RISE – Research Institutes of Sweden
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Interdependent cyber risk and the role of insurers
No full textIncreasing use of new digital services offers tremendous opportunities for modern society, but also entails new risks. One tool for managing cyber risk is cyber insurance. While cyber insurance has attracted much attention and optimism, interdependent cyber risks and lack of actuarial data have prompted some insurers to adopt a more proactive role, not only insuring losses but also assisting clients with preventive work such as managed detection and response solutions, i.e., investments in their own cybersecurity. The purpose of this paper is to propose and theoretically investigate yet a further extension of this role, where insurers facilitate security investments between interdependent firms, which get the opportunity to invest a share of their insurance premiums to improve the security of each other. It is demonstrated that if insurers can facilitate such investments, then under common theoretical assumptions this can make a positive contribution to overall welfare. The paper is concluded by a discussion of the relevance and applicability of this theoretical contribution in practice. The foundations of this paper were laid during U. Franke’s two-week stay with A. Orlando at the Istituto per le Applicazioni del calcolo in Naples in July 2022, supported by the Short Term Mobility Program (STM 2022) of the National Research Council of Italy(CNR), contract number 5446. A. Orlando was partially supported by the SERICS project (PE00000014) under the MUR NationalRecovery and Resilience Plan funded by the European Union – NextGenerationEU.</p
Nuvarande kunskapsläge kring PFAS-kontaminerad brandutrustning
No full textCurrent state of knowledge regarding PFAS-contaminated fire-fighting equipment Since the discovery of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), these have been a common additive in fire-fighting foam concentrates. This is because PFAS add properties that improve extinguishing performance, particularly against pool fires. PFAS constitute a group of substances, several of which have been shown to have negative health effects; furthermore, PFAS do not break down in nature (or do so only very slowly or to a limited extent). In addition to the negative health effects, increasingly strict legal requirements are gradually forcing a transition to PFAS-free fire-fighting foam. Today, there are PFAS-free fire-fighting foams developed for pool fires with sufficiently good performance, and there is normally no reason not to switch to PFAS-free foams. Several studies have highlighted challenges with this transition – despite cleaning equipment, PFAS remain on the surfaces of fire-fighting equipment materials, and residual PFAS will slowly leach over time and contaminate the product that is intended to be PFAS-free (so-called PFAS rebound). This report provides a summary of the legal requirements as well as an overview of the tests that have been conducted to clean equipment and limit PFAS rebound. Factors that appear to improve the cleaning effect include elevated temperature, scrubbing/high-pressure washing, and the addition of solvents (e.g., methanol, ethanol, and butyl carbitol). pH is also noted to influence cleaning, and it may be necessary to combine washes with both high and low pH. Furthermore, the report concludes that cleaning is needed to meet the levels proposed in the requirements, and that complete cleaning is not considered possible based on current knowledge.Arbetet har finansierats av Myndigheten för Samhällsskydd och Beredskap (MSB)</p
Solvent Co-Intercalation Reactions for Batteries and Beyond
No full textSolvent co-intercalation is a process in which ions and solvents jointly intercalate into a layered electrode material during battery charging/discharging. It typically leads to rapid electrode degradation, but new findings show that it can be highly reversible, lasting several thousand cycles. Solvent co-intercalation has two important characteristics: (1) the charge transfer resistance is minimized as stripping of the solvation shell is eliminated and (2) the fact that solvents become part of the electrode reaction provides another means of designing electrode materials. The concept of solvent co-intercalation is chemically very diverse, as a single electrode material can host different types and numbers of solvents and ions. It is likely that many undiscovered combinations of electrode materials, solvents, and ions capable of solvent co-intercalation reactions exist, offering a largely unexplored chemical space for new materials. Co-intercalation can expand the crystal lattice (>1 nm) to the extent that free solvents are present in the structure, forming a layered, “porous” material. This indicates that the concept has a much broader impact and relates to other research fields such as supercapacitors, layered nanostructures, and nanocatalysis. This Review covers the concept and current understanding of solvent co-intercalation reactions, characterization methods, advantages, limitations, and future research directions.This project received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no.[864698], SEED).</p
Why some Consumers Choose Circular and Others do not : The Social Practice of Shopping for Circular Garments
