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Biologial activity of plant metabolites
Get PDFAs part of theoretical and applied botanical research, medicinal plant raw materials and their ingredients are studied. Certain plant species contain active substances, compounds with proven pharmacological, that is, biological activity. The mentioned compounds mainly belong to the secondary metabolites of plants
Organic Phosphorus Fractions in Relation to Soil Aggregate Fractions of Black Soil
Get PDFKnowledge of long-term phosphorus behavior is essential to improve soil structure, nutrient supply potential, and the sustainability of cropping systems. A 45-year long-term experimental trial was used to observe organic phosphorus fractionation and its effects on soil aggregation and nutrient distribution at three depths (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm) in Vojvodina Province, Serbia, under maize monoculture and maize/barley rotation. Five fertilizing systems were studied, including Control, NPK, NPK + maize remains, NPK + manure, and NPK + manure in rotation. Soil aggregates were fractionated into four size categories (>2000, 2000–250, 250–53, and 250 µm) compared to microaggregates. Microaggregates (<250 µm) were predominant across all depths, while stable structural aggregates did not show a significant increase after manure application. PCA highlighted significant correlations between soil characteristics, including total and available P, total organic carbon, clay content, and enzyme activity, across different aggregate sizes and organic P fractions. Overall, long-term mineral fertilization combined with organic amendment application induced variations in phosphorus fractions and the content of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus associated with aggregates in the first two soil layers, except for aggregate size classes
Contribution to the Optimization of Methods for Vigor Seed Evaluation of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz
No full textCamelina, a traditional oil-producing plant, has gained global interest due to the highquality oil found in its seeds. It has numerous applications, including human dietary consumption, aviation biofuel, and biodiesel production. Seed quality testing is crucial for identifying suitable seed batches for market sale. Currently, vigor tests have been established for a limited selection of commercially cultivated plant species, including camelina. This study aims to assess seed vigor and contribute to the development and validation of methods/tests for reliable vigor assessment. The experiment used two camelina genotypes developed at the Institute of Field and Vegetables Crops in Novi Sad, Serbia. The findings revealed a noteworthy reduction in germination percentages for both genotypes across all the conducted tests, as compared to the conventional laboratory germination. Simultaneously, there was a notable increase in abnormal seedlings. However, no statistically significant differences in the values of growth parameters were observed among the applied tests. In summary, the reduced seed vigor values indicate potential issues with this trait, despite generally sound germination. Additionally, the preliminary findings and methodology developed for testing the camelina seed vigor highlighted the need for optimization when applying these tests to other species to ensure their reliability and applicability
Temperature-smart plants: A new horizon with omics-driven plant breeding
No full textThe adverse effects of mounting environmental challenges, including extreme temperatures, threaten the global food supply due to their impact on plant growth and productivity. Temperature extremes disrupt plant genetics, leading to significant growth issues and eventually damaging phenotypes. Plants have developed complex signaling networks to respond and tolerate temperature stimuli, including genetic, physiological, biochemical, and molecular adaptations. In recent decades, omics tools and other molecular strategies have rapidly advanced, offering crucial insights and a wealth of information about how plants respond and adapt to stress. This review explores the potential of an integrated omics-driven approach to understanding how plants adapt and tolerate extreme temperatures. By leveraging cutting-edge omics methods, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, miRNAomics, epigenomics, phenomics, and ionomics, alongside the power of machine learning and speed breeding data, we can revolutionize plant breeding practices. These advanced techniques offer a promising pathway to developing climate-proof plant varieties that can withstand temperature fluctuations, addressing the increasing global demand for high-quality food in the face of a changing climate
Kritični momenti u proizvodnji krmnog bilja
No full textKrmno bilje predstavlja grupu različitih biljnih vrsta iz familija Poaceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Amaranthaceae, za koje je zajedničko formiranje bujne vegetativne mase koja se koristi u ishrani stoke (Karagić i sar., 2019). U poslednje tri godine, površine pod krmnim biljem u Srbiji iznosile su između 223.000 i 235.000 ha. Tokom 2020. godine krmno bilje je u ukupnoj površini zasejanih oranica i bašta zauzimalo 9,0%, tokom 2021. godine 8,7%, a 2022. godine 8,6% (Republika Srbija, 2023). Biljna masa krmnih biljaka se u ishrani stoke koristi kao kabasta ili koncentrovana hrana, kao proteinska ili ugljeno-hidratna komponenta. Krmne biljne vrste se mogu gajiti kao pašnjaci i livade ili kao oranične kulture, usevi koji se uzgajaju za konzervisanu ili svežu hranu (Fuglie et al., 2021). U Srbiji je dominantniji način iskorišćavanja proizvodnja kabaste stočne hrane, zelena krma, seno, senaža ili silaža, dok se proteinski grašak koristi za proizvodnju zrna (Karagić i sar., 2012). Upotrebom konzervisane kabaste hrane zadovoljavajućeg kvaliteta postiže se ušteda u proizvodnji na račun manje potrošnje skupih koncentrata (Karagić i sar., 2016). Većina krmnih biljaka može se gajiti i kao združeni usev sa drugim biljnim vrstama i na taj način osigurava se proizvodnja veće količine izbalansirane stočne hrane u pogledu hranljive vrednosti. Gajenje krmnog bilja ima niz prednosti, osim direktne koristi koja se ogleda u proizvodnji stočne hrane, uključivanjem krmnih biljaka u plodored smanjuje se ili u potpunosti izostavlja primena mineralnih đubriva i povećava efikasnost iskorišćavanja mehanizacije (Katanski i sar., 2022).
