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Genetička analiza kvantitativnih osobina genotipa graška
No full textThe study aimed at analyze the quantitative traits of pea genotypes through the values of genetic parameters and to identify the traits that determine the productivity of F1 and F2 hybrid plants. Three year field experiment was conducted in the Institute of Forage Crops - Pleven, Bulgaria. The crosses (CA1P × L020140; CA1P × Wt6803 and their reciprocal) between pea varieties L020140 - Pisum sativum ssp. arvense, Wt6803 - Pisum sativum var. hiemale and CA1P - Pisum sativum ssp. sativum were studied. Positive true heterosis was detected at crosses L020140 × CA1P and CA1P × L020140 by fresh root weight and nodule weight; CA1P × Wt6803 by root length and nodule weight and CA1P × L020140 by plant height at both limits of the environment. For almost all crosses, the efficiency of the team is negative and at both limits of the environment, which implies that the mass team will be more effective if it starts early in F4-F5 and is based on plant height, fresh weight of aboveground biomass and fresh weight of roots
Economical wheat production in Serbia and the world
No full textWheat (Triticum sp.) is the most important grain that is grown all over the world. In world grain production, according to the quantity produced, it ranks second, right after corn. Geopolitical changes in the world directly affect international trade and the markets of agricultural and food products, as well as the state of the international grain market. The area under wheat varied during the observed period. The highest average yield was recorded in 2022 in the world (3704.4) and Europe (4514.4), and the lowest average yield was recorded in 2000. Wheat production in Serbia varied in the period 2020-2024, while the yield recorded continuous growth (except for 2022), in 2024 it reached 5.8t ha-1
Optimizacija prinosa kukuruza i efikasnosti korišćenja azota u sušnim, optimalnim i vlažnim proizvodnim uslovima
No full textNitrogen rate, yield, and NUE (Nitrogen Use Efficiency) are tightly linked, and moisture availability plays acritical role in this relationship. This multi-year trial was established with the aim of optimizing maize grain yield and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) under varying moisture conditions. The dataset, covering the period from 2002 to 2020, was obtained from a long-term residue management experiment combined with increasing nitrogen (N) rates. Residue management included two treatments, with and without residue incorporation. When residues were incorporated, six nitrogen rates were applied: 0 (control treatment), 50,100, 150, 200, and 250 kg N ha⁻¹. In the variant without residue incorporation, three nitrogen rates were applied: 0 (control treatment), 100, and 200 kg N ha⁻¹. A multiobjective approach was employed to analyze the trade-off between yield and NUE under different precipitation regimes, with growing seasons classified as dry, optimal, or wet based on percentile-based precipitation thresholds. This methodology enabled a more precise interpretation of yield responses and nitrogen use efficiency under varying moisture conditions. The results indicated distinct optimal nitrogen rates depending on the precipitation regime. In dry years, the optimal range was between 70 and 77 kg N ha⁻¹, whereas in optimal seasons, it ranged from 118 to 133 kg Nha⁻¹. In wet years, the optimal rates were between 94 and 124 kg N ha⁻¹. These nitrogen rates allowed for achieving near-maximum yields while maintaining nitrogen use efficiency. Further increases in nitrogen application resulted in only modest yield gains while notably reducing NUE. The findings highlight that moderate nitrogen fertilization rates, adjusted to the available moisture conditions, can ensure high and stable maize production. The analysis also confirmed the importance of residue incorporation, which consistently ranked among the optimal solutions in the multiobjective approach.Doze azota, prinos zrna kukuruza i efikasnost korišćenja azota (NUE) su usko povezani, a režim padavina ima značajnu ulogu u toj vezi. Višegodišnji ogled postavljen je sa ciljem optimizacije prinosa zrna kukuruza i agronomske efikasnosti korišćenja azota u različitim uslovima vlažnosti. Podaci, koji obuhvataju period od 2002. do 2020. godine, dobijeni su iz dugoročnog eksperimenta upravljanja žetvenim ostacima