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Perceived effort in others vs self: When considering outcome and self-control
No full textAcross two studies, we examined whether people perceive effort differently in others (vs self), when the outcome is success (vs. failure), and as a function of self-control. The first study examined how outcomes could potentially sway perceived effort in others across both high and low objective effort conditions. We discovered that perceived effort was significantly influenced by outcomes, and outcomes played a larger role in the low objective effort condition. In study 2, objective effort was held constant. We examined how people perceived effort differently in others and themselves across different outcome conditions. Additionally, we also explored whether self-control moderated the effect of outcome and observer on perceived effort. We found that perceived effort was higher in the success condition and when evaluating others’ effort. Regression analysis demonstrated that the trait of self-control did not have any moderating effect. Self-control as a predictor was weakly correlated with perceived effort. These results may motivate people to understand these differences in perception and help people to provide better support to each other in everyday settings
Stay Alive, Stay True: The Trump-Era and Marketization of the Non-Profit Sector
Get PDFThis study examines how nonprofit organizations are adapting their operations and missions amid systemic funding shifts under the Trump administration, with a focus on education-related programs. Drawing on Lester Salamon’s dual-imperative framework—which posits a tension between nonprofits’ survival imperative (adapting to market-driven funding landscapes) and their distinctiveness imperative (maintaining mission fidelity) —this research explores how nonprofit leaders navigate these competing pressures. Through interviews with Chicago-based intermediary 501(c)(3) nonprofits, this study identifies three critical strategies that enable these organizations to balance and uphold both imperatives: (1) active legal and mission risk management via diversified funding streams, (2) a nuanced understanding of local political philanthropic contexts, and (3) the forging of strategic alliances within the nonprofit sector. Ultimately these findings contribute to existing literature by arguing that intermediaries, when equipped with strategic agility, appropriate state-level support, and strong partnerships, have the potential to serve as pivotal actors and exemplars within the contemporary nonprofit ecosystem
The Presence of a Monarch: The Causal Impact of Different Political Institutional Settings on Local Development
No full textMost studies on the effect of the political system on economic development take a macro lens. In this thesis, I provide novel micro-level evidence on how different political systems and institutions, as shown by variations in provincial elections, can causally impact local economic development. I use a Difference-in- Discontinuity design by leveraging the unique institutional setting of the Province of Jogjakarta, which, due to a special right, was not subject to Indonesia’s provincial election law in 2004. I find minimal evidence of provincial elections affecting most development proxies; however, for three outcomes—the number of public primary schools, public universities, and auxiliary community health centers—I find significant and sizable positive effects of the provincial election. Using Heterogeneous Treatment Effect (HTE) analysis, I show that local elite capture may alter the overall treatment effect. I also show that the decentralization design, which emphasizes district government, limits the effect of provincial elections
On the Border of the Celtic and Roman Worlds: A Regional GIS Analysis of Votadini Hillforts in Northumberland, United Kingdom
Get PDFThis project seeks to analyze regional Votadini hillfort re-settlement in the Roman Iron Age/Romano-British Period in Northumberland, UK, north of Hadrian’s Wall. Archaeologists have applied a “long Iron Age” model to the tribes of this region, often downplaying both social change within the tribe and Roman impact without. Combining prior recorded field work with my own LiDAR, spatial, and movement analyses in ArcGIS, I examine regional Votadini settlement patterns from the Iron Age through the Roman Iron Age, noting significant cultural changes. Any evident shifts in hillfort settlement patterns can reflect a changing socio-political landscape as the Votadini became a border territory to the Celtic-speaking and Roman worlds. In the Roman Iron Age emerges: amalgamated village-like communities, disrepair of defensive structures, abandonment of population centers, differing familial units, differing landscape movement, and rectilinear barriers and walls delineating public from private space. Through evidenced Roman Iron Age hillfort settlement changes I argue for the generational impact on native lifeways from Roman occupation and proximity
Metaphors of Immigration: An Analysis of Metaphor and Metonymy in American Political News Discourse
Get PDFThis thesis evaluates the degree of conventionalization of harmful immigration metaphors. Previous research has identified common tropes of metaphors used to discuss immigration and has additionally demonstrated the effects that metaphors have on conceptualization. In order to assess conventionalization, this study compares the use of dehumanizing metaphors in immigration discourse between politically-left and politically-right news outlets. Forty articles were analyzed using an amended version of Pragglejaz Group’s ‘method for identifying metaphorically used words in discourse,’ with twenty articles representing politically-left news outlets and twenty articles representing politically-right news outlets. Further distinctions were made between news outlets categorized as right vs. right-leaning and left vs. left-leaning. The frequency and tropes of metaphors in sources across the political spectrum were then compared using statistical tests. In regards to frequency, right-leaning news outlets were found to have the highest rate of negative metaphor use compared to other political categories. In regards to trope usage, right and right-leaning news outlets were more likely to use the CRIMINAL metaphor trope than their political counterparts, while left and left-leaning news outlets were more likely to use the OBJECT trope. Overall, this study found that the most likely negative immigration metaphor trope to become conventionalized is the NATURAL DISASTER trope
