo, Mozambique. Paul Jenkins -- Abbreviations -- Glossary -- Biographical Notes -- Inde
Enjeux des nouvelles réglementations minières en Afrique
No full textUne des hypothèses qui sous-tend les discussions et une des recommandations centrales du Rapport de la « Extractive Industries Review » publié en 2003 par le Groupe de la Banque mondiale est celle selon laquelle la gouvernance d'un pays est un des facteurs déterminants de la contribution des industries extractives au développement. Cette étude comparative de la réforme des codes miniers en Afrique démontre que bien que la qualité de la gouvernance nationale soit certes un ingrédient clé, elle n'est pas une condition suffisante si elle n'est pas accompagnée de cadres réglementaires légaux et fiscaux appropriés pour atteindre des objectifs de développement et mis en application dans un contexte de bonnes politiques et de règles équitables au niveau international. À partir de l'analyse de cinq études de cas, (le Ghana, la Guinée, le Mali, Madagascar et la Tanzanie), le volume suggère que les réformes introduites au cours des vingt dernières années, en large mesure sur recommandation des institutions multilatérales de financement, ont impliqué une redéfinition si profonde du rôle de l'État qu'elle est sans précédent historique. L'étude comparative de trois générations de codes miniers africains mène à la conclusion que ces réformes ont pour effet d'abaisser les normes dans des domaines critiques pour le développement économique et social et pour la protection de l'environnement et ce, dans un nombre croissant de situations. La question qui se pose à partir de cette étude est de savoir si un pays qui libéralise et déréglemente afin d'être compétitif dans le contexte des nouvelles normes et incitations à l'investissement et qui respecte ses obligations auprès de l'OMC, peutêtre en mesure de faire respecter ses normes environnementales et de poursuivre ses objectifs de développement comme par exemple d'établir des liens en amont et en aval de l'extraction des ressources naturelles afin de favoriser la valeur ajoutée grâce à la transformation locale, ou d'introduire des restrictions à l'import ou l'export si nécessaire afin d'encourager un contenu en intrants locaux et des industries productives locales. La réponse paraît moins que certaine.CONTENTS -- Introduction -- I. Libéralisation du secteur minier en Afrique dans les années 80 -- Le retrait différencié de l'État et ses conséquences -- II. Création d'un nouveau cadre de réglementation pour le secteur minier en Afrique dans les années 90 -- Diagnostic et recommandations de la banque mondiale -- III. Codes miniers et réglementations environnementale. Trois générations tirées de l'expérience des pays africains -- A. La première génération des codes miniers. Thomas Akabzaa -- Ghana: La législation minière et les bénéfices nets de la mise en valeur de ce secteur pour le pays -- B. La deuxième génération des codes miniers. Bonnie Campbell -- Guinée: La déréglementation et ses conséquences du point de vue de la protection de l'environnement -- C. La troisième génération des codes miniers en Afrique. Pascale Hatcher -- Mali: Réécrire le code minier ou redéfinir le rôle de l'État? Bruno Sarrasin -- Madagascar: Un secteur minier en émergence, entre l'environnement et le développement. Paula Butler -- Tanzanie: La libéralisation de l'investissement et le secteur minier: Analyse du contenu et de certaines implications du code minier tanzanien de 1998 -- Conclusion -- Bibliographie</p
Contentious politics, local governance and the self : a Tanzanian case study
No full textThe Governance Agenda is the framework that currently organises the West’s relations with Africa. The present work is an attempt to see Governance through the lens of a contemporary, local history. The report analyses three periods of contentious politics at local level in Tanzania and two multi-party elections. It provides a window on mismanagement in local government, it examines the intervention by national and local elites in district conflicts, and it points to the difficulties ordinary people face in holding their leaders to account. The argument of the report is that current approaches to the study of Governance overlook an essential ingredient for its potential success: namely, the sociological conditions in which forms of collective action conducive to improved political accountability become possible at a grassroots level. The analysis aims to show that economic diversification and multiple livelihoods have given rise to a reticular social structure in which individuals find it difficult to combine to hold their leaders to account. People have fragmented identities formed in networks of social relations, which impedes the emergence of strong collective identities appropriate to effective social movements.CONTENT -- Dramatis Personae -- Introduction -- The research process and the field site -- Background to the District -- Chapter 1 -- Contentious Politics and ‘Civil’ Society -- Land and Freedom in Meru -- Reformation and Riot in Meru -- Institutions and Elites -- Representation and Taxation -- Explaining Contentious Politics in Arumeru -- Civility and Incivility -- ConclusionsChapter 2 -- Elections and Local Politics -- Village Democracy -- Council Democracy -- Parliamentary Democracy -- Power, Politicians and Civil Society -- Conclusions -- Chapter 3 -- Thinking About Local Governance: Institutions, Economic Diversification, Identity -- Institutions, Transparency, and Democracy -- Democracy, Economic Diversification and Time -- Diversification and Identity -- History, Subjectivity, Accountability -- Conclusions -- Reference