u kombinaciji sa rastućim dozama azota (N). Upravljanje žetvenim ostacima obuhvatalo je dva tretmana, sa i bez zaoravanja ostataka. Kada su žetveni ostaci bili zaorani, primenjeno je šest nivoa azota: 0 (kontrolni tretman),50, 100, 150, 200 i 250 kg N ha⁻¹. U varijanti bez zaoravanja biljnih ostataka, primenjene su tri doze azota: 0(kontrolni tretman), 100 i 200 kg N ha⁻¹. Za analizu je primenjen višeciljni pristup, koji je omogućio uvid u kompromis između prinosa i NUE u zavisnosti od režima padavina, pri čemu su se vegetacione sezone klasifikovale kao suve, optimalne i vlažne, na osnovu percentilskih pragova padavina. Ova metodologija omogućila je precizniju interpretaciju reakcije prinosa i efikasnosti korišćenja azota u različitim uslovima vlažnosti. Rezultati su ukazali na različite optimalne doze azota u zavisnosti od režima padavina. U suvim godinama, optimalni raspon kretao se od 70 do 77 kg N ha⁻¹, dok je u sezonama sa uobičajenim padavinama iznosio od 118 do 133 kg N ha⁻¹. U vlažnim godinama, optimalne doze su bile između 94 i 124 kg N ha⁻¹. Ove doze omogućile su ostvarenje prinosa bliskih maksimalnim vrednostima, uz održavanje efikasnosti korišćenja azota. Dalje povećanje količine azota donosilo je samo skromna povećanja prinosa, uz istovremeno izraženiji pad NUE. Rezultati naglašavaju da umereni nivoi đubrenja azotom, prilagođeni raspoloživoj vlažnosti, mogu obezbediti visoku i stabilnu proizvodnju kukuruza. Analiza je takođe potvrdila značaj zaoravanja biljnih ostataka, koje se dosledno pokazalo kao jedno od optimalnih rešenja u okviru višeciljnog pristupa
Microbial community structure in landfill soils: Case study in Serbia
No full textMicroorganisms are vital for soil health and demonstrate an adaptive capacity to environmental change, with their role in plastic biodegradation increasingly recognized. Main purpose of this case study was to analyse bacterial and fungal communities in soils where high numbers of microplastics are expected. Soil samples were collected from three land use types: active landfill, remediated landfill, and agricultural soil. From each field, we took 3 replicates and isolated all DNA from soil samples of the top soil layer (0 - 10 cm). Microbial community profiling was performed using Illumina amplicon sequencing, making use of a Novaseq (2x300 bp, paired-end), targeting the V3-V4 fragment of the 16S rRNA gene (bacteria), and ITS2 rDNA region (fungi)
Malt as a basic raw material factor in beer production
No full textSlad je osnovna sirovina u proizvodnji piva, jer obezbeđuje fermentabilne šećere, enzime i karakteristična aromatično-senzorna svojstva pića. Proces dobijanja slada zasniva se na kontrolisanom namakanju, tokom kojeg se zrno hidrira, nakon čega sledi klijanje ječma, gde se odvija biosinteza i aktivacija enzima, i konačno sušenje, koje zaustavlja klijanje, dok se razvija karakterističan aromatični i kolorimetrijski profil sirovine. Tokom klijanja aktiviraju se hidrolitički enzimi, posebno amilaze i preteaze, što omogućava razgradnju skroba i proteina u fermentabilne komponente. Ključni tehnološki parametri u proizvodnji slada uključuju izbor sorte ječma, ujednačenost i veličinu zrna, sadržaj proteina i skroba, kao i uslove klijanja i sušenja (temperatura, vlažnost, trajanje). Ovi faktori značajno utiču na enzimsku aktivnost, prinos ekstrakta i konačne senzorne karaktesristike piva. Na ovaj način se dobijaju različite vrste slada - od veoma svetlih, sa očuvanom visokom enzimskom aktivnošću, do tamnih i specijalnih, koji ističu senzorna svojstva, ali imaju smanjen enzimski potencijal. Poseban značaj se pridaje parametrima kao što su ekstraktivnost, sadržaj rastvorljivih proteina, stepen modifikacije i dijastatska moć, jer oni direktno određuju fermentabilnost i kvalitet sladovine.
Sladovi se mogu podeliti na osnovne i specijalne tipove. Osnovni sladovi (pilsner, bledi ejl - pale ale, bečki, minhenski) čine osnovnu recepturu i pružaju dovoljnu enzimsku aktivnost za konverziju skroba. Specijalni sladovi (karamel, čokoladni, crni, prženi ječam) koriste se u manjim razmerama kako bi doprineli specifičnoj boji, ukusu, i aromi, ali poseduju malu ili zanemarljivu enzimsku aktivnost, Razlike između tipova slada prvenstveno se ogledaju u stepenu termičke obrade, koji određuje boju (izraženu EBC jedinicama), aromatičnom spektru (od hlebnih i mednih nota do kafe, kakaa i karamele) kao i senzornoj složenosti finalnog proizvoda.