No full textExisting research highlights a gap between consumers’ stated preferences for circular products and their actual purchasing decisions. While much existing consumer-oriented research aims implicitly or explicitly to transform consumers’ attitudes and beliefs, this paper adopts a social practice framework in which consumer attitudes and beliefs play a relatively small role explaining behavior like purchasing decisions. The study focuses specifically on the practice of shopping for jeans, taking advantage of focus groups with adults in the United Kingdom to elicit detailed explanations of their preferences for new, recycled, or used jeans. Whereas much existing research on consumer preferences for circular or non-circular clothing assumes a direct or near-direct causal connection between preferences and behavior, we find that shopping for these different categories of jeans involves distinct social practices composed of variable meanings, materials, and competencies that are accessible to some individuals and inaccessible to others. Consequently, one avenue to increasing the relative frequency of jeans reuse becomes a matter of improving consumers’ access to the practice of shopping for used jeans rather than attempting to transform their attitudes or beliefs. Open access funding provided by RISE Research Institutes of Sweden.This work was supported by the Swedish Council for Sustainable Development (FORMAS) under the grants number 2021−00446: CHEmical Safety to Support circular economy (CHESS) and 2023–02047: CIRCLE WEAR– the digital garment repair platform.</p
Overheating in a common Swedish residential multi-story building under current and future climate − Integrating trees to combat overheating
No full textSwedish buildings are well insulated for winter climate, but often not optimized for summer, leading to risks of overheating during heat extremes (including heat waves). Along with a warmer climate, the risks of overheating and need for cooling are expected to increase. In this study, present and future intensity, frequency and length of overheating, based on the newly implemented recommendations for indoor temperature from the Swedish Public Health Agency, is assessed for a typical Swedish multi-story residential building in Gothenburg, Sweden. Overheating is simulated for different floor levels and room orientations using the IDA-ICE building performance simulation software. The present climate (2008–2020) is represented by observed meteorological data and the future climate (2071–2100) by statistically downscaling the observations based on RCP4.5 simulations from the EURO-CORDEX project. Furthermore, the shading effect of trees at varying distances from the building is explored. Results show that overheating occurs during heat extremes from April to October, with the highest frequency in July. Overheating periods are projected to become more intense, more frequent and longer by the end of the century. During heat waves, overheating occurs throughout the day and may last for weeks, potentially impacting not only risk groups but also the general population. The risk of overheating increases with floor level and is largest for rooms facing west and south with large windows. Trees close to buildings considerably reduce overheating in the present as well as in the future warmer climate, highlighting their effective passive cooling potential during heat extremes. The results, which are considered applicable to a large part of the building stock in Sweden as well as in other countries with similar climate and building practices, highlight the present and future challenges with overheating and the potential of trees for mitigating overheating and reducing the cooling demand in buildings. This work was supported by the Swedish Research Council Formas [grand number 2019-01905].</p
Regulatorisk försöksverksamhet : Förstudie om regulatoriska sandlådor som verktyg för klimatomställning i Helsingborgs stad
No full textSyftet med förstudien är att skapa ett kunskapsunderlag för hur försöksverksamhet – med särskilt fokus på regulatoriska lösningar – kan användas som verktyg för att främja innovation och klimatomställning i stadsutvecklingen. Genom att kartlägga möjliga former av försöksverksamhet, analysera juridiska och organisatoriska förutsättningar samt identifiera relevanta aktörer och geografiska fokusområden, vill studien stödja Helsingborgs arbete med att utveckla strukturer för test, lärande och samverkan. Målet är att ge rekommendationer för hur Helsingborg kan arbeta strategiskt med försöksverksamhet, inklusive förslag på konkreta testfall och nästa steg i utvecklingen av en modell för regulatorisk sandlåda eller motsvarande samverkansforme
Proceedings from the 11thInternational Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security
No full textThis publication includes the Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security (ISTSS) held in Reykjavik, Iceland, April 9-11, 2025. The Proceedings include 43 papers and 17 posters. They were presented in 16 different sessions, i.e., 3 Keynote sessions, Fire Dynamics 1&2, Fixed Fire Fighting Systems, Alternative Fuel Vehicles, Poster session, Evacuation 1&2, Ventilation, Engineering Case Studies 1&2, Risk 1&2, and Emergency Management.Each day was opened by invited Keynote Speakers (in total six) addressing broad topics of pressing interest. The Keynote Speakers, selected as leaders in their field, consisted of Daniel Joyeux (Efectis Group, France), Haukur Ingason (RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Sweden), Håkan Frantzich (Lund University, Sweden), Igor Maevski (Jacob, USA), Jie Ji (University of Science and Technology of China, China) and Jennifer Wen (University of Surrey, UK). We are grateful that the keynote speakers were able to share their knowledge and expertise with the participants of the symposium
