Abasyn Journal of Life Sciences
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Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) Infections through Linezolid and Daptomycin Antibiotics
No full textMethicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections became difficult to cure as they expanded over the world. Because Staphylococcus aureus can cause a variety of illnesses in the body, MRSA infections, in particular, can be acquired in healthcare settings (HA-MRSA) and community settings (CA-MRSA). MRSA infections have been demonstrated to be resistant to penicillin, -lactam, and vancomycin, as well as other antimicrobials, restricting their treatment choices. Their susceptibility testing was examined using morphological, molecular, and new methodologies. Because it was resistant to numerous antibiotics, it was important to develop new agents for therapy; this article covers the current use of antibiotics, which include linezolid and daptomycin. This article discusses the mechanism of action, antibacterial activity, clinical perspectives, resistance, and side effects of the antibiotics: linezolid and daptomycin. Different antibiotics were tested in various parts of the world, and the results revealed that practically all antibiotics are resistant to MRSA infections, with linezolid and daptomycin in particular showing resistance at a very low ratio. As a result, linezolid and daptomycin are preferred for treatment; the following article also discusses their benefits and drawbacks for humans. Similarly, it focused on the developing threats to linezolid and daptomycin antibiotics. Combination therapy should be considered for the decrease of resistance to these antibiotics. The present paper seeks to provide a current and up-to-date review of antibiotic susceptibility testing for MRSA
Health, education, and attitude toward Down syndrome people in the Pashtun
No full textABSTRACT
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic abnormality worldwide. This preliminary study aims to assess the attitude of society toward DS people and the understanding of their health and education status in the Pashtun population of KP Pakistan. The study sample was DS people (no. 108) and their parents/guardians (no. 108) belonging to different areas of the province. Information was collected on a predesigned questionnaire by trained professionals. P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. The overall response of the study population was positive (mean = 4.066, SD = 0.99). However, no significant difference appeared in the categorical analysis for sex, age group, location, and education level of the respondents. The results indicated that cardiovascular abnormality is the most common congenital disorder associated with DS in this population. Furthermore, 82.4% of the DS people were not enrolled in any school. Although the overall attitude toward DS people is very positive in the Pashtun population, the national social system of the province is unable to support disabled people appropriately. To reduce their dependency on the family, policies should be made for these people on the provincial and national levels
Frequency of Candiduria in Patients of Different Age Groups in a Tertiary Care Hospital
No full textBackground: Candida spp. is one of the most important components of human micro ecology. Majority of the patients diagnosed with candiduria do not have any apparent symptoms and it is certainly very difficult to differentiate between bacteriuria and candiduria in symptomatic patients. Objective: To determine the frequency of candidiuria in patients of different age groups in a tertiary care hospital. Methodology: Data of 1805 samples were included in this study, which were received in microbiology Lab of Shalamar hospital Lahore, during 1 year (31st January 2021 to 31st January 2022). The data regarding the patients of candiduria diagnosed on the basis of microscopic examination and cultural identification were analyzed through SPSS 25.0. Results: In this observational study, out of 1805 patients, 23% were positive for bacterial growth while 3.7% were positive for fungal growth (Candida) and remaining 1320 were showed negative results. The frequency of candiduria in different age groups were found as, Infants 0-1 year 4.9% followed by; teen 13-19 years 1.4%, adult 20-39 years 1.8%, middle age adults 40-59 years 3.8% and elder above 60 years 6.4%. Conclusion: Candiduria is more often in females than in males and the elder patients were more prone for Candida infection. So, we recommended that regular follow-up of elderly patients is required for the diagnosis of candiduria either they are symptomatic or not
A Bacteriological profile and Antibiogram patterns of pyogenic bacteria isolated from pus specimens at tertiary care hospital, Islamabad: Bacteriological profile and Antibiogram patterns