Za postizanje visokih prinosa zelene krme zadovoljavajućeg kvaliteta neophodna je pravovremena primena svih neophodnih agrotehničkih mera. Mamlić i sar. (2023) su na osnovu rezultata višegodišnjih istraživanja na biljkama iz familije leguminoza zaključili da pravovremena i pravilna primena preporučenih agrotehničkih mera, pre svega obrada zemljišta i upotreba đubriva u proizvodnji, imaju veliki uticaj na ostvarivanje visokog prinosa
The effects of acidility on industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed germination and initial seedlings growth and development
No full textPlant species might face detrimental consequences from acidity stress during
germination and early plant growth. Successful crop production depends on seed
germination, and a plant's ability to withstand different pH levels is determined by its
tolerance mechanisms. Unfavorable substrate pH during seed germination can cause
adverse effects like changes in membrane permeability, reduced degradation rate of
stored substances, lower enzyme activity, altered membrane potential energy, inhibited
proteolytic activity and altered seed storage metabolism. Numerous studies have
worked on the effect of acidity stress on seed germination of different crops. However,
currently, there is no research available regarding how industrial hemp responds to
acidity. This study aimed to determine how different levels of acidity affect the
germination and initial plant growth of industrial hemp. Four different pH values (4.0,
5.0, 6.0, and 7.0) were used to test the impact of acidity on the seeds of two different lots
of industrial hemp cultivar Helena, developed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable
Crops in Novi Sad, Serbia. The hydrogen ion concentration range was regulated by
adding H2SO4 or NaOH. The germination test was performed to assess the hemp seed
germination and plant growth.The results demonstrated that the pH level determines
how acidity affects hemp seed germination and initial plant growth. Compared to other
acid treatments, the germination capacity of hemp seed at pH 4 was not adversely
affected, although shoot length and fresh and dry seedling biomass were marginally
decreased. Additionally, our findings showed that hemp seedlings could withstand
changes in acid concentration within the applied range and exhibited a modest degree
of lipid peroxidation. The hemp seedlings of both seed lots were not stressed, according
to the findings of biochemical analyses such as total phenolics and antioxidant capacity.
To confirm the research's conclusions, a field experiment should be conducted
Deciphering the rhizosphere microbiome of three common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties
No full textCommon bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important grain legumes for
human consumption worldwide. It has been recognised that plant genotype affects the soil
microbiome composition, which in turn, influences vital plant functions. The aim of the study
was to examine rhizosphere microbial properties under three common bean varieties (Belko,
Maksa, and Sremac). An abundance of the tested microbial groups was determined through
the method of agar plates, by plating of soil suspension on selective nutritive media.
Dehydrogenase activity was measured spectrophotometrically. Soil microbial properties were
determined in rhizosphere soil samples before sowing, in the flowering stage, and in the
maturity stage. Common bean genotypes was also characterize for morphological traits —
plant growth (shoot and root length, nodule number, and dry matter mass of shoot, root, and
nodule), and yield traits (number of pods per plant, seed weight, and seed mass). Abundance
of microbial communities and dehydrogenase activity differed throughout the plant life cycle.
