Medicina Clínica y Social
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¿Se puede obtener una puntuación global de ansiedad y depresión a partir de la Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4) en población peruana que ha experimentado la muerte de un ser querido? Soporte empírico para un modelo unidimensional o de dos dimensiones
Get PDFIntroduction: Worldwide, anxiety and depression are the most common mental disorders, both in clinical settings and in the general population. The Patient Health Questionnaire-4 is the most widely used open access instrument to assess anxiety and depression in both clinical and community settings. Objective: The study aims to evaluate the psychometric evidence of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4). Method: 1015 Peruvian individuals between 18 and 69 years old (M=26.4, SD=9.93, 58.6% women) who experienced the death of a loved one participated. Techniques derived from Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory (IRT) were used. Results: Three models were tested: one-dimensional (CFI = 0.989; TLI = 0.966; RMSEA = 0.075), the two-factor model (CFI = 1.000; TLI = 1.000; RMSEA = 0.000) and the bifactor model which did not converge. The two-factor model was the one that came closest to a perfect model. Reliability, evaluated using the omega coefficient, was adequate for both the unidimensional model (? = 0.88) and the two-factor model (? anxiety = 0.83; ? depression = 0.78). The IRT analysis indicated that the PHQ-4 items are adequate indicators that can discriminate between those who do or do not present the traits of anxiety and depression. Regarding the relationship between the PHQ-4 and pandemic grief, both the unidimensional model and the two-factor model demonstrated appropriate fit indices. It was shown that the one-dimensional and two-factor models are invariant according to gender and age. Conclusion: Although the one-factor model and two correlated factors show adequate fit indices, the second had a better fit. Furthermore, this model presented adequate reliability, discrimination and a significant relationship with dysfunctional grief.Introducción: A nivel mundial, la ansiedad y la depresión figuran como los trastornos mentales más frecuentes, tanto en entornos clínicos como en la población en general. El Patient Health Questionnaire-4 es el instrumento de acceso libre más utilizado para evaluar la ansiedad y depresión tanto en entornos clínicos como comunitarios. Objetivo: El estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar las evidencias psicométricas del Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4). Método: Participaron 1015 individuos peruanos entre 18 y 69 años (M=26.4, DE=9.93, 58.6% mujeres) que experimentaron la muerte de un ser querido. Se utilizaron técnicas derivadas de la Teoría Clásica de los Test y la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (IRT). Resultados: Se probaron tres modelos: unidimensional (CFI = 0.989; TLI = 0.966; RMSEA = 0.075), el de dos factores (CFI = 1.000; TLI = 1.000; RMSEA = 0.000) y el modelo bifactor el cual no convergió. El modelo de dos factores fue el que más se aproximó a un modelo perfecto. La confiabilidad, evaluada mediante el coeficiente omega, fue adecuada tanto para el modelo unidimensional (? = 0.88) como para el de dos factores (?ansiedad = 0.83; ?depresión = 0.78). El análisis por IRT indicó que, los ítems del PHQ-4 son adecuados indicadores que pueden discriminar entre quienes presentan o no los rasgos de ansiedad y depresión. Respecto a la relación entre el PHQ-4 y el duelo pandémico, tanto el modelo unidimensional (como el de dos factores demostraron índices de ajuste adecuados. Se demostró que el modelo unidimensional y el de dos factores son invariantes según el género y la edad. Conclusión: A pesar de que el modelo de un factor y dos factores correlacionados muestran adecuados índices de ajuste, el segundo tuvo un mejor ajuste. Además, este modelo presentó adecuada fiabilidad, discriminación y relación significativa con el duelo disfuncional
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Non-Adherence to Antihypertensive Medication in Peru
