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AquaLang : A Dataflow Programming Language
No full textDataflow systems are widely used today for building and running continuous data-intensive applications. However, the unavoidable semantic gap between the host languages of dataflow system libraries and the dataflow model creates programmability limitations that hinder performance, safety, and ease of use. We propose AquaLang, a new language designed for dataflow systems. Programs in AquaLang blend strongly typed relational and functional syntax and are verified using an effect system that prevents undefined behaviour that can occur when introducing user-defined logic that violates dataflow semantics. Unverified external code is also feasible in AquaLang through the novel use of sandboxing. Furthermore, on top of standard dataflow optimisations employed by current systems, AquaLang’s ability to analyze algebraic properties of user-defined functions further unlocks the potential of deeper dataflow program re-writing. In our evaluation, we measure up to one order of magnitude speedup for Nexmark queries against hand-written Flink programs attributed to pushdown and window incrementalisation techniques. .The research behind Aqualang was supported by Vinnova (GrantNo.: 2022-03036), the Swedish Foundation of Strategic Research(Grant No.: BD15-0006), Wallenberg AI NEST (DataBound Computing) and the Swedish e-Science Research Centre (SeRC)</p
UCxn : Typologically Informed Annotation of Constructions Atop Universal Dependencies
No full textThe Universal Dependencies (UD) project has created an invaluable collection of treebanks with contributions in over 140 languages. However, the UD annotations do not tell the full story. Grammatical constructions that convey meaning through a particular combination of several morphosyntactic elements-for example, interrogative sentences with special markers and/or word orders-are not labeled holistically. We argue for (i) augmenting UD annotations with a “UCxn” annotation layer for such meaning-bearing grammatical constructions, and (ii) approaching this in a typologically informed way so that morphosyntactic strategies can be compared across languages. As a case study, we consider five construction families in ten languages, identifying instances of each construction in UD treebanks through the use of morphosyntactic patterns. In addition to findings regarding these particular constructions, our study yields important insights on methodology for describing and identifying constructions in language-general and language-particular ways, and lays the foundation for future constructional enrichment of UD treebanks. This work was initiated by the Dagstuhl Seminar 23191 \u201CUniversals of Linguistic Idiosyncrasy in Multilingual Computational Linguistics\u201D (https://www.dagstuhl.de/23191). In addition to the authors, our discussion group also included Francis Bond, Jorg B\u00FCcker, Mathieu Constant, Daniel Flickinger, Sylvain Kahane, Peter Ljungl\u00F6f, Teresa Lynn, Alexandre Rademaker, Manfred Sailer, and Agata Savary. We are grateful for Grew infrastructure support from Bruno Guillaume; for feedback from members of the NERT lab at Georgetown and anonymous reviewers; and for discussion with Nat\u00E1lia Sathler Sigliano about some of the constructions in Portuguese. This work was supported in part by Israeli Ministry of Science and Technology grant No. 0002336 (Nurit Melnik, PI), CAPES PROEX grant No. 88887.816228/2023-00 (Arthur Lorenzi, PhD) and NSF award IIS-2144881 (Nathan Schneider, PI).</p
Greenhouse gas emissions related to fires in photovoltaic installations
No full textLife cycle assessments, LCA, can be made on all types of materials and products where the total envi-ronmental impact of the production, use and end-of-life is quantified. By including fire as one potentialend-of-life scenario, the emissions related to these, and potential benefits from reducing the risk of firecan be quantified. The question addressed in this article is how fires in photovoltaic (PV) installations affectthe environmental impact in a life cycle perspective. This will be evaluated by using a methodology calledFire-LCA that is based on standard LCA according to ISO 14040. The total emissions from PV-related firesin buildings and the emissions related to rebuilding and replacing the damaged materials normalised overthe amounts of produced electric energy are calculated to 0.3 g CO2eq /kWh. This is two orders of magni-tude lower than the typical 43.6 g CO2eq /kWh for the normal life cycle of PV installations. This comparisonputs the environmental impact of PV-related fires in perspective and underlines that PV installations stillmake a large positive impact on the reduction of CO2eq -emissions from electricity production even thoughthey represent a certain fire hazard.The work on this article is funded by the Fire Research and Innovation Centre,FRIC, as a part of the PhD by Reidar Stølen on fire safety of PV installations.FRIC is funded by the partners in addition to funding from the ResearchCouncil of Norway under the program BRANNSIKKERHET [project number294649]. A substantial part of the funding from the Research Council is givenby the Gjensidige Foundation. Further information can be found on fric.no.</p