U evropskoj industriji piva, pilsner slad je najšire korišćen, zahvaljujući tradiciji proizvodnje lager piva. Ovaj slad karakteriše veoma svetla boja, blag aromatični profil i visoka enzimska aktivnost, što ga čini pogodnim kao primarni slad u većini formulacija. Pored toga, bečki i minhenski slad se široko primenjuju, posebno u nemačkim tradicijama pivarstva, dok su specijalni sladovi neophodni u stvaranju stilova kao što su porter, staut ili ćilibarni ejl - amber ale.
Zahvaljujući raznovrsnosti vrsta slada i tehnoloških mogućnosti obrade, slad predstavlja ključni faktor u oblikovanju identiteta piva, od njegove boje i arome do njegovih nutritivnih i funkcionalnih svojstava.Malt is the fundamental raw material in beer production, as it provides fermentable sugars, enzymes, and the characteristic aromatic–sensory properties of the beverage. The malting process is based on controlled steeping, during which the grain is hydrated, followed by barley germination, where enzyme biosynthesis and activation occur, and finally kilning, which halts germination while developing the characteristic aromatic and colorimetric profile of the raw material. During germination, hydrolytic enzymes, particularly amylases and proteases, are activated, enabling the degradation of starch and proteins into fermentable components. Key technological parameters in malt production include the choice of barley variety, kernel uniformity and size, protein and starch content, as well as germination and kilning conditions (temperature, humidity, duration). These factors significantly affect enzymatic activity, extract yield, and the final sensory characteristics of beer. In this way, different types of malt are obtained – from very light malts, with preserved high enzymatic activity, to dark and specialty malts, which emphasize sensory properties but have reduced enzymatic potential. Particular importance is given to parameters such as extractivity, soluble protein content, degree of modification, and diastatic power, as they directly determine wort fermentability and quality.
Malts can be divided into base and specialty types. Base malts (pilsner, pale ale, Vienna, Munich) form the foundation of the grist and provide sufficient enzymatic activity for starch conversion. Specialty malts (caramel, chocolate, black, roasted barley) are used in smaller proportions to contribute specific color, flavor, and aroma, but possess little or negligible enzymatic activity. Differences between malt types are primarily reflected in the degree of thermal treatment, which determines color (expressed in EBC units), aromatic spectrum (ranging from bready and honey-like notes to coffee, cocoa, and caramel), as well as the sensory complexity of the final product.
In the European brewing industry, pilsner malt is the most widely used, owing to the tradition of lager beer production. This malt is characterized by a very light color, mild aromatic profile, and high enzymatic activity, making it suitable as the primary malt in most formulations. In addition, Vienna and Munich malts are broadly applied, particularly in German brewing traditions, while specialty malts are essential in creating styles such as porter, stout, or amber ale.
Thanks to the diversity of malt types and technological processing options, malt represents a key factor in shaping the identity of beer, from its color and aroma to its nutritional and functional properties
Application of models for predicting the dynamics of dry matter accumulation and moisture content in maize kernels
No full textKukuruz (Zea mays L.) predstavlja najznačajniju ratarsku biljnu vrstu u svetu, pored pšenice i pirinča, sa гodišnjom proizvodnjom od oko milijardu tona zrna na površini od 194 miliona hektara i prosečnim prinosom od 5,62 t/ha. Uspešna proizvodnja kukuruza u Srbiji se ostvaruje pravilnim izborom hibrida i pravilnom primenom tehnologije gajenja. Razumevanje procesa nalivanja zrna, dinamike nakupljanja suve materije i gubitka vlage iz zrna je od praktičnog značaja za donošenje adekvatnih odluka u prozvodnji kukuruza, posebno u uslovima globalnih klimatskih promena. Cilj istraživanja je da se u datim agroekološkim uslovima ispita pogodnost i preciznost nelinearnih modela za opis dinamike nakupljanja suve materije u zrnu kukuruza i sadržaja vlage iz zrna nakon fiziološke zrelosti u funkciji sume temperatura, tokom dve različite vegetacione sezone, da se izvrši ispitivanje prinosa i komponenti prinosa, kao i da se utvrde međusobni odnosi između proučavanih osobina. U istraživanju je analizirano deset hibrida kukuruza različitih grupa zrenja tokom dvogodišnjeg poljskog ogleda. Hibridi kukuruza korišćeni u istraživanju stvoreni su u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo. Dinamika nakupljanja suve materije i sadržaja vlage u zrnu utvrđena je primenom nelinearnih modela čija je pogodnost su ocenjivana uz pomoć selekcionih kriterijuma. Utvrđena je značajna varijabilnost u dinamici procesa nakupljanja suve