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Assessing the measurement performance of flow meters close to operating conditions
No full textOperating and calibration conditions of flow meters vary considerably and have been the subject of various investigations over the years. Based on the knowledge gained and the development of test capabilities that has taken place in the meantime, the investigation of operational influences on the measurement behaviour of the devices can be further advanced. These efforts are driven by stricter requirements on the part of the users of flow measurements, who use these measurements for process optimisation or to prove compliance with given limit values. In the EMPIR project 20IND13 “Safest” infrastructure has been developed enabling a dynamic characterization of flow meters linked to different kinds of flow meter applications. In addition, eventual effects on flow measurements due to changes in ambient and fluid temperatures or deviations between them were investigated. The results for different types of flow meters such as Coriolis and screw spindle meters are presented and discussed. This project (EMPIR JRP 20IND13 SAFEST) has received fundingfrom the EMPIR programme co-financed by the Participating States andfrom the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme.</p
Kartläggning av brandincidenter i flervåningshus med trästomme 1996–2023
No full textSurvey of Fire Incidents in Multi-Story Timber Buildings 1996–2023 The study aims to increase knowledge about modern timber construction related to fire by collecting statistics on modern timber buildings, fire incidents, and analysing the data. MSB’s fire incidents for apartments in buildings over two stories in modern timber buildings are compared with fire incidents for all apartment buildings. This is to investigate if the number of fire incidents differs for buildings with timber frames compared to all apartment buildings. Modern timber buildings are defined as those where the majority of the vertical load-bearing parts are made of wood, are more than two stories high, and built after the change Swedish building code in 1994. The definition of apartment buildings includes special housing, such as student housing and care homes. A total of 37,243 apartments built with modern timber construction have been identified. By the end of 2023, there were 3,003,861 apartments in apartment buildings nationwide (SCB, 2025). SCB’s definition includes residential buildings with three or more apartments, including corridor-access houses, and buildings with one or two stories. All fire incidents in apartment buildings and row, semi-detached, and terraced houses reported by the country’s rescue services to MSB from 1996 to 2023 are included in the study. A total of 93,458 fire incidents for all apartment buildings were reported to MSB during this period. Assuming incidents in the total stock of apartments are equivalent to those in apartment buildings with timber frames, there would statistically have been 354 fire incidents in apartment buildings with timber frames. MSB’s data identified 166 such incidents, indicating a lower occurrence of fire incidents in apartments in timber-framed buildings than in the total population. From 1996 to 2023, seven fire incidents spread beyond the initial fire cell, affecting the entire or parts of the building outside the initial fire cell. This is lower than the statistically expected nine incidents based on the total housing stock. The lower number can be partly explained by the relatively new construction of the studied buildings, but other factors may also play a role.Projektet har genomförts av RISE på uppdrag av Träbyggnadskansliet. Finansiering av arbetet har delats av Träbyggnadskansliet, CBBT och TCN vilka tackas för möjligheten att genomföra projektet.</p
Application of DOFS for monitoring post-tensioned anchorage zones in reinforced and fibre reinforced concrete
No full textPrestressed concrete offers a range of benefits compared to traditional reinforced concrete, but in some markets the application of post-tensioned structures has seen a decline in recent decades. A critical aspect of post-tensioned structures is the design of anchorage zones. This study introduces and evaluates an experimental method based on Distributed Optical Fibre Sensors (DOFS) to assess the behaviour of post-tensioned anchorage zones. Moreover, the effectiveness of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) is also compared to various setups using conventional reinforcement systems. The aspects analysed include load-deformation behaviour, initial crack formation, and subsequent crack development. The research, based on six tested samples, shows that the application of DOFS in the presented setup holds great potential. Furthermore, the findings indicate that using exclusively SFRC at a volume fraction of 0.5%, without passive reinforcement is not recommended. However, combining SFRC with standard helical reinforcement around the anchorage block appears sufficient to meet desired structural performance, as evidenced by comparisons to control specimens.