Emissionsfaktorer för metan vid gårdsbaserad rötning av stallgödsel och konventionell lagring av flytgödsel
No full textI Sveriges växthusgasinventering används en nationellt anpassad metod för att skatta metan-emissioner från lagring av flytgödsel och rötning av stallgödsel i gårdsanläggningar (hela rötnings¬processen inklusive lagring av rötrest). Metoden består delvis av nationellt anpassade emissionsfaktorer och parametrar, och delvis av defaultvärden enligt IPCCs riktlinjer. Underlaget som ligger till grund för dagens inventering baseras på nationella emissionsmätningar som visar på högre metanutsläpp för rötad än för orötad gödsel. I växthusgas¬inventering¬en beräknas metanemissionerna från rötad gödsel vara cirka tre gånger högre än från orötad gödsel. Ser man på IPCCs standardvärden för metanemissioner för orötad flytgödsel respektive rötad gödsel så är förhållandet det omvända (IPCC, 2006; 2019). Sveriges nationella emissions¬faktor för orötad flytgödsel är dock väldigt låg i jämförelse med motsvarande värden i IPCCs riktlinjer. Vid denna studies genomgång av den vetenskapliga litteraturen, IPCCs riktlinjer och andra länders växthusgasinventeringar visas stora skillnader mellan emissionsfaktorer för flytgödsel¬lager och lager med rötat gödsel. Det saknas bra bakgrundsstudier om emissionsmätningar från gödsellager, särskilt studier som på ett rättvisande sätt jämför rötad och orötad gödsel. Generellt inom växthusgasinventeringen baseras många emissionsberäkningar på modell¬beräkningar och laboratorieförsök. Här saknas ofta bra dokumentation om modellerna, särskilt om indata och underlaget som använts för att bygga upp ekvationerna. Det görs även i flera fall antaganden som saknar kvalificerade argument, t ex att det inte kan bli några metanemissioner vid lagring av rötad gödsel eller att de måste vara mycket låga. Dessa antaganden kan dessutom ha stort genomslag i resultatet utan att det kommenteras eller problematiseras. Andra typer av referenser, som underlaget till förnybartdirektivet (Giuntoli m fl, 2017), ger inte heller någon extra information som kan ge större förståelse för emissioner från gödselhantering. Sveriges sätt att skatta metanemissioner från konventionell lagring av flytgödsel och lagring av rötad gödsel sticker ut på så sätt att MCF (metankonverteringsfaktorn) för flytgödsel är betydligt lägre än både andra länders nationella MCF och IPCC:s standardvärden medan förhållandet är det omvända för rötad gödsel där Sverige har ett högre MCF-värde. Vad vi kan se finns det stöd för att det är ett rimligt utfall för svenska förhållanden med tanke på vårt kalla klimat och snabba utgödsling från stall. Det är en fördel att Sverige redan har tagit fram egna MCF-värden, och att de baseras på försök och inte enbart på modellberäkningar, laboratorieförsök eller enkla antaganden. Vårt förslag är att Sverige fortsätter använda samma underlag till MCF som används idag, både för orötad och rötad gödsel. Det som kan förbättras i Sveriges underlag är att: - Se över B0-värdet för grisgödsel då nuvarande värde bedöms vara för högt. En justering av grisgödselns B0-värde skulle ge lägre skattade metanemissioner, allt annat lika. - Se över justeringen av reduktionen av VS och B0 vid rötning av gödsel, vilken bedömts vara underskattad. En högre reduktion av VS och B0 vid rötning av gödsel skulle ge lägre skattade metanemissioner vid rötning av stallgödsel i gårdsanläggningar, allt annat lika. - Uppdatera den så kallade Sverigemixen, det vill säga mixen av gödsel som rötas i gårds- och samrötningsanläggningar, så att den följer statistiken från gödselgasstödet och därmed speglar hur gödselmixen förändrats över tid. Säkerställ korrekt omräkning mellan biogasstatistikens uppgifter om mängd rötad gödsel (ton våtvikt) och uppgifter som behövs i växthusgasinventeringen (ton VS i träck). Detta skulle förbättra data-kvaliteten och skattningarna av metanemissioner, särskilt som mixen ändrats över tid och mängden rötad fast- och djupströgödsel ökar.Studien har gjorts på uppdrag av och med finansiering av Naturvårdsverket. Uppdraget har genomförts av Maria Berglund (Växa Sverige, tidigare Hushållningssällskapet Halland) och Kristina Mjöfors (RISE). Under arbetets gång har avstämningar gjorts med Naturvårdsverket, och Svenska Miljöemissionsdata, SMED.</p
Carbohydrate NMR chemical shift prediction by GeqShift employing E(3) equivariant graph neural networks