materije i sadržaja vlage u zrnu kod ispitivanih hibrida kukuruza. Hibridi NS3023 i NS6030 su se istakli po visokim vrednostima maksimalne mase zrna, dok je hibrid NS5051 pokazao brzo nakupljanje suve materije, a hibrid NS6061 stabilnost kroz dve vegetacione sezone. U pogledu sadržaja vlage u zrnu hibridi koji su pokazali najbolje rezultate su bili NS3022, NS4000 i NS6061. Analizom agronomskih osobina utvrđene su značajne razlike između hibrida po pitanju prinosa i komponenti prinosa. Hibrid NS4006 se izdvojio sa najvećim prosečnim prinosom i dužinom klipa. Korelacije između agronomskih osobina u obe godine istraživanja ukazale su na snažnu međusobnu povezanost komponenti prinosa. Istraživanje pruža značajan doprinos u razumevanju dinamike nakupljanja suve materije i gubitka vlage kod hibrida kukuruza i pružaju osnovu za dalja naučna istraživanja u oblasti oplemenjivanja i razvoja novih tehnologija, kao i za analizu uticaja sve više prisutnih klimatskih promena na proizvodnju kukuruza.Maize (Zea mays L.) is, alongside wheat and rice, the most important cereal crop in the world, with an annual production of approximately one billion tons of grain cultivated on 194 million hectares and an average yield of 5,62 t/ha. Successful maize production in Serbia is achieved through proper hybrid selection and the application of appropriate cultivation technologies. Understanding the processes of grain filling, the dynamics of dry matter accumulation, and moisture loss from the kernel is of practical importance for making informed decisions in maize production, particularly under the conditions of global climate change. The aim of this research was to evaluate the suitability and accuracy of nonlinear models for describing the dynamics of dry matter accumulation in maize kernels and moisture content after physiological maturity as a function of growing degree days, during two different growing seasons. Additionally, the research aimed to examine yield and yield components and determine the interrelationships among the studied traits. The study analyzed ten maize hybrids from different maturity groups during a two-year field trial. The maize hybrids used in the research were developed by the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops. The dynamics of dry matter accumulation and moisture content in the kernel were determined using nonlinear models, whose suitability was assessed using selection criteria. Significant variability was observed in the dynamics of dry matter accumulation and moisture loss among the tested maize hybrids. Hybrids NS3023 and NS6030 stood out for their high maximum grain mass values, while hybrid NS5051 exhibited rapid dry matter accumulation, and hybrid NS6061 demonstrated stability under two growing seasons. Regarding moisture content in kernels, the best-performing hybrids were NS3022, NS4000, and NS6061. Analysis of agronomic traits revealed significant differences among hybrids in terms of yield and yield components. Hybrid NS4006 stood out with the highest average yield and ear length. Correlations among agronomic traits during both years of the study indicated a strong interrelationship among yield components. This research makes a significant contribution to understanding the dynamics of dry matter accumulation and moisture loss in maize hybrids and provides a foundation for further scientific studies in breeding and the development of new technologies, as well as for analyzing the impact of increasingly prevalent climate changes on maize production.Doktorska disertacija je odbranjena 11. decembra 2025. godine na Poljoprivrednom fakultetu Univerziteta u Novom Sadu
Effect of Crop Diversification on Weed Biodiversity
No full textIn the last fifty years, crop rotations have become increasingly simplified, relying on just one or two crops. This simplification presents challenges for weed management, as it continuously exposes weeds to the same ecological and agronomic conditions, leading to dominance of certain species that are harder to control and quickly adapt to new management practices. Implementing a well-planned crop rotation alters the selection of applied agrotechnical measures specific to a particular crop and weed, influences the herbicide spectrum, and positively contributes to maintaining habitat biodiversity. We conducted a study to evaluate how crop diversification effects on weed biodiversity, using soil weed seed bank analysis across three different long term management systems: monoculture, 2-year crop rotation and 3-year crop rotation. The monoculture of winter wheat stood out as a plant crop production system with disrupted biodiversity (only 17 species) and the highest number of dominant species (Bilderdykia convolvulus (L.) Dum., Papaver rhoeas L., Consolida regalis Gray., Veronica hederifolia L., Heliotropium europaeum L.). In particular, segetal weeds dominate, serving as remnants of cultural heritage and indicators of traditional crop management. In the monoculture of