RISE – Research Institutes of Sweden
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Test och utvärdering av lösningar för att minska klimatpåverkan
No full textDenna rapport presenterar resultaten från test-delen projektet “Lösningar för klimatsmarta evenemang,” som genomfördes mellan 2022 och 2024 och koordinerades av RISE Research Institutes of Sweden. Projektet syftade till att minska växthusgasutsläpp vid olika evenemang genom att utveckla, testa och utvärdera innovativa tjänster och lösningar. Testerna inkluderade organisatoriska och besökarrelaterade aktiviteter och genomfördes vid flera evenemang, såsom konserter, idrottsevenemang och nöjesparker.Detta är en rapport inom F&I projektet Lösningar för Klimatsmarta Evenemang som finansierades av FFI-programmet Transport och Mobilitetstjänster genom Vinnova.</p
Hur når vi klimatmålen för privatkonsumtion? Behov och möjligheter på regional och lokal nivå
No full textDenna rapport utforskar vilka typer av satsningar på regional och lokal nivå som har stor potential att bidra till att minska resurs- och klimatpåverkan kopplat till privatkonsumtion. Rapporten syftar också till att underlätta för regionala och lokala aktörer att rikta och prioritera sina styrmedel. Med endast fem år kvar till 2030 gäller det för samtliga aktörer att lägga i nästa växel för att konsumtionsmålen ska kunna nås. I rapporten har Västra Götalandsregionens konsumtionsmål använts som utgångspunkt: ”Utsläppen av växthusgaser från konsumtion ska minska med 30% från 2010 till 2030”. Rapportens fokus ligger på materiell konsumtion av sällanköpsvaror samt tjänster och upplevelser riktade mot privatpersoner. De insikter och rekommendationer som presenteras i denna rapport bygger på intervjuer med utvalda nyckelpersoner inom regional och kommunal utveckling samt arbetssessioner med representanter från forskningsorganisationer med fokus på hållbar konsumtion och cirkulär ekonomi. Därtill har utvalda regioners och kommuners nuvarande arbete samt tidigare forskning kopplat till hållbar privatkonsumtion också studerats. I rapporten presenteras ett ramverk som illustrerar viktiga förflyttningsområden med bäring på privatkonsumtion samt viktiga ansatser som kan bidra till att framtida satsningar får stor effekt. Utifrån de identifierade förflyttningsbehoven och ansatserna har ett huvudsakligt fokusområde för satsningar identifierats tillsammans med fyra prioriterade satsningsområden. Rekommendationen är att satsningar på regional och lokal nivå för att minska resurs- och klimatpåverkan kopplat till privatkonsumtion i huvudsak bör fokusera på: att adressera målgrupperna med högst utsläpp och verka för ett skifte till praktiker och samhällsnormer som leder till materiell konsumtion i linje med konsumtionsmålen. Följande satsningsområden anses vara extra viktiga för att nå konsumtionsmålen: I. Identifiera viktiga målgrupper och de praktiker och normer som driver deras ohållbar konsumtion. II. Engagera målgrupperna och samskapa de skiften som behövs genom experimenterande. III. Tillhandahålla hållbara alternativ för att tillfredsställa underliggande behov. IV. Tillgängliggöra platser och sammanhang som underlättar förändrade praktiker och normer. Rapporten innehåller närmare beskrivningar av förflyttningsbehoven, viktiga ansatser, huvudfokus och prioriterade områden för satsningar på regional och lokal nivå, samt exempel på typer av insatser inom varje satsningsområde. Regionala och lokala aktörer kan nyttja rapporten för att prioritera, utforma och rikta styrmedel och satsningar så att de bidrar till de förflyttningar som krävs för att privatkonsumtionen ska ligga i linje med konsumtionsmålen.Denna rapport har tagits fram som del av projektet ”Behovsanalys och initiativ inom förnybara och resurseffektiva produkter och tjänster” som finansierats av Västra Götalandsregionen.</p
Current and best practices in information presentation
No full textDigitalization and automation in industry can have both positive and negative effects on social sustainability. On one hand it can be a basis for monotonous, uncreative, and even dangerous workplaces and in some cases might even result in people losing their work. On the other hand, it can be a base for ergonomically sound and inclusive work, engaging everyone in improvements. This project aims for moving the focus on positive effects for social sustainability while still staying cost efficient and effective in economic and ecologic sustainability for digitalization and automation of work instructions and training in manual operations like assembly, machine operation & setup, maintenance, and material handling. The Industry 4.0 paradigm offers radically increased opportunities for doing just that. For example, increased digitization can create efficiency improvements through shorter lead times and reduced disruptions to production. New generations of technology and software as well as information dissemination can be accelerated and the traceability of products and materials in the industrial systems can be greatly increased. Digitization also provides opportunities to increase industrial resilience to challenges coming from elsewhere, such as demographic change and climate threats. Advanced application of digitization is seen by industries and decision-makers as the most important enabler for achieving the strategic sustainability goals and Agenda2030. A crucial factor for competitiveness is the human contribution. Here too, digitalisation is radically changing the conditions. In the last 20 years, work instructions have been transformed from printed text on paper into an