Re-thinking sexualities in Africa
No full textThe volume brings together papers by African and Nordic/Scandinavian gender scholars and anthropologists, in attempts to investigate and critically discuss existing lines of thinking about sexuality in Africa, while at the same time creating space for alternative approaches. Issues of colonial and contemporary discourses on 'African sexuality' and on 'female genital mutilation' are being discussed, as well as issues of female agency and of feminists' engagement with HIV/AIDS. The volume contributes to contemporary efforts of re-thinking sexualities in the light of feminist, queer and postcolonial theory.CONTENTS: Re-thinking Sexualities in Africa: Introduction / Signe Arnfred -- UNDER WESTERN EYES -- 1. Efundula: Women's Initiation, Gender and Sexual Identitites in Colonial and Post-Colonial Northern Namibia / Heike Becker --2. 'African Sexuality'/Sexuality in Africa: Tales and Silences / Signe Arnfred -- 3. A Reflection on the Cultural Meanings of Female Circumcision. Experiences from Fieldwork in Casamance, Southern Senegal / Liselott Dellenborg -- 4. Preventing HIV?: Medical Discourses and Invisible Women / Katarina Jungar & Elina Oinas -- 5. Whos 'Unmet Need'?: Dis/Agreement about Childbearing among Ghanian Couples / Akosua Adomako Ampofo -- PROBLEMS OF PLEASURE AND DESIRE -- 6. Kinky Politics / Kopano Ratele -- 7. Opening a Can of Worms: A Debate of Female Sexuality in the Lecture Theatre / Mumbi Mahcera -- 8. Paradoxes of Female Sexuality in Mali. On the Practices of Magnonmaka and Bolokoli-kela / Assitan Diallo -- FEMALE AGENCY -- 9. Understanding Sexuality in Africa: Diversity and Contextualised Dividuality / Jo Helle-Valle -- 10. 'Prostitutes' or Modern Women?: Negotiating Respectability in Northern Tanzania / Liv Haram -- 11. Masculinities, Sexuality and Socio-Economic Change in Rural and Urban East Africa / Margrethe Silberschmidt 12. Re-Conceptualizing African Gender Theory: Feminism, Womanism and the Arere Metaphor/ Mary Kolawole.</p
South Africa and global apartheid : continental and international policies and politics
No full textThis study covers a variety of political and economic aspects of Africa's and South Africa's relationships to the world. The author considers the context of global apartheid, in terms of international stagnation, uneven development and African marginalisation, and evaluates the South African setting as a telling site of worsening inequality. Where does then the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) stand on the largest economic and political problems? South Africa's other proposed global reforms are also discussed. Finally, the author records an emerging ideology based not on commodification via globalisation but on decommodification and deglobalisation, and the strategies, tactics and alliances required for African and international progress. CONTENT The context of global apartheid Class apartheid in South Africa NEPAD economics and global apartheid Whose NEPAD? South Africa’s frustrated international reforms Conclusion: African anti-capitalism? Figures and Tabl
Media, public discourse and political contestation in Zimbabwe
No full textThe current situation in Zimbabwe under the ZANU-PF government shows increasing signs of abuse of power by those in political control. They also direct their desire to suppress criticism towards the media. Press organs in private ownership have been closed down and journalists have been physically harassed, arrested and expelled. Laws are abused to regulate and manipulate public opinion by a policy of banning. Worldwide condemnation of the growing restrictions upon the freedom of expression goes hand in hand with the protests inside the country against the growing tendencies of totalitarian rule. Current events are critically reflected upon and the background to these developments is summarised in this publication. It is based on some of the contributions to a recent conference on Zimbabwe organised by the Nordic Africa Institute and offers insights into the contested space of public opinion in Zimbabwe. The critical analyses of current developments are there-by complemented with particular reference to the media sector in the ongoing battle for hegemonic control over the public sphere.CONTENTS -- Inside the "Third Chimurenga": Media Repression, Manipulationand Hegemony in Zimbabwe - Some Introductory Notes. Henning Melber -- From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe: Change without Change?Broadcasting Policy Reform and Political Control. Dumisani Moyo -- Redefining the National Agenda:Media and Identity - Challenges of Building a New Zimbabwe. Sarah Chiumbu -- Bibliography -- Appendices: -- Resolutions passed by the 53rd General Assembly of the International Press Institute (IPI) in Warsaw/Poland -- Press Release by the World Association of Newspapers (Paris) June 2, 2004</p