Get PDFIntroduction: In Peru, adherence to antihypertensive treatment ranges from 55.5% to 46.6%. Adherence decreases under adverse socioeconomic conditions. Objective: The aim of this research was to evaluate the socioeconomic inequalities in non-adherence to antihypertensive medication in Peru. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted through the analysis of data from the Demographic and Family Health Survey carried out in Peru between 2013 and 2023. We addressed the socioeconomic conditions of hypertensive Peruvian adults, including sex, age group, educational level, area or place of residence, and health insurance. These conditions were evaluated as sources of inequality in non-adherence to antihypertensive medication at a general level using the Concentration Index (CI) or Erreygers’ Concentration Index (ECI) among hypertensive adults over 29 years old. Results: In the 15,624 hypertensive adults older than 29 years included in the study, 86.63% were adherent to their antihypertensive medication. However, the inequality in medication non-adherence was considerable (CI: -0.259; 95%CI: -0.385 to -0.132; p<0.001). This inequality was greater among those aged 30 to 49 years (CI: -0.064; 95%CI: -0.121 to -0.008; p=0.012), those living in rural areas (CI: -0.484; 95%IC: -0.537 to -0.430; p<0.001) or outside the capital (CI: -0. 495; 95%CI: -0.569 to -0.422; p<0.001), and those with no education (CI: -0.156; 95%IC: -0.201 to -0.112; p<0.001) or only primary education (CI: -0.323; 95%IC: -0.386 to -0.260; p<0.001). In contrast, hypertensive adults with university studies had a positive CI (CI: 0.257; 95%CI: 0.199 to 0.316; p<0.001). Conclusions: Peruvian hypertensive adults residing in rural areas or outside the capital, and those with low educational level, showed greater inequality in adherence to antihypertensive medication.Introduction: In Peru, adherence to antihypertensive treatment ranges from 55.5% to 46.6%. Adherence decreases under adverse socioeconomic conditions. Objective: The aim of this research was to evaluate the socioeconomic inequalities in non-adherence to antihypertensive medication in Peru. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted through the analysis of data from the Demographic and Family Health Survey carried out in Peru between 2013 and 2023. We addressed the socioeconomic conditions of hypertensive Peruvian adults, including sex, age group, educational level, area or place of residence, and health insurance. These conditions were evaluated as sources of inequality in non-adherence to antihypertensive medication at a general level using the Concentration Index (CI) or Erreygers’ Concentration Index (ECI) among hypertensive adults over 29 years old. Results: In the 15,624 hypertensive adults older than 29 years included in the study, 86.63% were adherent to their antihypertensive medication. However, the inequality in medication non-adherence was considerable (CI: -0.259; 95%CI: -0.385 to -0.132; p<0.001). This inequality was greater among those aged 30 to 49 years (CI: -0.064; 95%CI: -0.121 to -0.008; p=0.012), those living in rural areas (CI: -0.484; 95%IC: -0.537 to -0.430; p<0.001) or outside the capital (CI: -0. 495; 95%CI: -0.569 to -0.422; p<0.001), and those with no education (CI: -0.156; 95%IC: -0.201 to -0.112; p<0.001) or only primary education (CI: -0.323; 95%IC: -0.386 to -0.260; p<0.001). In contrast, hypertensive adults with university studies had a positive CI (CI: 0.257; 95%CI: 0.199 to 0.316; p<0.001). Conclusions: Peruvian hypertensive adults residing in rural areas or outside the capital, and those with low educational level, showed greater inequality in adherence to antihypertensive medication
Mortality from Infections Associated with Health Care in Patients with HIV in Paraguay
Get PDFIntroduction: Few studies have evaluated HAIs in an HIV population; however, studies have suggested that patients with HIV are at a higher risk of contracting HAI because they have high rates of hospitalization and longer hospital stays. Objective: To determine mortality due to Infections Associated with Health Care in Patients with HIV in Paraguay from January to December 2018 to 2021. Methodology: This was an observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of people over 18 years of age who died with a diagnosis of HIV infection and IAAS of both sexes during that period. The study variables were demographic, HIV-related, Baseline Viral Load, Stage of HIV infection at the time of diagnosis, Time from HIV diagnosis to death (in months), comorbidities at the time of death, microorganism isolation, presence, and location. of IAAS. Results: 93 patients with IAAS were included in