increasingly digital representation. As knowledge increases about how work instructions for the manufacturing industry should be designed, they are rarely designed according to user conditions. At best, this results in a missed opportunity for performance improvements and at worst, it could potentially result in quality deficiencies, efficiency deficiencies and a lower degree of inclusion of staff groups. Digitization and automation permeate both society and industry more and more and there are many different technologies on the market. These can contribute to both increased efficiency and flexibility for the industry. However, there are a lot of challenges to both implement, design, and use instructions. Studies conducted in industry 2014–2018 show that operators and assembly workers only use instructions in 20–25% of cases in the operational phase when they are perceived as inefficient (Fast-Berglund & Stahre, 2013; Mattsson et al., 2018). Of course, this also increases the risks of, for example, assembly errors by not using instructions to the extent that they should be used. The corporate culture and standards are also an important part of how instructions are created and used. Depending on the structure and condition of the company and the production unit, for example, an assembly instruction at one company may include information about the product, process, and work environment, while an assembly instruction at another company includes completely different or only parts of this information. Of course, this is a natural consequence of sometimes far-inherited corporate cultures and traditions, but experience has also shown that it is to a very large extent the nature of work that defines the type of support system needed. In line with increased automation and increasing product variation as a result of increased customisation, operators’ tasks will require more creative work than before where the aim is to enable and handle the results of individual workers' creative thoughts about improvements in their own work situation, increasing cognitive load (Taylor et al., 2020). The development of digitalisation has created new opportunities for improved communication among employees in the manufacturing industry (Oesterreich & Teuteberg, 2016). Therefore, this technological development can and should support operators cognitively (Kaasinen et al., 2020; Mattsson et al., 2016). Although many new digital technologies are being developed and are available (Romero et al., 2016), it is still difficult to implement these so that people's cognitive work is supported. This is often due to the fact that the implementation does not take place in a way that people are comfortable with (Parasuraman & Riley, 1997). In many cases, humans are expected to adapt to technology and not the other way around (Thorvald et al., 2021). To implement better support for their operators, companies should focus on identifying the information needs that exist (Haghi et al., 2018) and then visualize it in a way that is useful to operators. The central aim for the project is to demonstrate how knowledge and systematic development of cognitive support and information design can increase quality and flexibility in future production and how this can be considered in the implementation of digital work instructions. In the industrial case studies, current state-of-practice in information presentation will be investigated and analysed together with state-of-the art knowledge and technology to map successful efforts in industry, identify what it is that makes them successful, or how a particularly challenging situation can be further improved through our knowledge of cognitive work in production.First year report of DIGITALIS1 (DIGITAL work InStructions for cognitive work)1The project is funded by Swedish innovation agency Vinnova through the strategic innovation program Produktion2030. The following partners are included in DIGITALIS: Skövde University, Research Institutes of Sweden, Chalmers University of Technology, Husmuttern AB, SAAB AB, Volvo Powertrain, Swegon AB, CEJN AB, Hitech & Development Wireless Sweden and ESI Group.</p
Digitalization and verifiability strategy for sustainability management of transports in the construction sector
No full textThe construction sector is under a strong transformation, partly due to accelerating digitalization, and partly due to an increase in sustainability requirements. The drivers of digitalization are increased productivity, efficiency, and quality, whereas the requirements on sustainability performance are related to many external forces impacting the sector, such as stricter regulations on the verifiability of claims concerning resource efficiency, emissions, and waste management. In particular, the transport actors within the construction sector need a strategy to digitalize all their sustainability information. This report approaches this issue by integrating the BEAst (PEPPOL) standard for the construction sector’s data exchange with the ISO standard ISO 14033 for controlling the verifiability of quantitative sustainability information. The report shows how standards-based requirements on data exchange to and from all construction transport actors and stakeholders enable digitalization and data flows in a cost-efficient way and with short lead time to reduce administration, facilitate follow-up, enable traceability and verifiability, efficiency, and goal fulfillment combining societal and environmental benefits
Glulam beams adhesively bonded by birch plywood plates in moment-resisting beam-to-beam connections
