RISE – Research Institutes of Sweden
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Utilization and Economic-Environmental Impacts of Future Electric Road Systems for Heavy Trucks in Sweden
No full textThis report presents an analysis to forecast the utilization of a future electric road system (ERS) network in Sweden. The analysis, limited to ERS use by heavy trucks, focuses on how ERS utilization is expected to evolve under different network scopes and levels of pricing. In addition, the socio-economic impact of adding ERS to the Swedish charging mix is estimated, and sensitivity analysis is performed with regards to the availability of infrastructure for static charging and national policies about biofuel use. The questions are answered through comparative simulations in MOSTACHI, a tool developed to study spatio-temporal system dynamics during transport electrification, with parameter assumptions aligned with the Swedish Transport Administration’s guidelines (ASEK8). The analysis covers ERS networks spanning from 1000 to 3000 km and outcomes are compared across a range of indicators, including ERS utilization, system costs, transport electrification, CO2 emissions, and demand for energy, biofuels and batteries. Simulations suggest that economic-environmental benefits of a Swedish ERS network would be maximized when the dynamic charging fee is set low enough that 80-90% of within-network traffic would be given economic incentives to charge dynamically. With a higher fee differentiated by willingness to pay (WTP), and 70-80% utilization, the full investment cost could likely be recouped within 25 years. Viable pricing is approximately in the span between that of night-time depot charging and day-time public fast-charging. WTP for all types of charging declines over time. Simulated WTP for dynamic charging is observed to be greater along the E4 than on the Swedish west coast. A 1500 km ERS network operational from 2035 is forecast to raise the electrified share of road freight within the network from 50% to 90% and reduce total remaining national ICET traffic by one third (e.g., 40% to 60%). The effect size at national scale is determined by the scope of the ERS network, with larger networks achieving greater impact. ERS impact on traffic outside the network is minor in the simulations. Rapid ubiquitous buildout of overnight charging for trucks is recommended regardless of and in addition to ERS investments. The opportunity cost of not investing in ERS in Sweden is estimated at over four billion euro until 2050, or 300 million euro per year of delay. These opportunity cost estimates assume very cheap batteries, expensive ERS and quick expansion of static charging. Under assumed future EU biofuel policy, ERS is forecast to reduce cumulative Swedish CO2 emissions from heavy trucks until 2050 by approximately 8 Mt, with an emissions opportunity cost of approximately 300 kt per year of delay. If Sweden is on a path to electrify less than 50% of road freight by 2035, opportunity cost estimates increase
Digital twins for resource optimization in multi- purpose ports : A design approach for data-driven decision making
No full textMulti-purpose ports’ efficient and sustainable operation relies on seamless coordination and decision-making among multiple organizations. This paper underscores the critical importance of forecasting resource and infrastructure utilization for informed operational, tactical, and strategic decision-making. The proposed approach draws on digital twin technology to enable collaborative decision-making by modeling complex port environments to enable shared situational awareness among stakeholders. Illustrated through a collaborative project involving the RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, National University of Singapore, Grieg Connect, Umeå University, Kvarken Ports Umeå, and INAB, we propose a digital twin design to empower the port as a decision- maker in multi-organizational settings to proactively plan and optimize its utilization of present and future resources. Funding Singapore Maritime Institute grant SMI-2022-SP-02 and Vinnova grant 2023-00251</p
Social and technical potential of single family houses in increasing the resilience of the power grid during severe disturbances
No full textFlexible resources aids in enhancing the resilience of a renewable dominated power system. Space heating systems equipped with heat pumps is one such flexible resource. With this background, the current study deals with the quantification of flexibility potential of space heating systems in houses equipped with various heat pump types. A heat pump model is represented using a vapour compression heat pump cycle. This model is integrated with a thermal model of a house to estimate electricity consumption, for maintaining the indoor temperature at a set value, as flexibility quantification depends on electricity consumption. In addition to this, flexibility potential is quantified by, analysing and incorporating the results on minimum acceptable indoor temperature from twelve interviews with households owning heat pumps, into the integrated model. The results from interviews reveal that, there is an uncertainty in minimum acceptable indoor temperature, as it is dependant on a number of factors such as frequency and duration of interruption, access to additional heating and motivation to be flexible. Hence, to quantify flexibility using thermal simulations, the indoor temperature is reduced from 20 °C to values between 18 °C and 15 °C, based on minimum acceptable temperatures stated in the interviews. The flexibility potential is quantified in terms of an instantaneous reduction in electric power and reduction in electric energy. By reducing the indoor temperature from 20 °C to the aforementioned values at an outdoor