Lösningar för klimatsmarta evenemang
No full textLösningar för klimatsmarta evenemang är ett projekt som genom ett flertal metoder har identifierat, samlat, strukturerat och testat olika åtgärder för evenemangsarrangörer att minska utsläppen från sina evenemang. Projektets övergripande syfte var undersöka hur man kan minska växthusgasutsläpp från evenemang och målet var att uppnå detta genom att ta fram, testa och utvärdera tjänster och lösningar som kan användas av evenemangsarrangörer för att planera och genomföra evenemang med lägre klimatpåverkan. Lösningar skulle samlas i ett nytt planeringsverktyg för evenemangsarrangörer. I detta arbete används begreppet evenemang i vid bemärkelse som ett samlingsbegrepp för olika typer av event, så som konserter, idrottsevenemang, festivaler men också möten, kongresser och mässor. Projektet har arbetat med utsläpp av växthusgaser kopplat till evenemang i fem kategorier; persontransporter, godstransporter, boende/övernattning, mat och dryck samt energi och resurser. Störst fokus har legat på transportrelaterade utsläpp då besökares resor till evenemang ofta står för det största andelen av de totala klimatutsläppen. Projektet har föreslagit vidare utveckling och demonstration av ett antal transportrelaterade lösningar som kan förenkla för evenemangsarrangörer att påverka besökares resval, men har också arbetat med lösningar inom andra kategorier så som mat och dryck, kläder och merchandise, samt engångsprodukter. En betydande del av projektet har fokuserat på att utveckla ett digitalt verktyg för evenemangsarrangörer som skall hjälpa dem att planera och följa upp sina evenemang avseende totala utsläpp av växthusgaser. Det digitala verktyget finns i en version 1.0 som är tillgänglig för en mindre grupp arrangörer, men det finns också en ansökan om ett fortsättningsprojekt syftar till att färdigställa och implementera verktyget så att det går att sprida till evenemangsarrangörer i Sverige. Verktyget består idag av en beräkningsdel, en checklistedel, ett lösningsbibliotek och en del där arrangören kan avge klimatlöften. Projektet har genomfört innovationslabb och expertledda workshops inom de fem utsläppkategorierna persontransporter, godstransporter, boende/övernattning, mat och dryck samt energi och resursanvändning för att identifiera klimatsmarta lösningar som redan används eller som kan användas av evenemangsbranschen för att minska utsläpp. En del av dessa lösningar har också testats vid evenemang och utvärderats under projektets gång. Arbetet med testerna visar att besökare till evenemang önskar paketerade erbjudanden och rabatter som tillsammans utgör ett attraktivt alternativ till att åka bil. Paketerade erbjudanden kan innehålla biljettköp kombinerade med nationella och regionala tåg- och bussresor, rabatterade kollektivtrafikbiljetter, hotellerbjudanden och biljetter till övriga turistmål. Arbetet med testerna visar också att cirkulära lösningar har en stor potential att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser. Dock är det viktigt att utforma sådana lösningar med mycket eftertanke för hur tjänsten upplevs och ska användas av besökarna. Logistik och övriga praktiska element kan dessutom ha en stor påverkan på utsläpp. Genomförda tester under projektets gång visar också att kommunikation och marknadsföring av klimatsmarta lösningar kan vara en avgörande faktor. Återigen är det viktigt att anpassa lösningen till den tänkta målgruppen inklusive när och hur de bör informeras. Flera tester visar exempelvis att besökare planerar sina resor till evenemang i samband med biljettköpet och därför är det viktigt att sprida information om erbjudanden och eventuella paketerade lösningar redan vid köptillfället. I övrigt har projektet indikerat att miljöinformation som visar på möjlighet att göra val som minskar utsläppen av växthusgaser inte motiverar besökarna like mycket som exempelvis specialerbjudanden och rabatter. För mat och dryck visar ett av projektets sista tester att nudging (puffning) i form av menyplacering, lekfullhet och bibehållen valfrihet kunde öka försäljningen av veganska alternativ signifikant. Utformning av nudging-insatserna spelade dock stor roll för utfallet. Under projektet har även två innovationslabb arrangerats, ett med fokus på persontransporter och ett där problemställningar kopplade till godstransporter behandlades. Bägge tillfällena genererade goda lösningsförslag. Godstransportlabbets initiala frågeställningar var mer preciserade och här resulterade också lösningsförslagen i vidare konceptutveckling av en digital plattform för hantering av godstransporter och kommunikation med leverantörer och chaufförer
