RISE – Research Institutes of Sweden
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Choosing Risk Acceptance Criteria for Safe Automated Driving
No full textIt is easy to agree that an automated driving system shall be safe, but it is an on-going discussion what safe means. Several Risk Acceptance Criteria (RAC) candidates have been suggested, but a closer analysis indicates that not all of them are related to risk in a traffic safety sense and that perhaps they are better described as properties that an ADS should be designed to exhibit for other reasons.This paper discusses safety aspects of Automated Driving System (ADS) features and the different incentives and arguments that drive the design of an ADS. More precisely, this paper explores different design goals for safe automated driving and puts forward a combination of Risk Acceptance Criteria (RAC) for limiting the risk of harm. These criteria are motivated and contextualized using a simple real-world traffic example. Furthermore, it is also shown why run-time risk transfer is unavoidable in any system that makes tactical decisions under uncertainty and why this motivates avoiding thought-examples such as the trolley problem as basis for ADS design. SALIENCE4CAV - Safety lifecycle enabling continuous deployment for connected automated vehicle
Managing security evidence in safety-critical organizations
No full textWith the increasing prevalence of open and connected products, cybersecurity has become a serious issue in safety-critical domains such as the automotive industry. As a result, regulatory bodies have become more stringent in their requirements for cybersecurity, necessitating security assurance for products developed in these domains. In response, companies have implemented new or modified processes to incorporate security into their product development lifecycle, resulting in a large amount of evidence being created to support claims about the achievement of a certain level of security. However, managing evidence is not a trivial task, particularly for complex products and systems. This paper presents a qualitative interview study conducted in six companies on the maturity of managing security evidence in safety-critical organizations. We find that the current maturity of managing security evidence is insufficient for the increasing requirements set by certification authorities and standardization bodies. Organizations currently fail to identify relevant artifacts as security evidence and manage this evidence on an organizational level. One part of the reason are educational gaps, the other a lack of processes. The impact of AI on the management of security evidence is still an open question. This work is partially supported by the CASUS research project funded by VINNOVA, a Swedish funding agency.</p
Engineering underdoped CuO2 nanoribbons in nm-thick a -axis YBa2Cu3 O7-δ films
No full textIn underdoped cuprate high-Tc superconductors, various local orders and symmetry-breaking states, in addition to superconductivity, reside in the CuO2 planes. The confinement of the CuO2 planes can therefore play a fundamental role in modifying the hierarchy between the various orders and their intertwining with superconductivity. Here we present the growth of a-axis oriented YBa2Cu3O7-δ films, spanning the whole underdoped side of the phase diagram. In these samples, the CuO2 planes are confined by the film thickness, effectively forming unit-cell-thick nanoribbons. The unidirectional confinement at the nanoscale enhances the in-plane anisotropy of the films. By x-ray diffraction and resistance vs temperature measurements, we have discovered the suppression of the orthorhombic-to-tetragonal transition at low dopings, and a very high anisotropy of the normal state resistance in the b-c plane, the latter being connected to a weak coupling between adjacent CuO2 nanoribbons. These findings show that the samples we have grown represent a novel system, different from the bulk, where future experiments can possibly shed light on the rich and mysterious physics occurring within the CuO2 planes.The authors acknowledge Andrea Cavalleri and Michael Först for insightful discussions and Henrik Frederiksen for technical support. This work was performed in part at Myfab Chalmers, and is supported by the Area of Advance Nano program at Chalmers, the 2D Tech VINNOVA Competence Center (Grant No. 2019-00068), and the Swedish Research Council (VR) under Projects No. 2020-04945 (R.A.), No. 2020-05184 (T.B.), and No. 2022-04334 (F.L.).</p
“This community will grow” — little concern for future wildfires in a dry and increasingly hotter Swedish rural community
No full textIncreased risk of wildfires is often highlighted in media coverage of climate change in the Nordic countries. How an increased risk is reflected in the concerns and adaptive measures within the most likely affected communities is nevertheless not known. This study investigates concerns and adaptation to wildfires in a rural community in south-eastern Sweden. The comparatively dry study area has a history of frequent but often low-consequence wildfires and is projected to experience Sweden’s largest increase in severe fire weather towards 2100. Through narratives, this study elucidates potential wildfire concerns in this area and motivations behind adaptation measures. The narratives are compared to a physical causal network extracted from the literature on fires and their consequences in the region. Residents foresee an increased wildfire risk but do not consider it a threat to the future well-being of the community. Forest owners and homeowners express low commitment in preventive or adaptive measures. Instead, contrasting the reality of the twentieth century, the fire service is currently considered to be responsible for both preventing and suppressing fires. This attitude is attributed to the lack of severe implications from the generally well-managed fires in the region. Actions for prevention and adaptation seem triggered by media attention or experience from real high-consequence events occurring elsewhere, rather than local wildfire occurrence or climate change projections. © The Author(s) 2024.Open access funding provided by RISE Research Institutes of Sweden. The research is a part of the Climate Change Resilience in Small Communities in the Nordic Countries (CliCNord) research project that has received funding from the NordForsk Nordic Societal Security Programme under Grant Agreement No. 97229.</p