the study, of which 34.4% (32) were between 20 and 29 years of age and 19.3% (18). Regarding the type of population, 79.3% (73) were in the general population, 77.6% (59) were diagnosed with AIDS, and 68.6% (59) had a baseline CD4 count of less than 200 cells/mm3. The mortality rate in 2020 was 6.7%, during 2018 it was 6.5% and in 2021 it and 6.4%. Conclusion: People with HIV, especially those who have been diagnosed in advanced stages of the disease, are more likely to develop HAIs and are related to mortality. This is due to the presence of multiple opportunistic infections and comorbidities that favor a high number of hospitalizations and longer hospital stays.Introduction: Few studies have evaluated HAIs in an HIV population; however, studies have suggested that patients with HIV are at a higher risk of contracting HAI because they have high rates of hospitalization and longer hospital stays. Objective: To determine mortality due to Infections Associated with Health Care in Patients with HIV in Paraguay from January to December 2018 to 2021. Methodology: This was an observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of people over 18 years of age who died with a diagnosis of HIV infection and IAAS of both sexes during that period. The study variables were demographic, HIV-related, Baseline Viral Load, Stage of HIV infection at the time of diagnosis, Time from HIV diagnosis to death (in months), comorbidities at the time of death, microorganism isolation, presence, and location. of IAAS. Results: 93 patients with IAAS were included in the study, of which 34.4% (32) were between 20 and 29 years of age and 19.3% (18). Regarding the type of population, 79.3% (73) were in the general population, 77.6% (59) were diagnosed with AIDS, and 68.6% (59) had a baseline CD4 count of less than 200 cells/mm3. The mortality rate in 2020 was 6.7%, during 2018 it was 6.5% and in 2021 it and 6.4%. Conclusion: People with HIV, especially those who have been diagnosed in advanced stages of the disease, are more likely to develop HAIs and are related to mortality. This is due to the presence of multiple opportunistic infections and comorbidities that favor a high number of hospitalizations and longer hospital stays
Factores asociados a la duración de la lactancia materna en niños menores de 2 años en el Perú 2021-2022
Get PDFIntroduction: The duration of breastfeeding is crucial for child health; however, the prevalence has decreased in recent years, placing children in a population at risk. Objective: To determine the factors associated with the duration of breastfeeding in children under 2 years of age in Peru 2021-2022. Methodology: Cross-sectional analytical study, through the secondary analysis of data from the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) of 2021 and 2022. The sample size was 4951 children with their respective mothers. Infant and maternal factors were evaluated using the F-statistic corrected for bivariate analysis with a statistical significance of p<0.05 and a 95% confidence interval. Finally, to measure the association, the crude prevalence ratio (cPR) and the adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) were calculated using Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: 85.3% had a duration of 0-6 months and only 14.7% had a duration of up to 23 months. Early baby-mother skin-to-skin non-contact (p <0.01) (aPR 1.19) and consumption of beverages other than breast milk in the first 3 days of birth (p <0.01) (aPR 0.66) were associated with a duration of breastfeeding up to 6 months. Adolescent mothers had a 30.7% duration of breastfeeding of 6 months (p<0.01) (aPR 2.49), on the contrary, the place of rural residence, the non-higher grade and a lower economic income allow breastfeeding for more than 6 months. Discussion: The results were associated with not receiving early skin-to-skin contact between the baby and the mother, maternal age equal to or less than 18 years, higher grade, urban place of residence and higher economic income with a shorter duration of breastfeeding in children under 2 years of age.Introducción: La duración de la lactancia materna es crucial para la salud infantil, sin embargo, la prevalencia ha disminuido en los últimos años, situando a los niños en una población de riesgo. Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a la duración de la lactancia materna en niños menores de 2 años en el Perú 2021-2022.