No full textThe design of timber connections is of vital importance in timber structures. Bonded connections exhibit the advantages of lower cost, higher load-bearing capacity, and higher stiffness compared to conventional mechanical connections. However, the potential of the bonded connections has yet to be fully exploited, not only due to their sensitivity to the adhesive types and process-related parameters but also due to the lack of studies regarding the structural performance of the bonded connection in various loading conditions. In this paper, birch plywood plates were utilized to adhesively connect two glulam beam halves to create a longer span. Plywood made of birch was chosen because birch is highly resourced on the Eurasian continent, with its mechanical properties better than most softwoods. Specifically, glulam beams were connected by birch plywood plates at mid-span and then loaded in four-point bending. Four test series with two different bonding areas and birch plywood face grain orientations were carried out. The bonded region was designed as the weakest part to investigate the failure modes, moment capacity, bending stiffness, and moment-rotation angle relationships. Furthermore, numerical models were developed to predict the structural behaviors in the linear elastic stage, while analytical models were proposed and subsequently modified to predict the moment-carrying capacities. Both numerical and analytical models displayed satisfactory agreement with the test results.The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge Vinnova project 2017–02712 “Bärande utomhusträ” within the BioInnovation program as well as the Kamprad Family Foundation (reference number: 20200013) and from Produktion2030, a strategic innovation program supported by Vinnova [reference number: 2021–03681], Swedish Energy Agency and Formas. China Scholarship Council and Svenskt Trä are thanked for the financial support. Moelven is thanked for supplying the glulam materials. Koskisen is acknowledged for supplying birch plywood panels.</p
Attitudes and preferences regarding plant-based yoghurt analogues among Swedish consumers with different dietary habits
No full textThis study evaluated drivers and barriers in consumer willingness to purchase plant-based yoghurt analogues (PBYA) and assessed the most important attributes of PBYA. Questionnaire data from 702 Swedish adults (19% vegan, 20% lacto-ovo-vegetarian, 21% flexitarian, 41% omnivore) showed that attitudes and preferences regarding PBYA differed between consumers with different dietary preferences. Animal welfare was an important driver for vegans, while interest in trying new foods was one of the main drivers for omnivores. All four consumer groups believed that PBYA is good for the environment. The main reasons indicated for not consuming PBYA were unpleasant taste and lack of motive to switch from dairy yoghurt to PBYA. All groups indicated taste, appearance and price as overall driving forces when choosing PBYA. The importance of some factors, such as local ingredients, few additives and low sugar content, was rated higher by flexitarians and omnivores than by vegans and lacto-ovo vegetarians. These data about consumer attitudes and preferences regarding PBYA should be implemented during PBYA product development, especially when targeting different food preference groups. This work was supported by Formas research council , grant numbers 2020–00861 , 2018–01869 and 2020-02839 .</p
The Concordance Index decomposition : A measure for a deeper understanding of survival prediction models
No full textThe Concordance Index (C-index) is a commonly used metric in Survival Analysis for evaluating the performance of a prediction model. In this paper, we propose a decomposition of the C-index into a weighted harmonic mean of two quantities: one for ranking observed events versus other observed events, and the other for ranking observed events versus censored cases. This decomposition enables a finer-grained analysis of the relative strengths and weaknesses between different survival prediction methods. The usefulness of this decomposition is demonstrated through benchmark comparisons against classical models and state-of-the-art methods, together with the new variational generative neural-network-based method (SurVED) proposed in this paper. The performance of the models is assessed using four publicly available datasets with varying levels of censoring. Using the C-index decomposition and synthetic censoring, the analysis shows that deep learning models utilize the observed events more effectively than other models. This allows them to keep a stable C-index in different censoring levels. In contrast to such deep learning methods, classical machine learning models deteriorate when the censoring level decreases due to their inability to improve on ranking the events versus other events. This research was performed under the CAISR+ project funded by the Swedish Knowledge Foundation </p
Present-day thermal and water activity environment of the Mars Sample Return collection