No full textCarbohydrates, vital components of biological systems, are well-known for their structural diversity. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy plays a crucial role in understanding their intricate molecular arrangements and is essential in assessing and verifying the molecular structure of organic molecules. An important part of this process is to predict the NMR chemical shift from the molecular structure. This work introduces a novel approach that leverages E(3) equivariant graph neural networks to predict carbohydrate NMR spectral data. Notably, our model achieves a substantial reduction in mean absolute error, up to threefold, compared to traditional models that rely solely on two-dimensional molecular structure. Even with limited data, the model excels, highlighting its robustness and generalization capabilities. The model is dubbed GeqShift (geometric equivariant shift) and uses equivariant graph self-attention layers to learn about NMR chemical shifts, in particular since stereochemical arrangements in carbohydrate molecules are characteristics of their structures. The authors gratefully acknowledgethe LuxProvide teams for their expert support. This work wassupported by grants from the Swedish Research Council (2022-03014) and The Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation.</p
ELOQUENT 2024 - Robustness Task
No full textELOQUENT is a set of shared tasks for evaluating the quality and usefulness of generative language models. ELOQUENT aims to apply high-level quality criteria, grounded in experiences from deploying models in real-life tasks, and to formulate tests for those criteria, preferably implemented to require minimal human assessment effort and in a multilingual setting. One of the tasks for the first year of ELOQUENT was the robustness task, in which we assessed the robustness and consistency of a model output given variation in the input prompts. We found that indeed the consistency varied, both across prompt items and across models, and on a methodological note we find that using a oracle model for assessing the submitted responses is feasible, and intend to investigate consistency across such assessments for different oracle models. We intend to run this task in coming editions for ELOQUENT to establish a solid methodology for further assessing consistency, which we believe to be a crucial component of trustworthiness as a top level quality characteristic of generative language models. This lab has been supported by the European Commission through the DeployAI project (grant number 101146490), by the Swedish Research Council (grant number 2022-02909), and by UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) under the UK government's Horizon Europe funding guarantee [grant number 10039436 (Utter)]. </p
Toward standardized measurement of CO2 transfer in the CCS chain
No full textThe global impact of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions on climate change is undeniable, with carbon dioxide (CO2) identified as the primary contributor to global warming. Urgent action is required to mitigate global warming by reducing anthropogenic CO2 emissions to achieve net-zero levels. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) stands as a proven technology to curtail CO2 emissions from various sources by capturing and sequestering CO2 in geological formations. To address the challenge of deploying CCS on a global scale, it is crucial to accurately quantify the captured, transported, and stored CO2 since quantification underpins regulations and commercial contracts. However, the lack of standardization in CCS projects and measurement methodologies poses a significant challenge, necessitating a common measurement framework to ensure the transparency and reliability of these efforts. This article provides a comprehensive review, with 211 references, of the latest results and operating conditions for current measurement technologies covering the entire measuring system and not just a single instrument. As such, it is a first-of-its-kind effort at establishing a comprehensive framework for CCS measurement. This article serves as a source of references and as a step toward developing an international documentary standard for the transferred CO2 measurement. By addressing measurement challenges and providing comprehensive recommendations for future research, it contributes to the ongoing efforts to mitigate global warming through the widespread deployment of CCS technology.This work was carried out as part of the project “Metrology for decarbonisingthe gas grid” 20IND10 www.decarbgrid.eu. The “Metrology for decarbonisingthe gas grid” 20IND10 project has received funding fromthe European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research(EMPIR) programme co-financed by the Participating States and fromthe European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme.</p
Filling the void : Rural disaster volunteerism during the Swedish wildfires of 2018