Sammanfattande rapport: Ohörda röster för framtidens mobilitetsrikedom i Sundsbruk
No full textFramför dig har du en rapport som beskriver processen och resultatet av projektet Ohörda röster för framtidens mobilitetsrikedom i Sundsbruk. Det är ett projekt som Sundsvalls kommun, Din Tur (kollektivtrafikmyndigheten i Västernorrlands län) och RISE har bedrivit under 2024–2025. Huvudpersonerna har varit boende i Sundsbruk.Vi har fokuserat på att ge utrymme för röster som sällan hörs i offentliga dialoger. Detta har vi gjort med hjälp av framsyn, en metod som hjälper oss att staka ut en önskad framtid. Resultatet är så mycket mer än skrivna ord som försöker sammanfatta. Det handlar snarare om känslan av att få vara med och påverka utvecklingen av platsen där man bor, insikter om demokrati i sin kärna, insikter om hur det är att leva på denna plats, om skratt, förståelse, möten och diskussion. Det handlar om andra sätt att förstå en plats, bortom kommunala enkäter och resenärsdata.I denna rapport sammanfattar vi resan att utforska nya sätt att göra ohörda röster hörda, sätt att underlätta resande och skapa goda livsförutsättningar. Vi tror att du som läser är tjänsteperson eller politiker i Sundsvall, eller i en annan stad, och vill inspireras av arbetssättet eller få insikter som även är relevanta i din stad. Välkommen!Projektteamet på Sundsvalls kommun, Din Tur och RISEProjektet har genomförts inom ramen för innovationsprogrammet Shift Sweden med finansiering av Vinnova. </p
Large-scale experimental study of open, impinging and confined hydrogen jet fires
No full textHydrogen tanks used in transportation are equipped with thermal pressure relief devices to prevent a tank rapture in case of fire exposure. The opening of the pressure relief valve, in such a scenario, would likely result in an impinging and (semi-) confined hydrogen jet fire. Therefore, twelve large-scale experiments of hydrogen jet fires and one large-scale propane reference experiment have been conducted with various degrees of confinement, orientations of the jet, and distances from the nozzle to the impinging surface. Infrared and visible light videos, temperatures, heat fluxes, and mass flow rate of hydrogen or propane were recorded in each experiment. It was found that the hydrogen flame can be visible under certain conditions. The main difference between an open impinging jet and an enclosed impinging jet fire is the extent of the high-temperature region in the steel target. During the impinging jet fire test, 51% of the exposed target area exceeded 400 °C, while 80% of the comparable area exceeded 400 °C during the confined jet fire test. A comparison was also made to an enclosed propane jet fire. The temperature distribution during the propane fire was more uniform than during the hydrogen jet fire, and the localized hot spot in the impact region, as seen in the hydrogen jet fires, was not recorded. Funding: This work financed by the Research Council of Norway and the partner of the SH2IFT project [grant number 280964/ E20].</p
Adsorption of organic contaminants of emerging concern using microalgae-derived hydrochars
No full textThis study explored the adsorption capacity of hydrochars derived from a strain of microalgae biomass native to northern Sweden for contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) such as caffeine, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, carbamazepine, bisphenol A, diclofenac, and triclosan. The findings indicate that the surface functionality of the microalgae-derived hydrochars – a blend of alkane/alkene and aromatic structures, coupled with different oxygen-containing functional groups (hydroxyl, carboxyl, and lactone) – significantly influenced the adsorption of the contaminants. The alkane/alkene and aromatic structures increased with increasing hydrothermal treatment temperature, while the oxygen- and nitrogen-containing groups diminished. Bisphenol A and triclosan, which were the compounds with the highest distribution coefficients, displayed improved adsorption on the hydrochars. The study measured peak adsorption values for the hydrochars processed at 180 °C, which achieved adsorption levels of 25.8 mg g− 1 for bisphenol A and 58.8 mg g− 1 for triclosan. The hydrochars produced using lower carbonisation temperatures (180 and 220 °C) exhibited enhanced adsorption of positively charged molecules such as trimethoprim, which was attributed to the increased presence of negatively charged oxygen-containing functional groups. Contrastingly, negatively charged molecules such as diclofenac and chloramphenicol demonstrated either low adsorption (2.5 mg g− 1 for chloramphenicol on hydrochar prepared at 180 °C) or no adsorption (diclofenac) due to repulsion by the negatively charged functional groups on the surface of the hydrochars.This work was supported by the funding agency Vinnova under grant no. 2017–03301, and The Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (Formas) under grant no. 2018−00532.</p