Circular Material Palette: Principles and an Assessment Method to Support Choosing More Circular Materials
No full textThe global annual material throughput exceeds 100 billion tonnes. This accounts for approximately one-third of the world's energy consumption and over half of global greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction of resources to produce construction materials. Principles of circular economy offer ways to reduce this throughput. By employing circular principles and making careful material choices, businesses can transition towards a circular economy characterized by minimal waste and reliance on renewable energy sources. Some companies are now setting circular economy goals and integrating them into their business and operations. One challenge they face is - how do we choose materials based on these new goals, circular economy principles? This report introduces the Circular Material Palette Tool (CMPT) for assessing and selecting more circular materials. Inspired by nature's approach of using a limited palette of only a few elements from the periodic system to build complex systems through lowtemperature, renewable processes and renewable energy. The CMPT provides structured support to firms involved in materials choices in early phases for business and design in exploring ways for more circular material usage. The CMPT aims to support multiple use cycles of materials used and reducing waste to a minimum, fostering informed material choices aligned with eco-sustainability goals. Further, the CMPT supports setting up Circular Material Palettes (CMP), a collection of promising materials, that can meet the circular design criteria set up by the businesses. Additionally, the report provides design guidelines to optimize the use of assessed materials' strengths and weaknesses in business and product design.This report is the result from the research project Circular Material Palette, a joint research project between RISE and IVL that has been financed by the region of West Sweden. The researchers wish to extend our sincere gratitude to the financier for their generous support. That has been instrumental in enabling us to conduct this research and develop innovative tools and guidelines for promoting circular material usage. The results is available at: https://www.ri.se/en/what-we-do/projects/circular-material-palette-assessment-model-example-vehicle-interior </p
Review and Assessment of Existing and Future Techniques for Traceability with Particular Focus on Applicability to ABS Plastics
No full textIt is generally recognized that the use of physical and digital information-based solutions for tracking plastic materials along a value chain can favour the transition to a circular economy and help to overcome obstacles. In the near future, traceability and information exchange between all actors in the value chain of the plastics industry will be crucial to establishing more effective recycling systems. Recycling plastics is a complex process that is particularly complicated in the case of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic because of its versatility and use in many applications. This literature study is part of a larger EU-funded project with the acronym ABSolEU (Paving the way for an ABS recycling revolution in the EU). One of its goals is to propose a suitable traceability system for ABS products through physical marking with a digital connection to a suitable data-management system to facilitate the circular use of ABS. The aim of this paper is therefore to review and assess the current and future techniques for traceability with a particular focus on their use for ABS plastics as a basis for this proposal. The scientific literature and initiatives are discussed within three technological areas, viz., labelling and traceability systems currently in use, digital data sharing systems and physical marking. The first section includes some examples of systems used commonly today. For data sharing, three digital technologies are discussed, viz., Digital Product Passports, blockchain solutions and certification systems, which identify a product through information that is attached to it and store, share and analyse data throughout the product’s life cycle. Finally, several different methods for physical marking are described and evaluated, including different labels on a product’s surface and the addition of a specific material to a polymer matrix that can be identified at any point in time with the use of a special light source or device. The conclusion from this study is that the most promising data management technology for the near future is blockchain technology, which could be shared by all ABS products. Regarding physical marking, producers must evaluate different options for individual products, using the most appropriate and economical technology for each specific product. It is also important to evaluate what information should be attached to a specific product to meet the needs of all actors in the value chain.Funding: European Commission, grant no. 101058636.</p
Synergistic valorisation of wastewater microalgae : Sulphuric acid-assisted phosphorus recovery and enhanced electrochemical performance of biochar for supercapacitors