Design rules for battery fire safety in dwellings
No full textThe report presents a review of current literature, testing and modelling in support of guidelines how to address current risks with batteries from e-bikes and e-scooters. It has been shown that a fire initiated in a battery module can have an exceedingly fast fire growth and may pose new risks that cannot be accommodated within the current design methodology. The data from measurements indicated that the fire growth in terms of heat release rates may be faster than the currently used models. The tests present typical heat release rates from open fire tests in combination with release of toxic and flammable gases from cells and modules. Using accelerating rate calorimetry, conditions when single cells enter a thermal runaway could be determined. Utilizing the information from the testing, simulations of a module were performed to investigate the effect of mass ejection from cells during the thermal runaway, complementing the knowledge how the thermal propagation was disrupted in the module. The information gathered from literature, testing and modelling was used to propose a design fire. Although, the fully developed fire is no more severe than a usual fire the very fast fire growth rate may cause deflagration type events that compromises the fire resistance properties. Note that while the proposals are general, they mainly influence possible future dwellings thus dissemination of current risks to the public is necessary. Some of the recommendations can be summarized as follows; Being mindful of batteries and where to charge battery modules; Keep a watch on the health of your batteries, which includes but are not limited to observing if they have been damaged in any way or become unusually hot during operation and perhaps most importantly do not charge batteries where escape routes can be compromised. The Authors are grateful for the financial support from Swedish Fire Research Board (BRANDFORSK) under contract 324-004 “Design rules for battery fire safety in dwellings”.324-004 “Design rules for battery fire safety in dwellings
HANDBOK För transporteffektiva stadsdelar i små och medelstora kommuner
No full textHur områden planeras, utformas och vilka mobilitetslösningar som erbjuds har stor påverkan på behovet av att äga och använda bil, vilket i sin tur påverkar hur stora ytor som går åt till parkering och annan infrastruktur liksom hur mycket fossila bränslen och annan energi som går åt till att flytta människor och varor. Genom sänkta parkeringstal kombinerat med tillgängliggörande av mobilitetsåtgärder kan behovet av resande med privatägd bil minska och på så sätt bidra till ökad transporteffektivitet. För att vara bärkraftiga och få effekt måste lösningarna vara stadsdelsövergripande och samarbetsmodellerna långsiktiga. De behöver också kunna tillämpas i befintliga områden. Baserat på fallstudier i fyra mellanstora svenska kommuner identfieras metoder och processer för hur kommuner tillsammans med fastighetsägare och mobilitetsleverantörer kan skapa transporteffektiva stadsdelar. Handboken baseras på kunskapsutvecklingen som gjorts tillsammans med de medverkande städerna. Genom dialog och workshops har kunskap syntetiserats och konkretiserats i en handbok som kan vara till nytta för andra kommuner som genomgår motsvarande processer. Syftet med handboken är att stötta kommuner och fastighetsutvecklare i deras arbete med att planera transporteffektiva stadsdelar, då detta är ett område som ännu inte har stöd i arbetsprocesser och lagstiftning. Handboken upplägg är samordnat med plan- och bygglagens skeden för att stötta hur etablerade arbetssätt kan utvecklas. Målgruppen är tjänstepersoner och politiker men även fastighetsägare, fastighetsutvecklare och mobilitetstjänsteleverantörer som vill förstå vilka förutsättningar som planeringsprocessen skapar. Projektet har finansierats av Energimyndigheten, det har resulterat i denna handbok samt en huvudrapport som beskriver projektet som helhet inklusive kommunernas respektive delprojekt.Projekttitel: STARK Processer och samarbetsmodeller för transporteffektiva stadsdelar –handledning förankrad i fallstudier i fyra mellanstora kommuner. Utlysning: Energimyndighetens utlysning: Bidra till en snabbare omställning till ett transporteffektivt samhälle. Projektperiod 2022-10-31 - 2024-12-31</p
EVIDENT 1 : Enabling VIrtual valiDation & vErificatioN for ADAS and AD features