No full textPyogenic wound infections are a significant source of morbidity, because of the development of different resistant strains. To identify the suitable antibiotics for the patient's treatment, it is crucial to understand the sensitivity pattern of antibiotics against the bacterial isolates from clinical pus samples. Antibiotic resistance among various bacteria develops and spreads due to of the careless use of antibiotics in the treatment of diseases. Using the pus samples obtained from different patients from tertiary care Hospital suffering from infections resulting pus formation, the bacteriological profiling and drug susceptibility trends of microbial isolates were studied. The study was executed from August 2022 to January 2023 in the Microbiology Lab of a tertiary care hospital, Islamabad. During the study period, 373 pus samples were acquired from various departments and processed by standard microbiological techniques for identification of bacterial isolates by culturing them on selective and differential media and later antimicrobial susceptibility profile was determined as per Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines by using Kirby-Bauer method. Staphylococcus aureus (55.5%) was most prevalent followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23.2%), E.coli (7%), Klebsiella pneumonia (6.2%), Proteus mirabilis (3.54%), Enterococcus (1.96%), Provindicia stuarti (1.8%), Acinetobacter baumannii (0.39%), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (0.38%). The most susceptible antibiotics for gram positive isolates were linezolid, vancomycin, rifampicin, and minocycline, whereas for gram negative isolates were cefatrizine and piperacillin+tazobactam. Antibiotic rotation and routine AMR monitoring are advised to stop the spread of resistance
ANTIBIOTICS CLASSIFICATION, USES, RESISTANCE AND THEIR ALTERNATES: ANTIBIOTICS CLASSIFICATION
No full textAntibiotics discovery is deliberated one of the most significant achievements of science in 20th century. It modernized both veterinary and human medicine to treat infectious diseases. All the drugs used to combat bacterial infection in both human and animals are termed as antibiotics. Antibiotics can be obtained from natural sources like plants & prokaryotes, and can be synthesized in vitro. Antibiotics are classified into bacteriostatic (cure infection by inhibiting bacterial growth) and bactericidal (cure infection by killing prokaryotes) on the basis of their mechanism of action. Further classification of antibiotics based on their site of action within prokaryotic cells. Use of antibiotics to treat infections in human and animals has become very common in previous century. Prophylactic use of antibiotics in human & animals, and heir persistent in environment has provoked antibiotic resistant against in bacteria. Due to increase in bacterial resistance against antibiotics, scientists developed alternatives of antibiotics to combat with infectious diseases. Probiotics, antimicrobial proteins, bacteriophages and plant-derived compounds are promising substitute of antibiotics to prevent and cure infectious diseases. However, the simple and easiest escape from this problem is to live simple and organic lifestyle and check the further use of antibiotics in humans or animals. The good food is the best alternate to antibiotics and other medicines. This review articles focuses on history of antibiotics discovery, their uses to treat infectious medicine, antibiotic classification, antibiotic resistant and alternatives of antibiotics
Microbial quorum sensing and its role in biofilm formation
No full textExpression of genes within the microbial cells are regulated by the change in cellular density of microbes in their ecosystems, this mechanism is termed as microbial Quorum sensing. Almost every prokaryote synthesizes small molecules called auto-inducers, responsible for their Quorum sensing. Auto-inducers formation in Gram-negative bacteria is provoked by a chemical know as S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Various physiological mechanisms of microbial cell systems are provoked by auto-inducer and microbial cell receptors interaction, a kind of Quorum sensing. Quorum sensing mechanism of fungi was discovered eleven years ago when farnesol panel filamentation was detected in the pathogenic metamorphic yeast called Candida albicans. In the previous era, it was discovered that farnesol plays a key role in the regulation of the physiology of C. albicans acts like a signaling chemical, and encourages destructive effects on host cells along with other microorganisms. Along with farnesol, another compound called aromatic tyrosol alcohol was also pledged to be a C. albican Quorum Sensing regulatory factor for growth, biofilm synthesis, and development of morphology. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, phenyl ethanol and tryptophol are the two main aromatic alcohols that control QSMs regulation for morphogenesis in nitrogen deficiency circumstances. Moreover, cell density-dependent recitals that appear like Quorum Sensing have been labeled in various mycocal species. However, the study of the Quorum Sensing mechanism of fungi is yet in its commencement, its recognition has altered our sentiments about mycocal kingdom and might eventually cause the development of new fungicidal therapeutics
A Review: An Insight into the Potential of Biological Control of Ticks in Domestic and Wild Animals
Get PDFTicks are hematophagous arthropods that transmit pathogens to humans, animals and poultry birds, mostly in tropical and subtropical regions globally, causing considerable economic and health losses by serving infectious vectors. In endemic locations of the world, tick-borne diseases have become a public health issue. Ticks biting causes anemia in animals and also impair their hide quality. Therefore, the current review article focused on the biological control of ticks. Ticks, like any other creature, are susceptible to various infectious agents (Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia bigemina, B. gibsoni, Hepatozoon canis, H. americanum, Theileria annulate, T. taurotragi etc). Ticks can become infected with rickettsia, spirochetes, viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Some protozoans and worms infiltrate ticks and reproduce inside them, killing them. Fungus (Metarhizium anisopliae, Verticiliium lecanii, Beauveria bassiana), bacteria (Bacillus), nematodes (Steinernema glaseri, S. carpocapsae), and parasitoids (Ixodiphagus species.) have proved effective biological agents to control ticks. Insects are also a type of natural tick enemy. Ticks that are engorged with blood and while moulting are the most vulnerable to insect predation and eaten by spiders, ants, beetles, dragonflies, and wasps (Ixodiphagus). Ticks are also preyed upon by amphibians and reptiles. Birds such as yellow-billed oxpecker (Buphagus africanus), helmeted guineafowl and Galliformes are good predators of ticks. Biological agents affect only target pests (ticks), do not destroy beneficial natural enemies and are safer for the ecosystem and humans. By keeping in view, the significance of biological agents, we highly recommend them in integrated tick management program that could minimize the tick population