No full textThis study proposes a strategy for phosphorus recovery from algae biomass while simultaneously enhancing the electrochemical capacitance of resulting biochar in supercapacitor applications. Use of sulphuric acid leaching process on both wastewater microalgae and seaweed biochar demonstrated high phosphorus recovery rates, ranging from 93.4% to 95.4%, while at the same time retaining 52.7% to 58.6% of Fe content in the biochars. By modifying the sequential order of leaching (L) and physical activation (A) as LA and AL, the strategy allows for the optimisation of phosphorus recovery and the electrochemical properties of activated biochars. During the LA process, a more porous structure formed and more S-containing functional groups occurred compared to AL which explained the higher specific capacitance (486.3F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1) of wastewater microalgae biocarbon with the LA process. Consequently, the life cycle assessment of this strategy revealed a significant global warming reduction potential of 1.34–2.94 tonnes of CO2-eq/yr for each tonne of biochar produced. This indicates that sulphuric acid-assisted biochar production could be a sustainable strategy for waste management and carbon sequestration, while simultaneously generating economic profits from valorised carbon material for energy storage applications.J Sun acknowledge the UK Carbon Capture and Storage Research Centre (UKCCSRC) (EP/W002841/1) for the flexible fund ‘An integrated strategy for long-term carbon sink and sustainable supercapacitor material production’. The UKCCSRC is supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), UK, as part of the UKRI Energy Programme.</p
Distribution of benefits and adverse effects and their role in industrial symbiosis decision-making – A Swedish case study
No full textIndustrial symbiosis (IS) has been recognized as an important approach to succeed in the transition towards increased circularity in industry and society. IS involves collaboration between different actors sharing resources, aiming to minimize waste, improve resource and/or energy efficiency, resulting in reduced emissions and environmental impact. This study conducts an embedded single case study at an IS network in Sotenäs, Sweden, where both private and public actors collaborate by exchanging resources. The study identifies benefits and adverse effects of the IS network and explores how these are considered in the actors’ decision-making regarding participation. The results indicate that different actors perceive different types and degrees of benefits and adverse effects. To add further value, this study develops an analytical framework for mapping benefits and adverse effects in the form of an impact assessment matrix. The framework maps at what level in society effects accrue and at what point in time they are expected to occur. The results of this study can help understand the role of specific benefits and adverse effects in actors’ decision-making, and show the distribution of effects across societal levels. This knowledge can help understand the complexity of IS networks and thereby facilitate the implementation of IS. This work was supported by the Graduate School in Energy Systems (FoES) funded by the Swedish Energy Agency (project number: P 46016–1).</p
Floor cooling for growing finishing pigs during warm conditions – impact on pig hygiene, thermal and gaseous environment.
No full textThe changing climate, with higher temperatures, is challenging pigs’ abilities to lose metabolic heat.This study was conducted during two summers (2022 and 2023) on a commercial pig farm in Sweden,latitude 59.7°N, using a change over design. In one pig unit the solid floorings, in partly slatted pens(8.96 m2, solid lying area 71% and slatted dunging area 29%), were cooled whilst the solid flooringsin the adjacent pig unit had no cooling. Each pig unit had 38 pens with 9-10 pigs/pen (LYxH, mixedsexes, ~35-115 kg, undocked). Cooling was conducted by circulating chilled water (~11℃) in thewaterborne pipes casted in the concrete. Concentrations of ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide(CO2) were measured with a photoacoustic gas monitor 1512 and a multipoint sampler 1409(Lumasense Technologies A/S, Denmark) above four focal pens/pig unit, in addition to samplingpoints by one air inlet and by one exhaust fan in each unit. Temperature and relative humidity werecontinuously registered with loggers (Gemini Data Loggers Ltd., UK) mounted next to the samplingpoints of NH3 and CO2, and close to the lying area in the focal pens. Pig hygiene was assessedaccording to a protocol developed based on literature. Statistical analyses were performed usingPROC GLM in SAS version 9.4. Preliminary results show that the proportion of pigs with the mildesthygiene score (<20 % of the body dirty) were higher in cooled compared to control pens (on average44.6±1.30 vs. 28.8±1.03 % of pigs in the pen (LSM±SE), p<0.001). In accordance, the correspondingproportion of pigs with the most severe hygiene score (>50 % of the body dirty) were lower in cooledpens compared to control (on average 31.8±1.37 vs. 47.9±1.37 % of pigs in the pen (LSM±SE),p<0.001). In addition, the results show lower levels of both NH3 and CO2 with floor coolingcompared to the control (2.9±0.03 vs 4.0±0.03 ppm NH3 and 1345±3.9 vs 1376±3.9 ppm CO2(LSM±SE), p<0.001 for both). The average temperature was lower in the unit with cooled floortreatment compared to control, both in the sample points above the pen (20.7±0.03 vs. 21.2±0.03 ºC(LSM±SE), p<0.001) and closer to the floor in the lying area (26.3±0.06 vs. 27.7±0.07 ºC (LSM±SE),p<0.001) while there were no significant differences in relative humidity between treatments. Theresults indicate a favourable effect of floor cooling on pig hygiene, thermal and gaseousenvironment
Cybersecurity Pathways Towards CE-Certified Autonomous Forestry Machines
No full texthe increased importance of cybersecurity in autonomous machinery is becoming evident in the forestry domain. Forestry worksites are becoming more complex with the involvement of multiple systems and system of systems. Hence, there is a need to investigate how to address cybersecurity challenges for autonomous systems of systems in the forestry domain. Using a literature review and adapting standards from similar domains, as well as collaborative sessions with domain experts, we identify challenges towards CE-certified autonomous forestry machines focusing on cybersecurity and safety. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship between safety and cybersecurity risk assessment and their relation to AI, highlighting the need for a holistic methodology for their assurance.AGRARSENSE is supported by the Chips JU and its members, including the top up funding by Sweden, Czechia, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland and Spain (Grant Agreement No.101095835). T</p