No full textThe Mars Sample Return mission intends to retrieve a sealed collection of rocks, regolith, and atmosphere sampled from Jezero Crater, Mars, by the NASA Perseverance rover mission. For all life-related research, it is necessary to evaluate water availability in the samples and on Mars. Within the first Martian year, Perseverance has acquired an estimated total mass of 355 g of rocks and regolith, and 38 μmoles of Martian atmospheric gas. Using in-situ observations acquired by the Perseverance rover, we show that the present-day environmental conditions at Jezero allow for the hydration of sulfates, chlorides, and perchlorates and the occasional formation of frost as well as a diurnal atmospheric-surface water exchange of 0.5–10 g water per m2 (assuming a well-mixed atmosphere). At night, when the temperature drops below 190 K, the surface water activity can exceed 0.5, the lowest limit for cell reproduction. During the day, when the temperature is above the cell replication limit of 245 K, water activity is less than 0.02. The environmental conditions at the surface of Jezero Crater, where these samples were acquired, are incompatible with the cell replication limits currently known on Earth. M.-P.Z. was supported by Grant PID2019-104205GB-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by Grant PID2022-140180OB-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER, UE., UE. G. M wants to acknowledge JPL funding from USRA Contract Number 1638782. C.D.K.H was supported by Canadian Space Agency Mars 2020 Participating Scientist Grant CSA CGCPU 20EXPMARS. S.S. acknowledges funding from the Swedish National Space Agency (Contracts 2021-00092 and 137/19). V.D. thanks the FRS-FNRS for support. Part of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). K.C.B. was funded by NASA Mars 2020 Grant 80NSSC20K0235. J.M.F. was supported by the Spanish Agency for Research, Contract PID2022-142750OB-I00. E.M.H. acknowledges funding from NASA RSS PS 80NSSC20K0239. A.D.C. was funded by NASA Mars 2020 Returned Sample Science Participating Scientist Program Grant 80NSSC20K0237. V.D. thanks the FRS-FNRS and PDR 35284099 for support</p
Single particle conversion of woody biomass using fully-resolved and Euler–Lagrange coarse-graining approaches
No full textThe conversion of woody biomass is studied by means of a layer-based model for thermally-thick biomass particles (Thunman et al. 2002, Ström et al. 2013). The model implementation is successfully validated against experiments that study particle conversion in a drop tube reactor. After this validation step, this work focuses on the well-known problem of grid dependence of two-phase numerical simulations using the standard Euler–Lagrange (EL) framework. This issue is addressed and quantified by comparing EL data that models the particle boundary layers to corresponding simulations which fully resolve these boundary layers (fully-resolved, FR, simulations). A comparison methodology for the conceptually different FR and EL approaches by extracting the heat transfer coefficient from the detailed FR simulations is proposed and confirms that the EL results are strongly grid-dependent. This issue is overcome by applying a set of coarse-graining methods for the EL framework. Two coarse-graining methods are evaluated, a previously suggested diffusion-based method (DBM) and a new approach based on moving averages referred to as MAM. It is shown that both DBM and MAM can successfully recover the detailed FR data for pure particle heating for a case where the grid size is half the particle diameter, i.e. when the standard EL method fails. Both coarse-graining methods also give improved results for an EL simulation that considers the more complex combined physics of particle heating, drying and devolatilisation, given that the CG model parameters that scale the corresponding CG interaction volumes are sufficiently large. Based on the available FR data, recommended model parameter ranges for DBM and MAM are provided as a function of normalised boundary layer thickness. The novel MAM approach is shown to be significantly more efficient than the DBM and therefore suitable for future EL simulations with multiple particles. The authors acknowledge the financial support by the DeutscheForschungsgemeinschaft, Germany for project number 450158108 andthe Chinese Scholarship Council (no. 201906420087, S. Meng). The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support by the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres (HGF), within the research fieldEnergy, program Materials and Technologies for the Energy Transition(MTET), topic Resource and Energy Efficiency.</p
Mätmetoder för att mäta fördelning av flisfraktioner i såll : Slutrapport
No full textDen råa flisen som produceras vid svenska sågverk köps av massabruken och är en viktig insatsvara för att producera pappersmassa. På grund av att processen på massabruken påverkas av storleksfördelningen på flisen så finns det en differentierad ersättning där olika storleksfraktioner genererar olika ersättning. Det är sedan tidigare känt att man på sågverken i stor utsträckning kan påverka storleksfördelningen på den producerade flisen men den kontrollmäts enbart genom ett fåtal manuella stickprov av tredje part vid ankomsten till massabruken. I den aktuella rapporten har det sammanställts vilka förutsättningar som råder ifall en mätning av fyllnadsgraden för de olika fraktionerna görs inuti sållen på ett sågverk, dvs mätningen sker i processen. Utifrån förutsättningarna togs ett förslag på givartyp fram. Det slutgiltiga förslaget är att installera en ultraljudsgivare för varje fraktion av flis inuti sållet. Utifrån detta kan fördelningen beräknas genom att beakta varje fraktions andel av den totala flismängden. Det rekommenderas även att implementera en larmfunktion som uppmärksammar operatörerna på när sållen går för full vilket annars kan resultera i att pinnflis och spån inte hinner sållas ut ur acceptflisen. I en förlängning kan man även automatiskt styra såglinjens hastighet och/eller stocklucka för att optimera efter sållets kapacitet