RISE – Research Institutes of Sweden
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Improving powertrain efficiency through torque modulation techniques in single and dual motor electric vehicles
No full textBattery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) typically experience reduced powertrain energy efficiency under low-torque operating conditions. This issue can be mitigated by torque modulation, i.e., alternating driver torque demand between zero and an appropriate value. This paper aims to maximize the efficiency improvement of torque modulation and investigate its potential in two powertrain topologies: single and dual motor powertrains. To this end, optimal modulation strategies are proposed for both powertrains, considering overall powertrain energy losses and specific powertrain characteristics. Additionally, the adverse impact on driver comfort and powertrain durability due to the pulsating torque is examined. The results suggest that the proposed optimal modulation strategies can enhance powertrain efficiency while maintaining acceptable levels of driver comfort and powertrain durability. In addition, complementary modulation and torque distribution can be applied in the dual motor powertrain to provide further energy-saving potential and reduced impact on driver comfort. This work was supported by the Swedish Energy Agency programfor vehicle research and innovation (FFI), grant number 51459-1 andP2024-01000.</p
Editorial : Gamification as intervention strategy for neuropsychological rehabilitation
No full textThis work was supported by the program Proyectosde Fortalecimiento de Centros de Investigación, PlanPropio de Investigación y Transferencia 2023, Universidadde Almería, Grant Number: P_FORT_CENTROS_2023/06.</p
A Rose by Another Name? : Odor Misnaming is Associated with Linguistic Properties
No full textNaming common odors is a surprisingly difficult task: Odors are frequently misnamed. Little is known about the linguistic properties of odor misnamings. We test whether odor misnamings of old adults carry information about olfactory perception and its connection to lexical-semantic processing. We analyze the olfactory–semantic content of odor source naming failures in a large sample of older adults in Sweden (n = 2479; age 58–100 years). We investigate whether linguistic factors and semantic proximity to the target odor name predict how odors are misnamed, and how these factors relate to overall odor identification performance. We also explore the primary semantic dimensions along which misnamings are distributed. We find that odor misnamings consist of surprisingly many vague and unspecific terms, such as category names (e.g., fruit) or abstract or evaluative terms (e.g., sweet). Odor misnamings are often strongly associated with the correct name, capturing properties such as its category or other abstract features. People are also biased toward misnaming odors with high-frequency terms that are associated with olfaction or gustation. Linguistic properties of odor misnamings and their semantic proximity to the target odor name predict odor identification performance, suggesting that linguistic processing facilitates odor identification. Further, odor misnamings constitute an olfactory–semantic space that is similar to the olfactory vocabulary of English. This space is primarily differentiated along pleasantness, edibility, and concreteness dimensions. Odor naming failures thus contain plenty of information about semantic odor knowledge. This work is partially fundedby grants from the Swedish Research Council to T.H. (2021-03440), E.J.L. (2021-00178), andJ.K.O. (2020-00266), the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation to J.K.O. (2016:0229), andfrom The Swedish e-Science Research Center to J.K.O., M.L. and P.H. The data collection inSNAC-K was financially supported by the Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, theparticipating County Councils and Municipalities, and the Swedish Research Council</p
Chunkwood fuel feeding and combustion experiments in small-scale boilers to provide design suggestions for chunkwood friendly boiler construction