The results indicated that abundance of Azotobacter spp., free N2-fixers, ammonifiers, and
actinomycetes, as well as dehydrogenase activity significantly differed in rhizosphere of bean
varieties. However, the influence of common bean genotype for the total number of bacteria,
and fungi was not observed. Significant differences among bean genotypes were observed in
shoot length, nodule number, and dry matter mass of shoot, and nodule, while root properties
did not differ between varieties. A significantly higher number of seed per plant was
observed in Belko variety. The results confirm that the plant variety can significantly alter the
microbiome community composition and activity. Characterizing differences in rhizosphere
microbial properties and the plant morphological and yield traits associated with these
changes will provide essential information about complex, dynamic and continuous plant–
microbe interactions
Optimal Plant Density Is Key for Maximizing Maize Yield in Calcareous Soil of the South Pannonian Basin
No full textPlant density, the number of plants per unit area, is an important factor in maize production. Plant density exhibits high variability and depends on a number of factors, i.e., the length of the growing period of the hybrid, the morphological characteristics of the plant, the amount and distribution of precipitation during the growing season, the reserve of winter moisture in the soil, the level of soil fertility, the time of sowing, agronomic management practices, and biomass and yield. The objective of this paper was to determine the agronomic optimal plant density for maize in calcareous soil in the semiarid conditions of the South Pannonian Basin. Field experiments were conducted at the experimental field—IFVCNS (two locations: Rimski Šančevi and Srbobran) to evaluate four plant densities (55,000; 65,000; 75,000; and 85,000 plants ha−1). The experimental sites “Rimski Šančevi” and “Srbobran” are located in the typical chernozem zone of the southern part of the Pannonian Basin. On average for all hybrids, the grain yield followed a second-degree polynomial model in response to the increasing planting density, with the highest value at plant density (PD2: 65,000 plants ha−1). To achieve maximum yield, the optimal planting density for corn hybrids of the FAO 200 group should be 57,600 plants ha−1, for the FAO 300 group 64,300 plants ha−1, for the FAO 400 group 68,700 plants ha−1, for the FAO 500 group 66,800 plants ha−1, and for the FAO 600 group 63,500 plants ha−1. “Which–Won–Where” biplot showed that the hybrid H24 from FAO 600 group was the highest yielding in all of the environments. Hybrid H17 from the same FAO group was the most stable across all of the environments. Selected hybrids may further be studied for planting density and nutritional requirements for getting maximum yield. By introducing new maize hybrids with higher genetic yield potential and better agronomic management practices, modern mechanization and agricultural techniques allowed to increase planting densitie
Productivity and health significance of linseed: NS Marko and NS Primus
No full textLaneno seme (Linum usitatissimum L.) ima veliki značaj za zdravlje zbog sadržaja a-linolenske kiseline (w-3) u lanenom ulju. Redovnim konzumiranjem lana i w-3 masnih kiselina može da se utiče na prevenciju nastanka određenih bolesti: raka, zatim moždanog udara, nekih autoimunih i kardiovaskularnih bolesti, smanjuje se loš holesterol, dijabetes, kašalj, itd. Lan je laksativ, koristi za poboljšanje zdravlja probave ili za ublažavanje zatvora. Cilj ove studije bio je da se utvrdi uticaj genotipa na razvoj varijabli produktivnosti lana: mase biljke, visine biljke, visine do prve čaure, broj čaura, broj zrna u jednoj čauri, masu 1000 zrna i prinos zrna, dve sorte lana, NS Marko i NS Primus, zlatne i braon boje semena. Smeđa sorta imala je više vrednosti za visinu biljke i masu biljke u odnosu na zlatnu sortu, s druge strane, zlatna sorta pokazuje veći broj zrna po čauri i veći prinos zrna u odnosu na smeđu sortu. Sorte NS Marko i NS Primus ostvarile su visoke prinose. Proizvodnja lana je opravdana jer lan ima velike prednosti u ishrani. Preporučuje se redovno konzumiranje lana u ishrani u cilju očuvanja zdravlja.Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is of great importance for health due to the content of a-linolenic acid (w-3) in linseed oil. Regular consumption of linseed and w-3 fatty acids can influence the prevent the occurrence of certain types of cancer, then the occurrence of stroke, some autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases, reduce bad cholesterol, diabetes, cough, etc. Linseed is also a laxative, commonly used to improve digestive health or relieve constipation. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of genotypes on the development of productivity variables: plant mass, plant height, height to the first a flax cocoon, number of grains in one a flax cocoon, number of grains per plants, 1000 grains mass, and grain yield of plants of two varieties of flax, NS Marko and NS Primus, golden and brown seed colors. The brown variety had a more values for plant height and plant mass compared to the golden variety, on the other hand, the golden variety shows a higher number of grains per capsule and a higher grain yield compared to the brown variety. Varieties NS Marko and NS Primus achieved high grain yields. The production of linseed is justified because seed has great nutritional advantages. Regular consumption of linseed in the diet is recommended in order to preserve health
Assessing the environmental and energy aspects of fertilizer application in sustainable agriculture
No full textThe adoption of advanced agricultural practices in Serbia represents a significant leap towards sustainability in the sector. Through precision nitrogen fertilization and reduced tillage, a notable 32% enhancement in energy efficiency within cropping systems is feasible, reducing energy consumption per unit of food produced from 5 GJ to 3.4 GJ per hectare, alongside a tangible decrease in greenhouse gas emissions, thus bolstering efforts to combat climate change. Embracing these integrated techniques in Serbia and beyond holds promise in addressing the imperative to augment agricultural productivity while safeguarding ecological balance, amid projections of global mineral fertilizer consumption reaching 200 million tons by 2025. Advocating for the adoption of organic fertilizers in tandem with precision agriculture technologies offers further potential for mitigating adverse environmental impacts, bolstering soil health, biodiversity, and optimizing resource allocation. Moreover, these practices can lead to significant economic efficiency gains, reducing production costs and increasing overall profitability in agricultural operations. Additionally, investing in sustainable agriculture can create new job opportunities and stimulate economic growth in rural areas. Energy efficiency emerges as a cornerstone in modern agriculture, with the transition to integrated and low-intensity farming systems poised to slash energy usage by over 60%, making a significant contribution to overall energy conservation. Achieving these objectives necessitates a thorough assessment of existing agricultural practices in Serbia, alongside collaborative efforts from governmental bodies, agricultural experts, and farmers, underpinned by adequate funding and training. With the right approach and support, Serbia has the potential to emerge as a regional leader in sustainable agriculture, charting a path towards a productive, environmentally conscious, and economically resilient future