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Market Potential of Common Buckwheat - Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.
No full textThe annual pseudocereal known as common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) is gaining popularity due to its use in modern diets and as a honey plant. Southwest China is where buckwheat originated and was domesticated. About 500 years ago, buckwheat is thought to have been brought to Europe via the Silk Road from northern China. Buckwheat can be included into some innovative culinary products made in Serbia and Montenegro for distribution both nationally and regionally. Buckwheat can be used in baked goods like bread, cookies, crackers, biscuits, as well as pasta, noodles, and other expanded items. It is possible to malt buckwheat and use it as a beer ingredient. Additionally, buckwheat products are being marketed to gluten-free consumers. The market for gluten-free products is increasingly being targeted by buckwheat products. To prevent and lessen small intestinal damage that results in nutrient loss, people with autoimmune celiac-disease must follow a rigorous gluten-free diet. Buckwheat is gaining popularity among gluten-free food developers due to its high protein, dietary fiber, and antioxidant content. Gluten free product consumption has skyrocketed and is predicted to keep rising. Worldwide, buckwheat production is trending slightly upward. Approximately 5% of the 1.9 mil. ha of common buckwheat cultivated worldwide are currently planted in North America. Europe and Asia produce over 94% of the world's buckwheat, with Russia being the largest exporter (40% of worldwide export), and China and Japan being the largest importers. By combining conventional and contemporary breeding and selection methods, the factors limiting buckwheat production can be addressed. Buckwheat is a type of useful food item. When frequently ingested, functional foods - which can be either raw or processed - can have health benefits that go beyond those of basic nutrition. Buckwheat production may have a profitable marketing possibility in all surrounding areas with access to natural grocers and health-food merchants
Circular Economy of Agro-energy Crops
No full textPlant biomass is a renewable source of energy. Serbia ranks among the top European countries in terms of the amount of available and unused biomass. The fact that agricultural production is declining in Serbia and that there is a large share of uncultivated agricultural land, as well as a significant share of degraded land, is a significant factor contributing to the orientation of growing agro-energy crops. The paper deals with the possibilities of developing and expanding bioenergy crops, which will contribute to the reduction of anthropogenic impact on the environment with their entire life cycle. Although the development and spread of these crops has been accelerated under severe criticism and doubts about their validity and economic justification, the last two decades have been marked by the establishment of a large number of plantations of agro-energy crops. The share of the use of biomass as a renewable resource in the energy sector from the aspect of environmental protection, under conditions of adequate use, contributes to a significant reduction of net CO2 emissions compared to the use of fossil fuels for energy purposes. Ideally, energy crops should provide a high yield of dry biomass at a low cost, produced with the least pressure on the soil resource and with low nutrient and energy requirements. In addition, it should offer low susceptibility to diseases and pests and have good ground cover without reducing biodiversity. Improving the biomass yield of dedicated energy crops on a limited cultivation area is cited as one of the possible strategies for achieving effective and sustainable use of bioenergy
Application of Microorganisms in Environmental Protection
No full textMicroorganisms are a very significant factor that affects the bio-productivity of agroecosystems and the production of healthy food. Also, they find significant application in the recultivation of polluted ecosystems. The goal of the manuscript is to show the possibilities of using microorganisms in environmental protection. In the manuscript, the method of data analysis was applied, which were collected from scientific studies, published in scientific journals and at scientific conferences, including scientific publications of the authors of the manuscript. The results of numerous research indicate that microorganisms can be successfully applied instead of mineral fertilizers, which cause