No full textThe EVIDENT project aims to address challenges in the automotive industry's validation and verification (V&V) processes for advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving (AD) features. Traditional V&V methods struggle to keep up with the increasing frequency of software updates. The project explores virtual validation strategies to complement or replace physical testing, thereby enhancing efficiency and safety assurance. Automotive innovations are increasingly software-driven, necessitating frequent updates. Current validation processes heavily rely on physical testing, which is time-consuming and costly. The project focuses on how vehicle functionalities could be tested and validated in simulation models and what fidelity level that could be reached. By utilizing virtual environments, the project aims to proactively test software functions before deployment, ensuring accurate assessments of system performance in diverse scenarios. The primary goal is to develop strategies that balance the realism of virtual test environments with practical implementation. Key research questions include: What level of realism is required for simulations to be credible for testing edge cases? How can virtual testing be integrated with real-world data to discover new edge cases? How can virtual testing ensure functional safety to satisfy regulatory bodies? The project also seeks to establish metrics for comparing physical and virtual test results and to utilize open-source tools for broader industry use. The project follows a structured approach: Gap Analysis: Semi-structured interviews with industry experts were conducted to identify current best practices and challenges. Simulation Toolchain Assessment: Each partner's simulation tools, and maturity levels were evaluated. Scenario Development: Road network representations and test scenarios were developed using ASAM OpenDRIVE and OpenSCENARIO formats. Physical Testing: Various scenarios were tested on the AstaZero proving ground using vehicles equipped with advanced sensors and emergency braking systems. Simulations: Partners conducted virtual tests using the respective tool chains. The simulations aimed to replicate physical test conditions and gather comparable data. Data Comparison: Physical and simulated test data were compared to evaluate fidelity levels and trustworthiness. Metrics such as time to collision (TTC), braking distances, and object detection errors were analysed. Five key case studies were tested: Automated Lane Keeping System (ALKS) Car-to-Car Front Turn-Across-Path (CCFTap) Car in Curve S-Curve Occluded Child Each scenario focused on different aspects of vehicle dynamics, sensor performance, and emergency braking responses. For instance, the Occluded Child scenario tested automatic emergency braking when a child runs out from behind parked cars. The project identified gaps between physical and simulated test results, such as differences in braking activations between physical test and simulation. It also highlighted the need for improving simulation tools' ability to replicate real-world vehicle behaviour accurately. Key findings include: Virtual tests can be reliable but require tuning to achieve higher fidelity. Physical tests remain crucial for validating simulation models. Establishing standardized KPIs for virtual testing is essential to enhance credibility. The project faced several challenges such as: Variability in sensor models across partners. Human factors introducing inconsistencies in physical tests. Limitations of existing simulation tools to accurately replicate real-world scenarios. A comprehensive list of challenges was compiled to guide future research and development efforts. EVIDENT successfully demonstrated the potential of virtual validation for ADAS and AD features. The project contributed to developing methodologies for comparing physical and virtual tests and provided insights into the requirements for credible virtual toolchains. Future research is recommended to focus on refining simulation validation methods, improving data synchronization methods, and addressing identified challenges to make virtual validation a practical and reliable component of automotive software development.Vinnova 2021-05043EVIDENT 1 - Enabling VIrtual valiDation & vErificatioN for ADAS and AD feature
Influence of TEMPO on preparation of softwood nanofibrils and their hydrogel network properties