Metodología: Estudio analítico transversal, a través del análisis secundario de datos de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) del año 2021 y 2022. El tamaño muestral fue de 4951 niños/niñas con sus respectivas madres. Se evaluaron factores infantiles y maternos utilizando el Estadístico F corregida para el análisis bivariado con una significancia estadística p<0,05 y un intervalo de confianza al 95%. Finalmente, para medir la asociación se calculó la razón de prevalencia cruda (RPc) y la razón de prevalencia ajustada (RPa) mediante la Regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta. Resultados: El 85,3% tuvo una duración de 0-6 meses y solo el 14,7% tiene una duración hasta los 23 meses. El no contacto piel a piel precoz bebe-madre (p <0,01) (RPa 1,19) y el consumo de bebidas diferentes a la leche materna los primeros 3 días de nacido (p <0,01) (RPa 0,66) se asociaron con una duración hasta los 6 meses de lactancia materna. Las madres adolescentes tuvieron un 30,7% de duración de lactancia materna de 6 meses (p<0,01) (RPa 2,49), por el contrario, el lugar de residencia rural, el grado no superior y un menor ingreso económico permiten una lactancia materna por más de 6 meses. Discusión: Los resultados asocian no recibir contacto piel a piel precoz bebe-madre, edad materna igual o menor de 18 años, grado superior, lugar de residencia urbano y mayor ingreso económico con una menor duración de lactancia materna en niños menores de 2 años
Resilience as a Modulating Factor of Empathy in Medical Students
Get PDFIntroduction: Empathy is a complex and multidimensional attribute. Attempts have been made to explain empathic behavior based on other variables. Empirical evidence shows that empathy could be the product of the influence of several factors. One of these factors could be resilience. There is still no developed theory and consistent empirical evidence demonstrating that empathy depends on resilience. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine if resilience can predict empathic behavior. Methodology: This study is non-experimental and ex post facto with a cross-sectional design. Variables. Dependent: Empathy; Independent: Resilience. Population: Medical students belonging to the Faculty of Health Sciences of the Universidad Autónoma de Santa Ana (UNASA), Santa Ana, El Salvador (N=579). The sample (n=465) consisted of students (both sexes). Convenience sampling. Jefferson Scale of Empathy for Healthcare Professionals, student version (JSE-HPS). Trait Resilience Scale (EEA). A Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) model was used. Additionally, the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) (>0.95), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) (>0.95), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) (<0.08), and Standardized Root Mean Square (SRMR) (<0.08), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were employed. The significance level employed was ? < 0.05. Results: All these results show that both measurement models (empathy and resilience) are adequately represented and are suitable for the structural model. Discussion: Individual resilience is a variable that can predict empathic behavior in medical students belonging to a Faculty of Health Sciences. The results constitute indirect empirical evidence that it is possible to define empathy as a dependent variable and resilience as an independent variable.Introduction: Empathy is a complex and multidimensional attribute. Attempts have been made to explain empathic behavior based on other variables. Empirical evidence shows that empathy could be the product of the influence of several factors. One of these factors could be resilience. There is still no developed theory and consistent empirical evidence demonstrating that empathy depends on resilience. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine if resilience can predict empathic behavior. Methodology: This study is non-experimental and ex post facto with a cross-sectional design. Variables. Dependent: Empathy; Independent: Resilience. Population: Medical students belonging to the Faculty of Health Sciences of the Universidad Autónoma de Santa Ana (UNASA), Santa Ana, El Salvador (N=579). The sample (n=465) consisted of students (both sexes). Convenience sampling. Jefferson Scale of Empathy for Healthcare Professionals, student version (JSE-HPS). Trait Resilience Scale (EEA). A Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) model was used. Additionally, the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) (>0.95), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) (>0.95), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) (<0.08), and Standardized Root Mean Square (SRMR) (<0.08), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were employed. The significance level employed was ? < 0.05. Results: All these results show that both measurement models (empathy and resilience) are adequately represented and are suitable for the structural model. Discussion: Individual resilience is a variable that can predict empathic behavior in medical students belonging to a Faculty of Health Sciences. The results constitute indirect empirical evidence that it is possible to define empathy as a dependent variable and resilience as an independent variable
Compliance with the five moments for hand hygiene of healthcare workers in a pediatric hospital. A prospective observational study
Get PDFIntroduction: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), also known as nosocomial infections or hospital-acquired infections, begin within 48 hours of hospitalization, within 30 days after hospital discharge, or 90 days after undergoing surgical procedures. Objective: The study aimed to describe the compliance with the five moments for hand hygiene (HH) of the healthcare workers (HCWs) in a hospital. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from June 1 to 30,2020 in a pediatric hospital. HCWs compliance with the five moments of HH was registered by direct observation blindly to the participants, using the fact sheet for HH of the WHO. In the rows, the five moments of contact with the patients were recorded: before touching a patient, before clean aseptic procedure, after body fluid exposure risk, after touching a patient and after touching patient surroundings. The actions performed, also was registered: hand washing, alcohol hand friction, omission, or use of gloves. Data were analyzed in SPSS V 21. The protocol was approved by the institutional review board. Results: During the study period, 2.595 observations to 104 HCWs were made. They were pediatric residents 38.5 %, nurses 32.7 % and pediatricians 28.8 %. A global compliance with the five moments of HH of the participants were 64.5% (1673/2595). Before touching a patient, the adherence was 86,9%. The nurses adhered in 69%, pediatrician in 68.6 % and the pediatric residents in 57.2%. Discussion: The global percentage of compliance with the five moments of HH of the medical and nursing staff of the pediatric hospital was 64.5%. Nurses had the highest percentage of adherence. Handwashing compliance was higher before contact with the patients.Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), also known as nosocomial infections or hospital-acquired infections, begin within 48 hours of hospitalization, within 30 days after hospital discharge, or 90 days after undergoing surgical procedures. Objective: The study aimed to describe the compliance with the five moments for hand hygiene (HH) of the healthcare workers (HCWs) in a hospital. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from June 1 to 30,2020 in a pediatric hospital. HCWs compliance with the five moments of HH was registered by direct observation blindly to the participants, using the fact sheet for HH of the WHO. In the rows, the five moments of contact with the patients were recorded: before touching a patient, before clean aseptic procedure, after body fluid exposure risk, after touching a patient and after touching patient surroundings. The actions performed, also was registered: hand washing, alcohol hand friction, omission, or use of gloves. Data were analyzed in SPSS V 21. The protocol was approved by the institutional review board. Results: During the study period, 2.595 observations to 104 HCWs were made. They were pediatric residents 38.5 %, nurses 32.7 % and pediatricians 28.8 %. A global compliance with the five moments of HH of the participants were 64.5% (1673/2595). Before touching a patient, the adherence was 86,9%. The nurses adhered in 69%, pediatrician in 68.6 % and the pediatric residents in 57.2%. Discussion: The global percentage of compliance with the five moments of HH of the medical and nursing staff of the pediatric hospital was 64.5%. Nurses had the highest percentage of adherence. Handwashing compliance was higher before contact with the patients