No full textIn the summer of 2018, both fire and rescue services and volunteers fought against the extensive wildfires that spread over the northern parts of Sweden. The challenges were many and one of the most obvious was the lack of resources provided by the state, both material and human. This lack of official resources, together with the long distances that characterize the rural northern parts of Sweden, have been highlighted in subsequent evaluations as one of the main reasons for the widely spread fires. The lack of official resources in itself can be understood as a consequence of several years of dismantling and centralization of the Swedish fire and rescue service. However, the responses from the local community were enormous. Local volunteers, spontaneous as well as organized, assisted in firefighting; in providing food and services; in offering shelter for evacuated, and many other things. In disaster research, volunteer activities have often been described as something that “fills the void” when official resources are scarce. This seems to be particularly true in rural contexts. This paper applies a critical perspective on rural disaster volunteerism by framing it as an expression of rural vulnerability and peripheralization: as something that is performed as a compensatory act in rural communities affected by social dismantling. In other words, both place and politics are central in understanding rural voluntary activity. Inspired by the theoretical concept geographies of voluntarism, this paper argues that people make sense of volunteer initiatives in relation to both the place where these activities take place and in relation to the power relations associated with this place. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore how rural disaster volunteerism intersects with structural conditions of rurality. © 2024 The AuthorsThe work was supported by FORMAS (Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning) under Grant number 2018-02120; and NordForsk under Grant number 97229, Climate Change Resilience in Small Communities in the Nordic Countries (CliCNord).</p
Effect of KCl on high-temperature corrosion of low-alloyed steel under low oxygen partial pressure
No full textLow oxygen environments in biomass gasification and the presence of chlorine in feedstocks can influence the corrosion rate of steel by affecting the formation of protective oxide scales. The effect of KCl on the high-temperature corrosion of low-alloyed steel (13CrMo4-5) under low oxygen partial pressure is investigated by KCl salt spray (0.1 mg·cm−2) and exposure to 3 vol% H2 + 30 vol% H2O + Ar (balance) at 500°C for up to 168 h. Specimens without KCl salt are exposed for reference. Specimens are characterized after exposure by mass change, SEM/EDS, and XRD. KCl-deposited specimens exhibit about 30% lower mass gain after exposure compared to non-sprayed specimens. Their scale shows a porous innermost layer and a denser layer on top. No Fe or Cr chlorides are identified. The specimens without salt exhibit a similar two-layered scale, with a porous inner Fe-Cr oxide, followed by a denser and thicker Fe-oxide above. KCl could potentially protect the surface from further degradation by physically covering the specimen, altering the scale morphology, and forming a less permeable barrier, hindering the transport of species through the scale. Eric Börjesson is gratefully acknowledged for performing valuable laboratory work. The work was performed within the Swedish High Temperature Corrosion Centre (HTC) and it was funded by the Swedish Energy Agency. Alleima (formerly Sandvik), Cortus Energy, Kanthal, and Phoenix Biopower are acknowledged as valuable project partners. Alleima (formerly Sandvik) and Kanthal are acknowledged for providing the test materials.</p
Experimental Development and Field Validation of Rock Anchors for Sustainable Onshore Foundations
No full textThe development of an innovative rock anchor prototype manufactured using high strength steel sheets produced locally in Sweden is the core of the PROWIND concept. Steel sheets provide a design freedom to easily manufacture complex geometries, which can be advantageous to enhance the shear force transmission in the bond-length segment of the anchor. The underlying challenge of this concept has been to design a solution which meets the design requirements of today and future technological advancements, all while keeping conventional installation practices in mind. The project followed a 4-step development process: (1) concept analysis and modelling, (2) small-scale prototypes testing and (3) large scale lab-validation and lastly (4) field validation. The performance of the developed rock anchor prototype and grouting material was experimentally quantified on both small and large-scale test specimens and also validated in full scale in the field concerning installation process, proof-loading and maintaining the prestress over time. The PROWIND anchors with the end feature with ribbed design have 4-5 times higher load bearing capacity. The experience from the anchor installation proved that the developed grout and anchors are faster and easier to install. The field test in two different geological conditions has proven that the news design is reducing the required anchorage length to just 1 meter. The restressing of anchors is fully possible with the proposed lock-off solution with a nut. All of those contribute to lower costs of installations and possibly longer service-life.The research presented in this paper has been financed by The Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten) within the project PROWIND \u201CPROWIND rock-adaptors for wind power\u201D (51382-1) in years 2022-2024.</p