pollution of the environment. "Nitragin" is a biopreparation used to increase the symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation in plants. Azotobacterin, a biopreparation based on the bacterial genus Azotobacter, isolated from natural ecosystems, is used for the same purpose. The biopreparation "humivorin" contains different groups of microorganisms, which carry out processes of decomposition of organic matter, thus enabling effective nutrition of plants. The soil is very rich in the mentioned taxons of microorganisms. The results of the research, published by the authors of this manuscript, indicate that the number of Azotobacter sp. in soil type ''chernozem'' ranged from 100.4-182.7 (102g-1), and in ''gajnjaca'' from 45.7-119.2 (102g-1), while the highest determined number of aminoheterotrophs in the soil, among which Bacillus species dominate, was 671.5x105g-1. Numerous scientific studies, including the scientific publications of the authors of this manuscript, also indicate that microorganisms find significant application in the purification of polluted soils and waters, as well as the precise bioindication of all environmental components. Based on the analysis of the results of published scientific research, it can be concluded that microorganisms can be used very successfully in the production of healthy food, purification of polluted environments and bioindication
Importance, Assessment and Protection of Biodiversity
No full textBiodiversity represents the diversity of all living organisms on planet Earth and includes three levels: the level of genes, biological species and ecosystems. Genetic diversity is the set of genes of all existing living beings on Earth, while all biological species, from the beginning of life until today, represent species diversity. Ecosystem diversity represents the diversity of biotopes, biocenosis, as well as all biogeochemical cycles carried out by organisms within the ecosystem. The aim of the manuscript is to show the importance, assessment and protection of biodiversity. In the manuscript, the method of data analysis was applied, which were collected from scientific studies, published in scientific journals and at scientific conferences. The results of scientific research indicate that biodiversity enables biogeochemical cycles to occur in ecosystems on the entire planet, which form the basis of life. Also, it affects all the components of the environment. From the aspect of providing food for the growing human population, the preservation of the diversity of Magnoliophyta (angiosperms) is particularly important. Angiosperms are the main source of food for humans and animals. Balkan Peninsula is very rich in terms of species biodiversity, which is especially contributed by the diversity of angiosperms. The results of the research, which were published by the authors of this manuscript, indicate a significant diversity of plant species within the taxon Magnoliophyta. It was also found that numerous identified species exhibit pharmacological activity. Numerous scientific studies also indicate that, based on the state and assessment of biodiversity, bioindication of the environment can be carried out. In addition, biodiversity affects the composition of the atmosphere and the global climate. Based on the analysis of the results of published scientific research, it can be concluded that the protection of biodiversity is a key factor that enables the survival of life
Trichoderma harzianum in Biocontrol of Maize Fungal Diseases and Relevant Mycotoxins: From the Laboratory to the Field
No full textBackground: Maize, one of the world’s most important food and feed crops,
is often threatened by fungal infections that not only reduce yields but also contaminate
grains with harmful mycotoxins. Methods: This study evaluated the biocontrol potential
of Trichoderma harzianum K179 as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic fungicides for
protecting maize from two major pathogens, Fusarium graminearum and Aspergillus flavus.
T. harzianum K179 was cultivated in a lab-scale bioreactor, and its antifungal activity
was assessed through in vitro inhibition assays and two-year field trials. During the
field trial, maize ear disease severity, yield, and mycotoxin levels in maize samples were
monitored to assess the efficacy of the produced Trichoderma biopreparation. Results: In
laboratory tests, T. harzianum K179 significantly inhibited both target pathogens. Field
trials demonstrated that seed treatments with the Trichoderma bioagent reduced ear rot
severity and increased grain yield compared to untreated and chemically treated controls.