No full textChunkwood fuels have a particle size larger than normal chips which enables good drying and storage properties and are therefore appreciated by small-scale users. However, small-scale boilers optimized for chunkwood are not commercially available and the research question is if modern wood chip stokers, selected for having a robust fuel feeding system could feed and combust the fuel. Chunkwood fuel feeding, and combustion tests are performed in a 27-kW and a 240-kW wood chip stoker. Both boilers fulfill Ecodesign emission requirements for carbon monoxide (CO) at nominal load, but further optimization is required to fulfil requirements for dust. Partial load combustion needs to be further studied. There were problems with high stress on the fuel feeding system in both stokers, traced to when excessively large fuel pieces passed the outlet of the fuel bin and when fuel discs became trapped between the auger screw and the lid of the conveyor. Suggestions to solve the fuel feeding problems includes redesign of the fuel bin auger screw to cut oversized pieces, alternatively use of previously developed prototype conveyors that worked. Further studies are required to optimize the fuel feeding system and the combustion performance including a solution for partial load operation. This work was supported by the European Union through the Interreg Sweden-Norway programme, grant number 20200023, project name IMTRIS and through the European Agriculture Fund for Rural Development distributed by the Swedish Board of Agriculture, Sweden and from Hushållningssallskapet, ¨ Sweden with funds from the Rural Program 2014-2022. Support was also given by the Swedish Energy Agency, Sweden through Småskalprogrammet and Bransleprogrammet ¨ and by Dalarna University, Sweden. We would like to thank Robert Norback ¨ at Kungsbergets Service AB, Sweden, Henrik Nyman and Bengt Karlsson at NOJ AB, Sweden for providing the boilers, Anders Lindholm from BN Energikonsult AB, Sweden, who supported with measurement equipment and Emrik Forss´en and Åke Orjes ¨ for producing the chunkwood.</p
Reducing the energy performance gap through stepwise verification of building and system functions
No full textThe article summarizes the results of analyses of Swedish energy efficient apartment buildings in relation to the energy performance gap. To reduce the energy performance gap, better working methods are needed throughout the construction process, from the early stages when the architect needs support in analysing heat losses from distribution systems, when there is still an opportunity to optimize the building layout by placing shafts and pipe paths, etc. for less heat loss, and to create good conditions for measuring and adjusting air flows. In the design phase, check that the installation systems in the energy calculation match the design of the installation systems. Then carry out more detailed calculations of heat losses, etc., and provide opportunities to measure and verify heat losses up to final inspection. During operation, verify that the installed systems are working as intended, and track the energy use of different systems and experience feedback. The main part of my reports in the reference list which I summarize in this article has funding from the Swedish Energy Agencyand/or The Development Fund of the Swedish ConstructionIndustry</p
Yield and protein composition in seeds of four buckwheat (Fagopyrum sp.) cultivars cropped in Sweden
No full textBuckwheat (Fagopyrum sp.) is increasingly favoured for its nutritional composition and overall health benefits in Sweden. However, buckwheat cultivation in Sweden is low. This project evaluated the cultivation of four cultivars of common buckwheat in Scandinavian cropping conditions over two years, employing standard sowing methods and harvesting techniques. The results showed that a seeding rate of 200 seeds per m² was sufficient to achieve a yield comparable with other studies. There were no significant differences in germination rate and number of plants per m² between buckwheat cultivars, while significant differences were observed in maturation time and yield. The average yield of buckwheat (common or Tartary) varied from 724 kg ha-1 (“Darja”) to 3 276 kg ha-1 (“Panda”) in 2021, and from 2 587 kg ha-1 (“Kora”) to 3 133 kg ha-1 (“Tartary buckwheat”) in 2022. All buckwheat cultivars had a protein content in the seeds of approximately 110 g kg-1 of dry matter and were composed of a well-balanced amino acid profile. Our results indicate that the Swedish geographic latitude and meteorological conditions were suitable for achieving high buckwheat yields for some cultivars.This research was funded by the Ekhaga foundation, Sweden, grant number 2020-30.</p
Digital resiliens inom transportsektorn : En rapport om sektorns digitala systems resiliens och deras roll i och för samhället