Conversations with the Dead: An Analysis of Grief Narrative Sharing in Online Reddit Communities
Get PDFIn our current digital age, social media has reshaped how individuals grieve, creating new avenues for maintaining bonds with deceased loved ones. This mixed-methods study investigates how posts that talk directly to and about the dead shape commenter engagement through reciprocal narrative sharing in grief-centered Reddit communities. Quantitative analysis of approximately 45,000 posts and comments reveals notable nuance: while posts that discuss the dead generate a higher volume of narrativized comments, logistic regression modeling shows no significant difference between posts that talk to and about the dead in their likelihood of receiving narrativized comments. This nuance insinuates that both post types may have their merits. Qualitative analysis of a select number of exchanges suggests that while talking to the dead fosters emotional resonance and talking about the dead offers relatable context, it is the combination of both within a single post that most powerfully invites rich narrative sharing among commenters. Ultimately, this study argues that online bereavement practices blend intimate expressions of loss with collective witnessing, transforming individual sorrow into a collective act of remembrance, and affirming that, even in death, human connection endures and finds new life in digital spaces
Understanding What People Need from Visiting Green Spaces During the Pandemic: An Analysis of Visitation Patterns by Integrating Multimodal Data
Get PDFDuring the pandemic, visiting counts, dwell time, and travel distance to green space significantly declined. Previous studies have not fully explained why this pattern occurred, as they lack the simultaneous inclusion of both objective features and visitor’s experience, and do not explicitly distinguish visitation patterns into three categories. To examine how U.S. green space visitation patterns changed during the COVID-19 pandemic, I integrated Google reviews, Street View images, and the Social Vulnerability Index with GPS-based visitation data to examine how experience, environmental features, and socioeconomic sta- tus affected green space visitation, and further to identify features that fulfill basic and non-basic needs in different time periods. Machine learning models were used to transform raw data into numerical metrics and capture the non-linear impact of these features on green space visitation. The findings reveal that during the pandemic, basic needs such as green coverage and road are regarded as the most important. Non-basic features, such as water activities and sports, can still attract a smaller proportion of visitors, provided they have access to these green spaces
Echoes of Ossilegium: A Secondary Mortuary Practice in Iron Age Judah
Get PDFThis paper examines the possible connection between the mortuary practice of ossilegium during the Second Temple Period and the mortuary practices of the Iron Age in ancient Judah. The previous literature has made light of the use of bone repositories during the two periods, but a possible connection between mortuary practices has been under-researched. This study directly compares the Iron Age cemeteries of Gibeon, Azor, and Aitun with the Second Temple Period necropoli of Jericho, Jerusalem, and Qumran using four metrics: structural layout and characteristics of the tombs, mortuary practices, grave goods, and miscellaneous details. These specific sites were selected in order to account for the impact of geological conditions on the tomb type used. This study has shown that aside from some structural similarities stemming between the Second Temple necropoli and Iron Age tombs located around the Highlands region, there is not enough evidence from these selected sites to support a connection between the mortuary practices of the Iron Age and Second Temple Period
Examining Online Post-Election Discourse Amongst Young Black Women
Get PDFThis study examines Black women's responses to Kamala Harris's defeat in the 2024 presidential election through analysis of TikTok discourse. Drawing on Black feminist theory, the research explores how Black women process electoral disappointment online while navigating expectations of political labor. Content analysis of TikTok videos reveals three key themes: strategic disengagement from advocacy roles, reclamation of emotional vulnerability against "Strong Black Woman" expectations, and prioritization of community building over national politics. These responses represent not political apathy but deliberate resistance against unreciprocated labor and marginalization within democratic processes. The findings demonstrate how digital platforms function as safe spaces where young Black women articulate political identities outside institutional structures. This research contributes to understanding intersectional political behavior by highlighting how stepping back can function as resistance against exploitative expectations. Policy implications include developing more sustainable political engagement models that recognize Black women's contributions without relying on their self-sacrifice
[Data for] The Origin of Vertebrate Teeth and Evolution of Sensory Exoskeletons
No full textThe earliest record of dentine, an early vertebrate novelty, has been controversially represented by Anatolepis heintzi, known from fragmentary Cambrian and Ordovician fossils. With exoskeletons having the characteristic tubules of dentine, it was argued that Anatolepis demonstrated the first precursors of teeth, known as odontodes. Debates whether Anatolepis is a vertebrate have arisen largely because of limitations in imaging and the lack of comparative exoskeletal tissues. To resolve this controversy, and understand the origin of dental tissues, we synchrotron scanned diverse extinct and extant vertebrate and invertebrate exoskeletons. We find that the tubules of Anatolepis have been misidentified as dentine and instead are definitively sensory sensilla components of aglaspidid arthropods. External odontodes of Eriptychius, an Ordovician taxon with true vertebrate apomorphies, have remarkably large dentin tubules1 that are morphologically convergent with invertebrate sensilla. Using immunofluorescence, we show that the external odontodes of extant chondrichthyans and teleosts retain extensive innervation suggestive of a sensory function like that in teeth. These patterns of convergence and innervation reveal that dentine arose as a sensory tissue in the exoskeleton of early vertebrates, a function retained in modern vertebrate teeth. Moreover, Middle Ordovician fossils now represent the oldest known vertebrate dental tissue