Predictores de sobrepeso y obesidad en conductores de taxi
Get PDFIntroduction: Taxi drivers are prone to a series of risk factors associated with multiple diseases, as a result of being subjected to unhealthy lifestyles. Objective: Estimate predictive factors of overweight and obesity in taxi drivers, according to socioeconomic variables and lifestyle dimensions. Methodology: Quantitative, observational, transversal, explanatory study, carried out in a universe of 131 male taxi drivers, who work in the city of Azogues-Ecuador, applying the Lifestyle Scale together with the measurement of weight and height of the participants to obtain body mass index. The statistical analysis used univariate (frequencies, trend and dispersion measures) and multivariate (binomial logistic regression) methods. Results: participants aged 35 to 42 years (45.8%), married (90.84%), drive more than 8 hours a day (72.5%), overweight or obese (83.2%), lead an overall unhealthy lifestyle of 86.3%. The logistic regression showed good model fit for the 3 variables included: food (OR = 1.53), interpersonal support (OR = 0.454) and daily driving hours (OR = 4.078). Discussion: Being a taxi driver is a health risk activity that can lead to overweight or obesity, conditions that can be predicted by lifestyle factors and the working conditions of this activity.Introducción: Los conductores de taxi están propensos a una serie de factores de riesgo asociados a múltiples enfermedades, producto del sometimiento a estilos de vida no saludables. Objetivo: Estimar factores predictores del sobrepeso y obesidad en conductores de taxi, según variables socioeconómicas y dimensiones del estilo de vida. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, observacional, transversal, explicativo, llevado a cabo en un universo de 131 taxistas hombres, que trabajan en la ciudad de Azogues-Ecuador, aplicando la Escala del Estilo de Vida junto con la medición del peso y la talla de los participantes para obtener el índice de masa corporal. El análisis estadístico recurrió a métodos univariados (frecuencias, medidas de tendencia y dispersión) y multivariados (regresión logística binomial). Resultados: participantes de 35 a 42 años (45.8%), casados (90.84%), conducen más de 8 horas diarias (72.5%), con sobrepeso u obesidad (83.2%), llevan un estilo de vida no saludable global del 86.3%. La regresión logística mostró buen ajuste del modelo para las 3 variables incluidas: alimentación (OR = 1.53), apoyo interpersonal (OR = 0.454) y horas de conducción diarias (OR = 4.078). Discusión: Ser conductor de taxi es una actividad de riesgo para la salud que puede generar sobrepeso u obesidad, condiciones que pueden ser predichas por factores del estilo de vida y por condiciones laborales propias de esta actividad
Identificación molecular y perfil de sensibilidad antifúngica de Candida albicans y Candida dubliniensis aisladas de pacientes ambulatorios y hospitalizados
Get PDFIntroduction: C. albicans together with C. dubliniensis and C. Africana, form the Candida albicans Complex. These species are closely related to each other, making differentiation by conventional methods difficult. Objectives: To differentiate Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis by molecular method in isolates from outpatients and hospitalized patients from Central, Paraguay and to know their susceptibility profile. Methods: Yeasts isolated from respiratory materials, oral cavity, purulent secretions, blood, urine and others were included. An end-point duplex PCR was performed on the isolates that developed greenish coloration in chromogenic medium (CONDA®, Spain). DNA was extracted using the Wizard® Genomic DNA Kit (Promega, USA) with some modifications. Antifungal susceptibility was determined by VITEK® 2 to a subgroup of isolates. Results: Of 1065 isolates, 838 (78,7 %) were C. albicans and 3 (0,3 %) C. dubliniensis, the latter coming from the oral cavity; the remaining 224 were negative for both species. 94,4 % of 503 C. albicans isolates were susceptible to fluconazole, 97,6 % to voriconazole, 99,4 % to amphotericin B, 100 % to caspofungin and micafungin. The three isolates of C. dubliniensis presented MICs of ? 0,5 µg/mL against fluconazole, ? 0,12 µg/mL against voriconazole and ? 