No full textDenna rapport redovisar för hur den digitala resiliensen ser ut inom den svenska transportsektorn, med fokus på hur digitala system används, påverkar och skyddar sektorns funktioner. Rapporten är den tredje delen i en serie om digital resiliens i olika samhällssektorer. Transportsektorn är en av de mest reglerade sektorerna i Sverige, med omfattande ansvar för att säkerställa tillgänglighet och säkerhet i transporter av människor och varor. Sektorn är också idag beroende av digitala system för bland annat trafikledning, navigering, schemaläggning och logistikhantering. System som möjliggör effektivisering och kvalité men som också kan innebära nya utmaningar kopplade till digital säkerhet och sårbarhet. I rapporten går det att ta del av vikten av digital resiliens, förmågan hos digitala system att motstå, hantera och återhämta sig från störningar, för att upprätthålla sektorns funktionalitet även vid cyberattacker, tekniska fel eller andra typer av avbrott. Genom att analysera aktuella händelser, såsom ransomware-attacker och överbelastningsattacker mot transportsektorn, synliggör rapporten betydelsen av att bygga robusta och pålitliga digitala system. Transportsektorns digitalisering erbjuder möjligheter till innovation, såsom självkörande fordon, automatiserade logistiklösningar och nya säkerhetssystem. Samtidigt ökar kraven på säkerhet, vilket ställer sektorn inför utmaningar som beroende av utländsk teknik, brist på digital mognad, konservativa kulturer och komplexa regelverk för att nämna några. Rapporten presenterar konkreta åtgärdsförslag för att stärka den digitala resiliensen. Vilka inkluderar exempelvis ökat samarbete mellan aktörer inom och utanför sektorn, satsningar på redundanta system och backup-lösningar, och kontinuerlig kompetensutveckling för att förbättra säkerhetsarbetet. Vidare föreslås även införandet av säkra testmiljöer, prioritering i upphandlingar och tydliga ansvarsfördelningar. En samlad strategi för sektorn, som inkluderar långsiktiga investeringar i forskning och innovation, anses nödvändig för att säkerställa ett hållbart och säkert transportsystem. Genom att kombinera teknisk utveckling med strukturerade säkerhetsinsatser och ökat samarbete kan transportsektorn stärka sin förmåga att hantera framtida digitala risker och säkra sin samhällsviktiga funktion
Cybersecurity Risk Assessment of Virtually Coupled Train Sets
No full textIn recent years, the increasing digitalisation and interconnectedness of railway systems have underscored the critical importance of robust cybersecurity measures. Notable cybersecurity incidents, such as the sabotage of more than 20 trains in Poland via simple "radio-stop" commands using low-cost equipment, highlight the vulnerability of these complex systems to disruptions that can have far-reaching consequences. Moreover, the evolving threat landscape, characterised by increasingly sophisticated ransomware and distributed denial-ofservice (DDoS) attacks, poses ongoing challenges that demand continuous vigilance and adaptation. The regulatory response, including stringent EU directives such as the Cybersecurity Act and the NIS 2 Directive, reflects a concerted effort to elevate the cybersecurity standards that impact the transportation sector. The objective of this work is to provide a cybersecurity risk assessment of the Virtually Coupled Train Set (VCTS) design that is developed within the R2DATO EU Rail project. This work leverages the methodologies developed under the Shift2Rail (S2R) initiative, particularly the X2Rail-5 project. The assessment aims to identify potential vulnerabilities and assess the impact of potential threats. Risk and target security level evaluations for VCTS are presented for identifying applicable security requirements from IEC 62443. By applying a risk assessment tool based on IEC 62443-3-2 and CLC/TS 50701 towards regulatory compliance measures, this work seeks to fortify the cybersecurity of railway systems, ensuring safer and more reliable operations in an increasingly digital landscape
Techno-economic analysis of detoxification and recycling of contaminated plastic waste streams with hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL)/Solvolysis