No full textFrom an economic and environmental perspective, the use of less chemicals in the production of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) is advantageous. In this study, we investigated the oxidation (TEMPO/NaClO2/NaClO, pH 6.8) of softwood (SW) particles with varying amounts of TEMPO (16, 8 or 0 mg g−1 of wood). Following, TEMPO-oxidized SW nanofibrils (TO-SWNFs) were obtained by nanofibrillation and their size, morphology, and crystallite size were assessed. Hydrogel networks of TO-SWNFs were prepared and mechanical properties were measured in dH2O and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to compare their performance for possible biomedical applications such as wound dressings. The results reveal that the presence of TEMPO is of importance for TO-SWNF network properties, presenting higher eq. H2O absorption (≈2500 %) and elongation at break (≈10 %) with good wet strength (≈180 kPa). In addition, a decrease in use of TEMPO catalyst from 16 to 8 mg g−1 of wood is possible, without detrimental effects on hydrogel network properties (dH2O absorption ≈ 2000 %, elongation at break ≈ 13 %, wet strength ≈ 190 kPa) related to applications as wound dressings. This project was funded by the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research within the HEALiX project [RMX18-0039]. Funding through Stiftelsen Gunnar Sundblads forskningsfond through Young Researcher's Award is acknowledged. The authors are grateful to Junko Takahashi-Schmidt and Sonja Viljamaa at Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC) and the Biopolymer Analytical Platform (BAP) at UPSC/SLU supported by Bio4Energy for their help with pyrolysis-GC/MS and acetyl bromide lignin analysis. The authors thank the Swedish Metabolomics Center (SMC) for the RDA software and Jessica Lindén for their contribution in retention experiments. Illustrations were created with BioRender.</p
Secondary measurement standard for calibration of dynamic pressure sensor to bridge the gap between existing static and dynamic standards
No full textA secondary measurement standard filling the gap between the available static and dynamic standards was developed. The standard utilizes a quick-opening valve and bursting diaphragms to generate step-like pressures with amplitude of few kilopascals to 10Â MPa and with frequency content from 10-2 Hz to 800Â Hz. An important design feature of the developed standard lies in the usage of aluminium diaphragms, allowing short rise times and high frequency content. The standard is based on two reference sensors, calibrated statically and dynamically. The reference sensors showed a linear dynamic response in the intermediate frequency range and was in good agreement with the static calibration results. Therefore, extrapolation of shock tube results was implemented. To demonstrate the capabilities of the developed standard, three pressure measurement systems were characterized, and their respective dynamic response was calculated. The results show that the developed standard can provide calibration information that are not currently available.The financial support by the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems, VINNOVA [grant number 2021-04166] is gratefully acknowledged.</p
Quantifying the Abundance of Alkane Moieties in Lignins with FTIR Spectroscopy and PLS Regression; Estimating Grafting Degree of Esterification
No full textAs society is rapidly converting from fossil-based materials to greener alternatives, the valorization of lignin through chemical modification has been given considerable attention. Characterizing this highly heterogeneous biopolymer is a constant challenge, and an emerging strategy for dealing with variations in material characteristics is combining traditional analytical techniques with chemometrics, such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with partial least squares regression (PLSR). Here, a calibration data set was built based on FTIR spectra and the total carbon-hydrogen bond (CHB) content of mixtures of technical lignins and alkanes, meant to emulate esterified samples. From this data, a PLSR model was built which predicted the CHB content of esterified lignin reaction products with an RMSECV=5.685 mmol/g and RMSEPred=5.827 mmol/g, and from which the weight percentage of ester-to-lignin was determined. When compared to wet-chemical analysis, good agreement between the techniques was found with an obtained RMSEPred=8.3 % and a R2Train=0.9752 for the degree of esterification. This indicates high model predictability and goodness of fit, and that the calibration data set successfully emulated esterified lignin samples. This work was part of the “LignoWax – Green Wax Inhibitorsand Production Chemicals based on Lignin” project (grantnumber 326876). The authors thank the Norwegian ResearchCouncil, Equinor ASA and ChampionX Norge AS for financialsupport, and the staff at RISE PFI AS for technical support.</p