Assessment of genetic variability in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes
No full textThe evaluation of phenotypic characteristics is critical in the selection of top cotton lines. Cotton breeders want to use a variety of genotypes in hybrids to segregate for desired characteristics while also allowing for selection and genetic gain. Breeders can use phenotypic diversity information to aid in parental selection. In this context, a set of 12 advance cotton lines were evaluated for genetic diversity at Cotton Research Institute, Tandojam during Kharif season 2020. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications, while seven agronomical traits were included in the experiment. The mean squares of genotypes were significantly differences (P<0.05) for all studied traits, representing that genetic diversity is existed in these cotton germplasms for further utilization. Considering the agronomic performance, the genotype B-2 was on top in average values for plant height (174.40 cm), bolls plant-1 (42.067), seed cotton yield plant-1(139.34 g), GOT% (37.800%) and staple length (28.00 mm), hence indicates its valuable breeding resources for future cotton breeding. The greater genetic distance of 92.683 was found between B5 and B2 genotypes, revealing that this pair may be used in hybridization program for vigorous hybrid production and better selection in subsequent generations. The variance percentages for the first, second, and third principle components were 42.70, 23.10, and 17.20, respectively; the first three components contributed 83.00 percent of the variation for genotypes, which is high enough for cotton crop improvements. The cotton genotypes were divided into three categories based on phenotypic data. The many groups obtained might be beneficial in generating cotton genotypes with a variety of characteristics and diversifying the cotton gene pool
Utilization of RSM for optimization of physical variables to improve bacteriocin production from Lactobacillus plantarum strain MS
Get PDFThe utilization of natural antimicrobial substances has been increased in the pharmaceutical sector due to their stability and inhibition activity against pathogenic microorganisms. In the current study, the bacteriocin synthesis by locally isolated Lactobacillus plantarum MS from yogurt, has been optimized by using response surface methodology. Statistical optimization of physical variables by using Box-Behnken design, 3200 AU/mL bacteriocin activity was detected at 30 °C temperature, 18h incubation time and pH 6 against Staphylococcus aureus. The resulting bacteriocin was found to be stable a broad range of pH (2-12) and temperature (37-100 °C) but the activity of bacteriocin was slightly disturbed at 121 °C. Besides, bacteriocin showed stability after treatment with various enzymes (catalase, amylase, and lipase), salt (NaCl), and surfactants (triton X-100, EDTA, and SDS) but found sensitive by treating with proteolytic enzymes (proteinase K and trypsin) in comparison with untreated bacteriocin. Because of such biochemical characteristics, these antibacterial peptides could be possibly incorporated in the field of pharmacy to fulfil consumer’s demand for natural remedies
Management of Chili leaf curl disease (ChiLCD) through resistant germplasm and Nutrients in relation to Environmental Factors
Get PDFChili (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important commercial spicy crop grown in many regions across the world. Six chili varieties such as Zinia F1, Desi (Jalalpuri), Desi (Jalalpuri 2), Wonder Hot, Summer Queen F1, and Faisalabad Selection was evaluated against the most devastating and catastrophic Chili’s leaf curl disease caused by Begomovirus Chili leaf curl virus (ChiLCV). Out of all six varieties, Wonder Hot and Summer Queen F1 showed moderately resistant (MR) response whereas three varieties including Zinia F1, Desi (Jalalpuri) and Desi (Jalalpuri 2) had a moderately susceptible (MS) response, and only one variety namely Faisalabad Selection, expressed resistant (R) response. Four varieties; Desi (Jalalpuri), Desi (Jalalpuri 2), Zinia F1, and Wonder Hot, were used for management purposes with four micronutrients in combinations, namely T1 (ZnSO4 + CuSO4), T2 (MnSO4 + CuSO4), T3 (Boric Acid + CuSO4) and T4 (ZnSO4 + CuSO4 + MnSO4 + Boric Acid). When compared to control (58.14%), only T4 demonstrated minimum disease severity (11.63%). In the case of disease incidence, T4 gave the best results with minimum disease incidence (35.65%) as compared to control (92.59%). Treatments were able to decrease the disease progression even in the existing of favorable environmental factors.There was significant (p˂0.05) but positive correlation between wind speed and disease severity. Wind speed was highly correlated with the disease severity of variety Wonder Hot (r=0.91). We concluded that the application of micronutrient activate the plant defense system and at the same time suppress the vector populations