No full textConceptual process modelling and techno-economic analysis have been carried out to evaluate solvolysis/HTL for the detoxification of contaminated plastic waste streams. The solvolysis process was modelled using Aspen Plus. Five additives commonly found in mixed plastic waste have been included in process modelling. The degradation of additives, concerning how these substances break down, is based on the results from lab testing. Two cases, one focusing on polyolefins and the other on blend plastics, were investigated at the scale of 200 kton/year. Internal heat recovery is utilised for preheating the input streams in the solvolysis process. The energy input for the two cases is 548–593 kWh/ton of plastic waste for heating and 227–243 kWh/ton of plastic waste for cooling, with 160–170 kWh/ton of plastic waste recovered for district heating. The combined CAPEX and OPEX costs are €60-80/ton of plastic waste for the two cases, with OPEX constituting 80% (mainly from solvent replacement) and CAPEX accounting for 20%. The HTL reactor accounts for half of the equipment costs. Larger plastic waste facilities (200 kton/year) have significantly lower specific costs (€60/ton) compared to smaller ones (20 kton/year) at €125/ton, with CAPEX contributing more to costs at smaller capacities. OPEX becomes the dominant cost at higher capacities, benefiting from economies of scale, while utility and solvent usage per ton of plasticwaste remains relatively unaffected by capacity.This report covers the technoeconomic work package (WP5) of the DeToxoLys project, financed by Formas – the Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development (DNr: 2021-00445). The technoeconomic work package was carried out at RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, with data support from the teams at RISE and the Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL).DeToxoLys project (DNr: 2021-00445
Odlingsfaktorer, hållbarhet och sortval inom primärproduktion av råvara för kvalitetsmjöl av baljväxter
No full textEn ökad odling av baljväxter och en minskad köttkonsumtion lyfts i flera internationella och nationella rapporter som en viktig pusselbit i utvecklingen av ett mer hållbart matproduktionssystem. Det finns flera utmaningar att lösa inom odlingen av baljväxter för att kunna möta behovet av och efterfrågan på baljväxter som livsmedel i bland annat Sverige. Några av utmaningarna är låg lönsamhet, ojämna skördar samt brist på infrastruktur för förädlingsanläggningar av råvaran. Den här rapporten är en del i ett EIP-projekt som syftar till att utveckla en förädlingsanläggning för baljväxtråvara från ärt, åkerböna och bruna bönor till kvalitetsmjöl. Ett sådant kan användas i en rad olika livsmedelsprodukter och efterfrågan på baljväxtmjöl spås öka i framtiden. Syftet med den här rapporten är att identifiera utmaningar och möjligheter inom odlingen, hållbarhet och sortval inom primärproduktion av baljväxtråvara för att producera ett kvalitetsmjöl i Sverige. Sett till odlingsarealer av baljväxter i Sverige idag kan ärta, åkerböna och brun böna anses vara de grödor som utgör de mest rimliga råvarorna för produktion av baljväxtmjöl. Odlingsarealerna för ärta och åkerböna är lika till storleken och även med avseende på i vilka regioner i landet, medan brun böna är en nischgröda som odlas i mycket mindre skala och endast på och i regionen kring Öland. Avkastningen ligger på ungefär samma nivå för de tre grödorna. All brun böna som produceras idag går till humankonsumtion, men endast en mycket liten andel av producerad ärta och åkerböna. Frökvaliteten skiljer sig åt mellan grödorna i bland annat fröstorlek, proteinhalt, stärkelsehalt, kostfiber och antinutritionella faktorer (ANF). Åkerböna har högst proteinhalt, ca 30%, medan ärta och brun böna har ca 20%. Bland ANFs i de tre grödorna är det vanligtvis saponiner som utmärker sig för högre halter i ärta, medan det i åkerböna är tanniner. Trädgårdsbönor, till vilka brun böna tillhör, har ofta högre halter av ANF av proteintyp (så som lektiner). De olika grödornas olika frökvalitet, samt om råvaran skalas eller ej, kommer att påverka näringssammansättningen samt halter av ANF i ett baljväxtmjöl. Även sortvalet inom en gröda kan påverka dessa faktorer, det finns till exempel åkerbönssorter som i princip helt saknar tanniner. Det finns också en stor variation i frökvalitet hos växtmaterial från genbanker som har potential att användas inom växtförädlingen. De tre baljväxterna i projektet ställer olika krav på odlingsbetingelserna för att producera god kvalitet och hög skörd. Genom att vara medveten om vilka sjukdomar som är jordburna och vilka växter som uppförökar olika patogener kan växtföljden minska risken för skördebortfall. Klimatförändringar kan förväntas förändra spridning och överlevnad av skadedjur som också kan hinna med fler livscykler. Det blir allt viktigare att förebygga genom sortval och optimera odlingsbetingelserna för att möta efterfrågan med hög skörd av god kvalité.En rapport inom ’Svenskt och öländskt kvalitetsmjöl från baljväxter för humankonsumtion’, Europeiskt Innovationsprojekt (EIP), Landsbygdsprogrammet 2014–2020 (journalnummer 2019–4885).</p