Notably, maize samples from T. harzianum-treated plots contained lower concentrations
of key mycotoxins, including fumonisins and aflatoxins. Conclusions: These findings
highlight the usefulness of T. harzianum K179 in integrated pest management strategies,
offering a sustainable solution that enhances crop safety and productivity while mitigating
the environmental risks associated with chemical fungicides
NS H 8740, hibrid suncokreta
No full textNS H 8740, hibrid suncokreta, priznat od strane Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede, Uprava za zaštitu bilja, rešenje broj 320-04-5975/2023-11 od 09.04.2025. godine, Beograd, Republika Srbij
NS H 8736, hibrid suncokreta
No full textNS H 8736, hibrid suncokreta, priznat od strane Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede, Uprava za zaštitu bilja, rešenje broj 320-04-5974/2023-11 od 09.04.2025 godine, Beograd, Republika Srbij
The influence of hybrids on the productivity of rapeseed
No full textRatarska proizvodnja u uslovima prirodnog vodnog režima sve više zavisi od rasporeda padavina tokom vegetacionog perioda. U radu su ispitivane morfološko-produktivne osobine dva hibrida uljane repice (Brassica napus L., Brassicaceae), H1 i H2, proizvedenih u Surduku, na zemljištu tipa černozem.Agricultural production in the conditions of the natural water regime increasingly dependent on the distribution of precipitation during the growing season. The paper examined the morphological and productive characteristics of two rapeseed hybrids (Brassica napus L., Brassicaceae), H1 and H2, produced in Surduk, on chernozem soil. Within the sunflower yield components, the following parameters were studied: plant height, height to the first lateral branch, pod length, number of seeds in a pod and seed yield. In the examined year, the rapeseed hybrid H1 showed higher productivity in all examined parameters compared to the hybrid H2 and is recommended as a more favorable hybrid for the production of biomass and grains
Effect of Sugar Beet Molasses and Compost from Brewery Sludge on Celery (Apium graveolens var. rapaceum) Yield and Nutrient Uptake
No full textThe rising cost of mineral fertilizers and the decreasing availability of manure in vegetable farming highlight the need for alternative fertilization strategies. To examine the possibility of applying byproducts from the food processing industry, sugar beet molasses, and compost from brewery sewage sludge in celery production, the field experiment was conducted over two years, using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The examined variants were T0—control (without fertilizer); T1—mineral fertilizer; T2—cattle manure; T3—sheep manure; T4—poultry manure; T5—supercompost; and T6—molasses. In the first year, there was no significant difference between T1 and T5 in thickened root yield, while these two variants achieved significantly higher yield compared with other variants. In both years, the highest leaf yield was achieved with T1, while no significant difference was found between T5, T6, and conventional organic fertilizers of animal origin. The highest amount of N was absorbed by roots in T1 (42.0 kg/ha and 51.2 kg/ha, respectively), while the lowest amount was absorbed in T0 (25.5 kg/ha and 26.7 kg/ha, respectively). A significantly higher amount of P2O5 was absorbed by roots in all organic fertilizer variants compared to T0 and T1. In both years, of all the nutrients, K2O was the most absorbed nutrient by the celery root, while CaO was absorbed in greater quantities than N. Based on two years of research, it can be concluded that compost from brewery sludge and sugar beet molasses can be used as an alternative source of nutrients for plants
Development of Male and Female Gametophytes in Cannabis sativa L. cv. Helena (Cannabaceae)
No full textThis study investigated key aspects of the reproductive potential of C. sativa cv. Helena. It focused on the development of male and female gametophytes, embryos, and endosperm formation. The developmental stages of pollen grains, embryo sacs, and their formation were revealed. The anther and development of the male gametophyte were as follows: tetrasporangiate anther, (whose wall is developed by the Dicotyledonous type and consists of the epidermis, fibrous endothecium, two middle layers, and glandular tapetum) and two-celled mature pollen. The ovule and development of the female gametophyte were characterized by an upper unilocular ovary containing two anatropous, crassinucellate, bitegmic ovules. The female gametophyte follows the Polygonum (monosporic) type. The development also includes nuclear endosperm formation and the presence of an embryo sac haustorium. A high pollen and seed viability was estimated. This fact, combined with the normal running of the processes of formation and development of the female gametophyte, embryo-, and endospermogenesis provide high reproductive potential for the studied cultivar of C. sativa. These findings contribute to a better understanding of C. sativa reproductive biology and provide valuable insights for breeding programs aimed at optimizing cultivar selection