0,25 µg/mL against amphotericin B. Conclusions: The frequency of C. dubliniensis is low compared to other studies that report values ??of 1,5 to 32 %. These isolates did not exhibit signs of resistance. C. albicans exhibited good susceptibility to antifungals tested.Introducción: C. albicans junto con C. dubliniensis y C. africana, forman el Complejo Candida albicans. Estas especies están estrechamente relacionadas entre sí, lo que dificulta la diferenciación por métodos convencionales. Objetivos: Diferenciar por método molecular Candida albicans y Candida dubliniensis en aislamientos de pacientes ambulatorios y hospitalizados de Central, Paraguay y conocer el perfil de sensibilidad de los mismos. Metodología: Se incluyeron levaduras aisladas de materiales respiratorios, cavidad bucal, secreciones purulentas, sangre, orina y otros. Se realizó una PCR dúplex de punto final a los aislamientos que desarrollaron coloración verdosa en medio cromogénico (CONDA®, España). El ADN se extrajo utilizando el kit Wizard® Genomic DNA (Promega, EE. UU.) con algunas modificaciones. La sensibilidad a antifúngicos se determinó por VITEK® 2 a un subgrupo de aislamientos. Resultados: De 1065 aislamientos, 838 (78,7 %) fueron C. albicans y 3 (0,3 %) C. dubliniensis, estos últimos provenientes de cavidad bucal; los 224 restantes fueron negativos para ambas especies. El 94,4 % de 503 aislamientos de C. albicans fueron sensibles a fluconazol, 97,6 % a voriconazol, 99,4 % a anfotericina B, 100 % a caspofungina y micafungina. Los tres aislamientos de C. dubliniensis presentaron CIM de ? 0,5 µg/mL frente a fluconazol, ? 0,12 µg/mL a voriconazol y ? 0,25 µg/mL a anfotericina B. Conclusiones: La frecuencia de C. dubliniensis es baja con relación a otros estudios que informan valores de 1,5 a 32 %. Estos aislamientos no presentaron indicios de resistencia. C. albicans mostró buena sensibilidad a los antifúngicos ensayados
Risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a vulnerable community in northern Argentina
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Introduction: Prevention of diabetes requires sustained lifestyle changes as well as identification of groups at higher risk. Objective: The aim of this research was to estimate the risk of diabetes in vulnerable subjects from a primary care center in northern Argentina, with no known glucose abnormalities, using the FINDRISC questionnaire, investigate the relationship between survey variables and the final score, and explore its association with metabolic risk factors and body composition. Methodology: This cross-sectional design included 498 patients without type 2 diabetes or known glycemic abnormalities. All subjects underwent a complete medical history and completed the FINDRISC questionnaire. Results: The predominant age group was 18-45 years old. Around 64% were physically active and 44% reported daily consumption of fruit and vegetables. Most of them had a BMI higher than 25 kg/m2. Regarding the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the next 10 years, 24.3% were at low risk and the remaining fraction was distributed in slightly elevated, moderate, high and very high risk. All variables influenced the individuals\u27 variance (p < 0.05). The hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that elevated FINDRISC score was strongly associated with: age > 65 years, fasting blood glucose, BMI ? 30 kg/m2 and antihypertensives use. CONCLUTION: We found a high percentage of obesity and overweight, as well as a high risk of cardiometabolic disease and of developing T2D. In addition, in the population studied, the variables that compose the FINDRISC did not influence the highest score in the same way.Introduction: Prevention of diabetes requires sustained lifestyle changes as well as identification of groups at higher risk. Objective: The aim of this research was to estimate the risk of diabetes in vulnerable subjects from a primary care center in northern Argentina, with no known glucose abnormalities, using the FINDRISC questionnaire, investigate the relationship between survey variables and the final score, and explore its association with metabolic risk factors and body composition. Methodology: This cross-sectional design included 498 patients without type 2 diabetes or known glycemic abnormalities. All subjects underwent a complete medical history and completed the FINDRISC questionnaire. Results: The predominant age group was 18-45 years old. Around 64% were physically active and 44% reported daily consumption of fruit and vegetables. Most of them had a BMI higher than 25 kg/m2. Regarding the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the next 10 years, 24.3% were at low risk and the remaining fraction was distributed in slightly elevated, moderate, high and very high risk. All variables influenced the individuals\u27 variance (p < 0.05). The hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that elevated FINDRISC score was strongly associated with: age > 65 years, fasting blood glucose, BMI ? 30 kg/m2 and antihypertensives use. CONCLUTION: We found a high percentage of obesity and overweight, as well as a high risk of cardiometabolic disease and of developing T2D. In addition, in the population studied, the variables that compose the FINDRISC did not influence the highest score in the same way
