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Salinity stress tolerance in camelina: A focus on the germination stage for crop improvement
No full textCamelina is gaining recognition as a promising alternative crop due to its high seed oil content and as a potential salt tolerant crop on marginal land not suitable for major commodities. This research aimed to evaluate the impact of varying salinity levels and different types of salt on the germination process of camelina, investigating the physiological, morphometric, and biochemical mechanisms underlying salinity tolerance. Seeds from two spring genotypes, NS Slatka and NS Zlatka, were subjected to salinity stress through saline solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) at concentrations of 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM. Salinity levels of 150 mM and above negatively impacted most of the surveyed parameters, with Na₂SO₄ causing a more pronounced detrimental effect than NaCl. In general, NS Slatka was more sensitive to both tested salts in terms of germination and seedling growth parameters than NS Zlatka. At the same time, it exhibited greater stability under stressful conditions concerning leaf dimensions, suggesting the possibility of different mechanisms for tolerating salt stress. As for root weight and seedling length, NS Zlatka demonstrated a slightly better tolerance to Na2SO4 compared to NaCl. Proline accumulation was higher in NS Zlatka, particularly under Na₂SO₄ stress, indicating that this genotype may employ more efficient mechanisms to mitigate salt-induced stress. The high germination recovery rate (exceeding 40 % for both genotypes under the tested salt type) indicated that salinity only has a temporary effect on camelina seed germination, which can suggest interesting applications in soils affected by salinity fluctuation. The results of this study underscored the importance of understanding responses to different salt types and levels of stress, to identify the most suitable camelina genotypes to different salt-affected areas
Floral nectaries in Leguminosae: structure, diversity, and possible evolution
No full textLeguminosae, the third largest angiosperm family, is a taxon displaying the exceptional diversity of flowers and having great agricultural significance. Despite the broad range of reproductive strategies in this group, floral nectar is a key reward of legumes. The paper aims to summarize the available data on structure, ontogeny, regulation, and possible evolution of the leguminous floral nectaries. To date, detailed characterization of ultrastructure and mode of secretion is available only for a few representatives of the family whereas the majority remains understudied from this perspective. In most cases, regardless of flower symmetry, nectaries are localized between stamens and a carpel. The nectar is usually exuded from modified stomata although the exact mode of secretion by specialized parenchyma may differ between taxa. The leguminous floral nectaries often have certain features of monosymmetry with preferentially abaxial development. Nectaries were independently lost in several lineages, and equally recurrent is the emergence of substitutive, i.e. evolutionary innovative, nectar-producing structures. Floral nectaries possess a certain degree of evolutionary inertia, i.e. they remain stable even in lineages in which flower morphology underwent significant changes compared with an ancestral plan, such as shifts in merism, symmetry, reduction or polymerization of organs and alike. Due to their evolutionary stability, floral nectaries are rarely used in the taxonomy of Leguminosae
Oddities of the history of botanical terminology: how many cussate can phyllotaxis be?