ambient temperature of -5 °C, in about a million single family houses in southern half of Sweden, an instantaneous reduction in electric power is estimated to be 1.6 GW, for the power system with 23 GW plannable power. Additionally, considering the recovery of the indoor temperature to 20 °C in 24 h, electric energy reduction is found to be between 4.06 GWh and 7.4 GWh, when the reference indoor temperature is reduced to values between 18 °C and 15 °C respectively, over 17.25 h. Furthermore, with time the amount of flexibility offered reduces, becomes negative during the recovery period and finally reaches zero, when the indoor temperature is restored. The results reveal that space heating systems in houses equipped with heat pumps have the potential to enhance the resilience of the power grid during severe grid disturbances. The financial support given by the Swedish Energy agency through grant No. 50343-1 is gratefully acknowledged.</p
Förutsäga fuktskador i befintliga och nya byggnader med hjälp av AI (maskininlärning)
No full textPredicting modeling and analysis of moisture damages in Swedish buildings Moisture damage in buildings poses significant challenges, leading to costly repairs and negative impacts on indoor environments. Understanding the patterns and prevalence of such damage is crucial for implementing effective preventive and mitigative measures. This report synthesizes findings from the comprehensive study on moisture damage in Swedish buildings, highlighting the complex interplay of multidimensional variables that contribute to these issues. Analyzing 2,100 moisture-related damage records from empirical damage investigations from 2014 to 2020, the study employs data-driven analytical techniques to identify primary moisture damage profiles and evaluate their prevalence. Multivariate analyses reveal diverse associations among factors related to moisture damage, with significant variations in damage types across different building components, phases, and actors responsible. The findings indicate that moisture damage is most prevalent in buildings constructed between 1960-1980 and 2000-2020, with common issues including microbial growth, deformation of building envelopes and roofs, odors caused by humidity-related problems and wind-driven rain. Buildings with non-ventilated crawlspaces and non-ventilated attics are particularly susceptible. By characterizing moisture damage patterns and their associated factors, these findings enhance our understanding of moisture damage occurrences and informs strategies for relevant actors to improve their practices on moisture damage prevention along building lifecycles. Furthermore, various predictive modeling techniques and machine learning algorithms were explored to predict the presence of prevalent moisture damage types, including microbial growth, deformation, odor, and water leakage. The binary and multilabel classification models achieve high prediction rates of over 0.9 average AUCPR and F2 scores by training with building-related features in cross-validation and validation. The lead binary relevance models estimate that approximately one-third of school buildings, 20% of commercial and office buildings, and 15% of residential dwellings in the uninvestigated Swedish building stock may contain unreported moisture damage. These findings advance quantitative research on moisture damage, providing new insights and tools for assessing the extent and patterns of in-situ moisture damage, thereby aiding existing moisture safety evaluations, and building maintenance strategies. Specifically, the results can help building owners, insurance companies, and damage investigators predict and address potential moisture damage in buildings. They also support developers, designers, and contractors in making informed decisions about construction solutions, helping to avoid designs with a high risk of damage. By preventing moisture damage in both existing and new buildings, we can significantly reduce costs and the environmental impact of remediation and material replacement, which currently result in substantial expenses and CO2 emissions.Detta projekt genomfördes i samarbete mellan forskare vid RISE Research Institutes of Sweden och avdelningen för Byggnadsfysik vid Lunds universitet, med finansiering från Länsförsäkringar (projekt-ID: P4:22). Skadedatabasen, som samlades in från verkliga skadeanmälningar av Polygon AB, digitaliserades och sammanställdes av S. Olof Mundt-Petersen.</p
Vägledning till förvaltning av medeltida kyrktak
No full textVägledning till förvaltning av medeltida kyrktak presenteras som en serie om sju filmer och sju planscher. Vägledningen vill uppmärksamma ett dolt kulturarv - de upp till tusen år gamla takkonstruktionerna av trä i svenska och norska medeltida kyrkor. Hur ska de bäst tas om hand i ett förändrat klimat och med krav på energieffektivisering? Vi ställde frågan till kyrkoförvaltare, hantverkare, konsulter och myndighetspersoner i Sverige och Norge och de delade generöst sina erfarenheter. Här har vi sammanfattat deras råd.Vägledningen är ett resultat från Kyrktaksprojektet, med det formella namnet Energieffektiviserings- och klimatomställningsåtgärder med bevarade kulturvärden för medeltida kyrkors takkonstruktioner av trä. Projektet pågick 2022-2024 och finansierades av Energimyndigheten. Projektet leddes av RISE med NIKU (Norsk institutt for kulturminneforskning) som samarbetspartner. </p
Evaluation of ignitability of composite materials