maize, 18 species were recorded with Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. being the absolutely dominant species. In monoculture of soybean, 22 species were recorded, with two most abundant: Chenopodium album L. and Ch. hybridum L. In the most commonly applied 2-year crop rotation (winter wheat maize), weed diversity is significantly richer with 33 species, while in the traditional 3-year crop rotation (winter wheat–maize–soybean), as many as 39 species were observed. It is concluded that, in addition to increasing yield and profit and enabling sustainable production, crop diversification through the introduction of different crops and their corresponding management practices can help control weeds and reduce the selection pressure for herbicide resistance
The importance of crop sequence for soybean productivity
No full textU ovom radu ispitivan je uticaj preduseva na produktivnost zrna soje tokom 2024. godine u Pančevu. Predusevi su bili pšenica i kukuruz. Proučavane su: komponente prinosa i prinos zrna soje. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da je prosečna masa 1000 semena iznosila je 144 g i bila je veća u varijanti sa predusevom kukuruza za 8,32%, dok je prosečan prinos semena iznosio je 2535 kg/ha i bio je veći u varijanti sa predusevom sa pšenicom za 270 kg/ha odnosno za 11,25%.In this paper, the influence of crops sequence for soybean productivity of was investigated, during 2024 in Pančevo. The starters were wheat and maize. The following were studied: yield components and soybean grain yield. The results of the research showed that the average mass of 1000 seeds were 144 g and was higher in the variant with maize crops sequence by 8.32%, while the average seed yield was 2535 kg/ha and was higher in the variant with wheat crops sequence by 270 kg/ha or by 11.25%
Agricultural production, status and expectations
No full textAgriculture is the oldest economic sector in history, it is began at the conclusion of the Ice Age, approximately 14,000–11,000 years ago. In the world over 70% of the population consumes wheat bread. Triticum vulgare or Triticum aestivum is a more widespread type of wheat. Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina are countries that have excellent natural potential to respond to growing needs for food production. During the observed years, the total area arable land in Serbia varied: in 1939, it amounted to 4783656 ha, in the post-war period it was on the rise (in 2010 even 5051000 ha), but today it is declining (3481567 ha in 2020). Cereals and oilseeds have great economic importance in ensuring the food security of the population in the world, in the Republic of Serbia. Bread made from wheat flour contains of 77–78% carbohydrates, 16-17% protein, 1.2–1.5% fat, mineral salts (Ca, P, Fe) and B group vitamins (B1, B2, B3). The yield of small grains is determined by a number of factors, including the number of plants (ears per unit area), the number of grains in an ear, the weight of grains in an ear, and the total weight of grains. These indicators have complex mutual interactions because as one parameter’s value grows, the value of another often drops. Yields vary depending on the from the tillage system, the doses of nutrients provided, the time and method of application, genetics, climatic factors throughout the year and their interactions. Climate change is increasingly affecting fluctuating yields and grain production of all plant species.[https://doi.ub.kg.ac.rs/doi/7thmtagricult-02p/
Sunflower under stress: sustainable breeding solutions for drought adaptation and nutrition quality improvement
No full textClimate change-induced drought is a critical challenge to global agriculture, particularly in semi-arid and arid regions. Sunflower, a moderately drought-tolerant oil crop, offers substantial potential for sustainable adaptation due to its deep root system and ecological flexibility. However, extended drought stress negatively impacts both yield and oil quality. Simultaneously, enhancing the nutritional value of sunflower oil remains a breeding priority to meet global dietary demands. Sustainable breeding solutions aim to develop sunflower genotypes that are both drought-resilient and nutritionally improved. This involves harnessing genetic diversity and employing advanced breeding techniques targeting traits such as drought escape, avoidance, and tolerance. Integrative “-omics” approaches—genomics, phenomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics—enable deeper insight into complex traits and their interactions with environmental stress. High-throughput phenotyping, especially image-based methods, allows non-invasive and scalable analysis of plant traits, facilitating selection for root architecture, water use efficiency, and seed composition. These tools support the development of climate-smart, nutrient-enriched sunflower genotypes, aligning with global goals for environmentally sustainable agriculture and food security