No full textThe contemporary botanical terminology stems from a lasting tradition. Although some of the existing terms have a clear etymology, the others may comprise oddities. This paper is devoted to a series of terms describing phyllotaxis, such as decussate, tricussate and alike, up to hexacussate found in some sources. The first member of this series, decussate, has been used in human anatomy for a long time and originates from the Latin decussare “to intersect in X-shaped way”. However, tricussate was introduced in the 1870s by George Henslow who most likely reinterpreted the de- of decussate as denoting two and hence replaceable with other numerals. Such an innovation may seem surprising from the perspectives of etymology, but it remarkably gave rise to a series of related terms. These seem to have been implanted in the botanical lexicon, regardless of their eccentric origin. However, the terms describing the numbers of organs per floral whorl and leaves per verticil on a vegetative shoot might benefit from unification
Yield Determination in Major Small Grain Crops in Response to Nitrogen Fertilization
No full textSmall grain crops showed significant yield variation under different nitrogen fertilization treatments. Understanding factors influencing yield is crucial for optimizing productivity. This study assessed how nitrogen fertilization affects grain number, grain weight, and other yield components in triticale, wheat, six-rowed, and two-rowed barley across multiple locations and seasons. Key traits, including grain number per spike, spike number per unit area, and spike dry weight, were analyzed. Triticale cultivars achieved the highest average grain yield (GY) of 8709 kg ha−1, significantly outperforming wheat (7656 kg ha−1) and six-rowed barley (7676 kg ha−1), particularly under high nitrogen (100 kg N) fertilization, where triticale reached 9184 kg ha−1. Grain number per unit area (GN) was strongly positively correlated with GY across all crops, with the highest GN values observed in triticale (21,937) under 100 kg N fertilization. Fruiting efficiency (FE) and spike dry weight at anthesis (SDWa) showed crop-specific relationships with GN, with the strongest association between GN and SDWa observed in triticale, while FE exhibited the highest values in wheat (112.3) and the lowest in two-rowed barley (82). Triticale’s superior yield was linked to greater grain number and spike dry weight, while wheat’s high fruiting efficiency contributed to its performance. Despite its high spike number and spike dry weight, two-rowed barley had lower grain number per spike, limiting its yield. Nitrogen fertilization improved yield components across all crops, though trade-offs between grain weight and other traits were observed. These findings provide insights for breeders and agronomists in optimizing small grain production
Specificities of seed production of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)
No full textSeed production of eggplant differs from mercantile production and has a number of
specific characteristics. The conditions of successful production are the selection of plots,
the proper selection of pre-crop and adequate and timely irrigation. When fertilizing,
there have to be taken into account the level of nutrients in the soil, the state of fertility
of the soil and the planned yield of the fruit (although only the seed is extracted). In the
Republic of Serbia, the eggplant is produced from seedlings and it is very important for
them to be quality and healthy. Transplanting of eggplant seedlings on the final setting by
an optimal deadline is of great importance, including inter-row cultivation, the protection
of crop from weeds, causers of diseases and pests. The most important moment for seed
production is determining the moment of fruits harvest (ripeness phase) and the moment
of extracting seeds from the fruit. In addition to the factors mentioned, the time of
fermentation, the washing and drying of seeds are also significant. As in any seed
production, there are to be observed legal regulations regarding spatial isolation, varietal
purity, adulteration with other plant species and weeds and health condition of crop. Only
the production and trade of seed of eggplant varieties included in the list of agricultural
and forestry varieties (The Republic of Serbia) is permitted. The minimum seed quality
prescribed by the law: minimum purity of 96%, minimum germination of 65%, no
presence of weeds and other plant species, while the maximum moisture in seed is 13%
Spring oat and hull-less barley-pea intercropping potentials under Pannonian climate