No full textCombustible materials used in marine applications must be verified with regards to the fire performance. The requirements of the materials are related to end use application and type of vessel for the installation. However, usually the regulations refer to the IMO FTP Code 2010 for fire test methods and requirements. Reaction-to-fire parameters such as non-combustibility, smoke, toxicity and flame spread are addressed. One reaction-to-fire parameter is not addressed in the FTP Code, the ignitability of the material. Historically, it has been considered that if the material fulfils the requirements in the FTP Code, the ignitability test is not an issue, since the other test methods are more stringent. This study aims to evaluate the ignitability of seven selected composite materials, using the small flame fire test method according to EN ISO 11925-2
Unveiling the Essence of Gastronomy: A Data-Driven Exploration of Culinary Expertise in the Nordic Region
No full textThe science of gastronomy is a context-sensitive and qualitative application of human knowledge. While qualitative content analysis is a widely recognized research method, it is time-consuming, and its results heavily depend on the analyst’s expertise. This study addresses these challenges by employing automated content analysis (ACA), including tools like VOSViewer and AntConc, alongside qualitative methods from systemic functional linguistics (SFL). By analyzing 25 interviews with various professionals in gastronomy, the research aims to reduce subjectivity in interpreting data and uncover the essence of being a gastronomic chef. The findings highlight the complexity of a chef’s role, emphasizing creativity, collaboration, and innovation as key factors in delivering exceptional service and crafting the ultimate dining experience. Understanding a chef’s knowledge is crucial for enhancing service quality and comprehending consumer behavior, which is vital for service development
Godstågs effekt på resandetågs rättidighet : Slutrapport från projekt Mötesanalys och kanalkänslighet för godståg (MAKK)
No full textThe effects of freight trains on the punctuality of passenger trains In this report, we analyse the effects that freight trains, with slower average speeds, have on the timetable deviations of the passenger trains on a double track line with mixed traffic. In particular, we focus on the changes in the passenger trains’ time deviation from the train timetable when they are passing the freight trains. A method how to measure the time deviation around the passage is established. A case study is performed with data from 2022 for the double track line between Lund and Mjölby in southern Sweden. An important component is to study if the effects depend on the time deviation of the freight train, i.e., if the impact on the passenger train depends on if the freight train is operated on-time, before or after its timetable. The results show that in general, passages are more efficient when freight trains are before its timetable. Also, late passenger trains, on average, lose less time on the passage than passenger train that are on-time. The differences are small, but statistically significant. The results also show differences between stations and trains, and the report illustrate how to dig into the details of the results.Projektet har finansierats av Trafikverket (diarienummer TRV 2022/67439) inom forskningsprogram Kapacitet i järnvägstrafiken (KAJT).</p
Citizen responsive contributions in wildfire crisis Lessons about Shared Responsibility from the 2021 Finsjö fire
No full textIn 2021, the village Finsjö in Sweden experienced an abnormally large wildfire. During an intervention lasting for 6 days, Fire and Rescue Services [FRS] received spontaneous help from volunteers, leading to valuable contributions but also questions regarding how to address division of responsibilities. Through qualitative interviews with the FRS, this study explores the interaction between formal and informal responsibilities and how FRS representatives perceive spontaneous volunteer contributions. We will show how informal response benefits come from complementing formal duties by answering to specific kinds of needs, and how challenges emerge from questions of dependence and accountability The research is funded by FORMAS as part of the project Not my responsibility –improved community preparedness through cross-sectoral dialogue.</p
Digitalization in the Healthcare Service Sector : The Case of Home Monitoring Using IoT and LCA
No full textDigitalisation is expected to transform the way we produce and provide services. Digitalisation encapsulates a wide range of systems including e.g. IoT systems with the choice of sensory equipment, algorithms and AI, data storage and integrations into ecosystems of health data. While the sector is developing smarter and digital solutions, less is known about the operation of such systems and the area of Product Service Systems (PSS). The research project includes practical operations of digital solution in the hospital service sector and includes the evaluation of environmental and the social benefits of home monitoring solutions. The research method is based on an LCA approach. The system includes IoT, AI and health service. The functional unit is multi-functional and include digital service and the service provided for patients. We used a modular approach and use several functional units to overcome the methodological challenges. By that we can relate results to different part of the digital service, or the health service provided. The preliminary results show that home monitoring will increase the use of digital equipment and data storage, while reducing transport of patient to and from the hospital. This has highlighted implications on both the product design (direct effects) and the service design (indirect effects). In hospital routine situations, the time is saved to a large extend, and IoT used for providing better service, while patients transport, and climate impacts are reduced. In an emergency, home monitoring might prevent the hospital transports and climate impacts reduced to a larger extend