Diversidad genética de Aedes aegypti de los departamentos Central y Cordillera del Paraguay, mediante el uso de marcadores ISSR-PCR
Get PDFIntroduction: Aedes aegypti is an insect of the culicidae group, preferably anthropophilic, which acts as a vector of some arboviruses, such as dengue, Zika and chikungunya and yellow fever, with a wide distribution in the tropics and subtropics and responsible for major epidemic outbreaks in Paraguay. Urbanization, globalization and the lack of effective control favor their permanence. Studying the genetic diversity of this species will make it possible to evaluate the dynamics of its populations and its adaptation to environmental changes, to guide its control. Objective: To estimate the genetic diversity of Ae. aegypti populations in the Central and Cordillera departments of Paraguay using simple sequence inter-repeat markers (ISSR). Methodology: 40 female mosquitoes were selected. 20 from the Central department and 20 from the Cordillera department corresponding to the Humid Chaco region, Paraguay, were selected for amplification of ISSR genetic markers by PCR, using the primers Rhea-4, ISSR-7, ISSR1 and Ae-ISSR-6. The degree of segregation of the populations studied with an AMOVA and the differentiation between them with the FST fixation index were determined using the program Arlequin version 3.5.2.2. Results: Thirty-six loci were identified, 90.91% of them polymorphic. Most of the genetic differentiation was due to variations within populations and the fixation index between populations (FST = 0.0432). Discussion: It is possible that the diversity within the Central and Cordillera populations is due to the heterogeneous characteristics in terms of urbanism and semi-rurality and the existence of ecotones, where these populations circulate. The results revealed moderate interpopulation genetic differentiation, indicating that they are not completely genetically isolated.Introducción: Aedes aegypti es un insecto del grupo de los culícidos, preferencialmente antropofílico, que actúa como vector de algunos arbovirus, como del dengue, Zika y chikungunya y fiebre amarilla, con una amplia distribución a nivel de trópicos y subtrópicos y responsables de brotes epidémicos importantes en el Paraguay. La urbanización, la globalización y la falta de un control eficaz, favorecen su permanencia. Estudiar la diversidad genética de esta especie permitirá evaluar la dinámica de sus poblaciones y su adaptación a los cambios ambientales, para guiar su control. Objetivo: Estimar la diversidad genética de las poblaciones de Ae. aegypti de los departamentos Central y Cordillera del Paraguay utilizando marcadores de inter- repeticiones de secuencia simple (ISSR). Metodología: Se seleccionaron 40 mosquitos hembra, 20 del departamento Central y 20 del departamento de Cordillera correspondientes a la región del Chaco Húmedo, Paraguay, para la amplificación de los marcadores genéticos ISSR mediante PCR, utilizando los cebadores Rhea-4, ISSR-7, ISSR1 y Ae-ISSR-6. El grado de segregación de las poblaciones estudiadas con un AMOVA y la diferenciación entre ellas con el índice de fijación FST, fueron determinadas mediante el programa Arlequín versión 3.5.2.2. Resultados: Se identificaron 36 loci, 90,91 % de ellos polimórficos. La mayor parte de la diferenciación genética se debió a variaciones dentro de las poblaciones y el índice de fijación entre poblaciones (FST = 0.0432). Discusión: Es posible que la diversidad dentro de las poblaciones de Central y Cordillera se deba a las características heterogéneas en cuanto a urbanismo y semi-ruralidad y la existencia de ecotonos, donde circulan estas poblaciones. Los resultados revelaron una diferenciación genética interpoblacional moderada, indicativo de que no están completamente aisladas genéticamente