No full textThe widespread adoption of intercropping practices remains limited due to yield differentials between pure stands and intercrops of small grains and an incomplete understanding of how intercropping cultivation impacts the performance of individual crops. The potential for yield differential compensation between pure stands and intercrops of spring oats (cv. Dunav) and hull-less barley (cv. Golijat), when cultivated with pea (cv. Partner) in the mixed intercropping system was explored in 2022, 2023 and 2024 under Serbia's Pannonian climate in Novi Sad, Northern Serbia. Seeding rates in the mixed intercropping systems were set at 70% (pea) and 30% (oats, hull-less barley) of the conventional seeding rate. General linear modeling was used to estimate factors affecting yield and TKW performances. Extreme fluctuations in climatic factors were recorded in three growing seasons. High temperatures throughout the 2024 growing season, a lack of precipitation, and warm winds were limiting factors, especially for legume crops. In contrast, in 2023, precipitation levels in April and May exceeded seventeen-year averages. A lack of precipitation was recorded throughout the whole 2022 season. Our study indicated the vulnerability of legume crops when exposed to extreme weather conditions. In 2023 and 2024, pea yield did not exceed 0.4 t/ha in pure stands. However, cereal crops in intercropping systems contributed to overcoming legume crop losses. In 2024, oat yield in the pure stand (5 t/ha) and total yield (4.5 t/ha) were not significantly different (p<0.001) although they were grown under high temperatures. In contrast, the dry yield of hull-less barley in pure stands was greater than the total dry yields in both 2023 and 2024. In 2022 yields of cereal crops were lower than in 2023 and 2024 but the relationship between oat pure stand yield and total yields were the same as in 2024. Low yielding of hull-less barley in intercropping systems (0.1 t/ha) in 2022 was compensated with pea which performed better in 2022 than in 2023 and 2024. The relationship between thousand-kernel weight (TKW) and yield under intercropping cultivation differed between spring oats and hull-less barley. Under extreme weather conditions, pure stands of hull-less barley and oats were related differently with total dry yields when intercropped with pea. Thus, selecting compatible oat and pea varieties and optimizing sowing rates showed the potential of spring oat to mitigate legume crop losses under challenging growing conditions.[https://www.agrobiodiversityalongthevaluechain.eu/
ZKS Preria, hibrid suncokreta (Rusija)
No full textZKS Preria, hibrid suncokreta, priznat od strane Ministarstva za poljoprivredu Ruske Federacije (Министерство сельского хозяйства Российской Федерации), rešenje Državne komisije Ruske Federacije za ispitivanje i zaštitu selekcionih dostignuća (Государственная комиссия Российской Федерации по испытанию и охране селекционных достижений (ФГБУ Госсорткомиссия)) br. 7652766 od 2025. godine, Moskva, Ruska Federacij
KIMI RF 78, inbred linija suncokreta (Rusija)
No full textKIMI RF 78, inbred linija suncokreta, priznata od strane Ministarstva za poljoprivredu Ruske Federacije (Министерство сельского хозяйства Российской Федерации), rešenje Državne komisije Ruske Federacije za ispitivanje i zaštitu selekcionih dostignuća (Государственная комиссия Российской Федерации по испытанию и охране селекционных достижений (ФГБУ Госсорткомиссия)) br. 7553367 od 2025. godine, Moskva, Ruska Federacij
NS H 8619, hibrid suncokreta
No full textNS H 8619, hibrid suncokreta, priznat od strane Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede, Uprava za zaštitu bilja, rešenje broj 320-04-5973/2023-11 od 09.04.2025 godine Beograd, Republika Srbij
Drought Stress and Production of Legumes in Europe
No full textLegumes (fam. Fabaceae) are the second most important family of agricultural crops worldwide. Even though legumes are used for grain, forage, silage, or green manure they are unfairly underrepresented in European cropping systems. Legumes production in Europe has been faced with a drastic decline (around 50%) in the period between 1961 and 2020. However, an increase in the legume production area since 2010 was caused by the changes in CAP, where many European Union states offered supplemental subsidies within specific programs to motivate the cultivation of legumes. Nowadays, legume production areas in the European Union occupy less than 5% of agricultural land, but it is anticipated to reach 6.3 million tons in 2030, while cultivation area is expected to grow to 2.3–2.4 million ha. Due to the functional attributes that legumes offer, including nutritional and health provision, farmland biodiversity, and improved environ¬mental stability, it is proposed to increase legume production in Europe as an important component in agro-ecological transitions. It is foreseen that the culti¬vation of pulse crops will increase due to the demand for more diversified protein sources and their better availability in Europe. Various environmental pressures, such as higher temperatures together with the changed and unpredictable distri¬bution of precipitation, interfere with legume production. Water deficit is high¬lighted as the most significant environmental stressor that negatively impacts agricultural production. Drought is characterized as a prolonged period of dry weather in which some areas receive less rain than usual, and it is expected to affect at least one-third of agricultural land worldwide. Severe drought events have been documented in the European continent since the beginning of the twenty-first century. There is a consensus that the alteration of drought events affecting Europe, caused by climate change, is obvious. Legumes are mainly grown in rain-fed agricultural systems, and they are highly sensitive to drought and heat stress during both vegetative and reproductive stages. There is a need to develop various strategies in order to increase the drought-stress tolerance of legumes and enable crop productivity to meet food demands in water-scarce scenarios