Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University
Repozytorium Instytucjonalne Krakowskiej AkademiiNot a member yet
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Regulation of international space law to promote economic and social development
No full textThe objective of the article is to evaluate the role of the regulation of international space
law for the realization of international economic and social development. Aiming for
that, a logical-deductive methodology was used, through bibliographic research to map
relevant issues about the spatial infrastructure and the current understanding of social
economic development. In this sense, the study was carried out through its development
in three parts: first the mapping of international space law to demonstrate the progress of
investments and activities that are carried out around the space infrastructure; in a second
step, the interaction between economic and social development and brief economic discussions
about the market and state action are analyzed; finally, it deals with the importance
of regulation on space exploration as a promotion mechanism for international economic
and social development. It was concluded that there are private and public actors in
this exploratory market and their actions must occur together, as they often occur within
countries, aiming to promote economic development as freedom, and that the State’s action
must be guided by the regulation of space infrastructure; this regulation must aim at
economic and social development in a way that is compatible with Amartya Sen’s theory
Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego T. XXV 2022 Badania nad rozwojem instytucji politycznych i prawnych
No full textJudges on Emotions – Considerations in Light of Empirical Research
No full textCzy sędziowie mają „prawo do emocji”? Zagadnienie emocji w orzekaniu
od wieków budzi zainteresowanie badaczy zajmujących się różnymi dyscyplinami
nauki. Sędzia, który rozsądza spór, powinien podejmować decyzje
w sposób obiektywny i niestronniczy. Nie oznacza to jednak, że w swojej
pracy nie odczuwa różnego rodzaju emocji. W tym kontekście warto zadać
pytanie o to, w jaki sposób sami sędziowie postrzegają swoje emocje i w jaki
sposób starają się nad nimi panować. Warto zwrócić uwagę, iż ten ważki
temat nie został kompleksowo przeanalizowany w piśmiennictwie.
Wypowiedzi sędziów odnoszące się do psychologicznych aspektów ich
zawodu nie są często prezentowane w literaturze. Celem artykułu było więc
przybliżenie tej problematyki. W niniejszym tekście przedstawione zostały
rozważania odnoszące się do emocji towarzyszących orzekaniu, oparte
w szczególności na badaniach empirycznych. Analizy bazowały zwłaszcza
na badaniach ankietowych przeprowadzonych na grupie polskich sędziów
oraz na anonimowych wywiadach z kilkoma polskimi sędziami. Wyniki
tych badań pozwalają przybliżyć zagadnienie emocji dostrzeganych przez sędziów w związku z ich pracą. W tekście uwypuklono, iż czym innym jest
stan, w którym dana jednostka nie odczuwa emocji, czym innym to, że stara
się ich nie okazywać.
W tekście przedstawiono analizę odnoszącą się do emocji, które u siebie
dostrzegają sami sędziowie. W artykule zostały także zaprezentowane rozważania
odnoszące się do tego, czy istnieją określone kategorie spraw, przy
których rozpoznawaniu sędziowie stwierdzają ponadprzeciętne nasilenie
emocjonalne. Analizę wzbogaca część odnosząca się do problemu radzenia
sobie sędziów z emocjami.
Rozważania zaprezentowane ukazują ważkość problemu radzenia sobie
sędziów z własnymi emocjami, co – w ocenie Autorki – wymaga uwzględnienia
w procesie szkolenia sędziów.Do judges have „the right” to emotions? For ages the issue of emotions
in adjudication has been a perpetual subject of interest of academics occupied
with diff erent branches of science. While rendering a judgment,
a judge should act in an objective and impartial manner. It does not mean,
however, that they do not experience any feelings of emotions. In this context, it is worth asking the question about how judges themselves recognize
their emotions and how they try and cope with them. It is worth
noting that this weighty topic has not been comprehensively analyzed in
the literature. Statements by judges relating to the psychological aspects of
their profession are not often presented in literature. Thus, the purpose
of the article was to provide an overview of this issue. Th is text presents
considerations relating to the emotions accompanying adjudication,
based in particular on empirical research. In particular, the analyses were
based on surveys conducted on a group of Polish judges and on anonymous
interviews with a few Polish judges. The results of these surveys
provide insight into the issue of emotions perceived by judges in connection
with their work. The text emphasizes that the state in which an
individual does not feel any emotions diff ers from a situation when he or
she tries not to show them. The text presents an analysis relating to the
emotions that judges themselves perceive in themselves. The paper also
presents considerations relating to whether there are certain categories
of court cases when judges recognize above-average emotional intensity.
The analysis is enriched by a section relating to the problem of judges’
coping with emotions. The considerations presented show the importance
of the problem of how judges cope with their emotions, which – in
the author’s opinion – needs to be taken into account during the process
of training judges.Publikacja powstała w ramach realizacji projektu badawczego finansowanego ze środków Narodowego Centrum Nauki pt.: „Motywacyjna podstawa prawa. Współczesna interpretacja teorii Leona Petrażyckiego” (2019/33/B/HS5/01521
Polygraph Testing and Social Intolerance: A Warning to Examiners Outside of the United States
No full textThe use of polygraph testing in the applicant screening process for law enforcement positions
is widely accepted in the United States and elsewhere. Generally, that testing includes
questions related to past behaviors such as involvement in criminal activity, use of illegal drugs,
falsified background information, employment misconduct and so forth. More recently some
have advocated that such testing ought to include questions related to ‘social intolerance.” In
this paper we argue that testing for such ‘intolerance’ is highly objectionable and is likely to
encourage efforts to prohibit polygraph testing, especially so outside of the United States
Transsexuality as a diagnostic problem
No full textTransseksualizm jest zaburzeniem identyfikacji płciowej. Osoba transseksualna wyraża pragnienie życia
i społecznej akceptacji w roli płci przeciwnej niż posiadana płeć biologiczna. Rozpoznanie opiera się na
stwierdzeniu klinicznej niezgodności między psychicznym poczuciem płci a budową morfologiczno-
-biologiczną (ustaloną badaniami klinicznymi i laboratoryjnymi). Transseksualizm jest najprawdopodobniej
spowodowany organicznymi i czynnościowymi zmianami w morfologii jąder podwzgórzowych,
które powstały już po chromosomalnej determinacji kierunku rozwoju narządów płciowych. Niestety
nie dysponujemy markerami biochemicznymi czy morfologicznymi, które pozwalałyby przyżyciowo potwierdzić charakter tych zmian. Diagnoza wymaga współpracy lekarza dysponującego doświadczeniem
ginekologicznym, andrologicznym i endokrynologicznym z psychologiem i psychiatrą.
Podstawowym pragnieniem osoby transseksualnej jest uzyskanie przez nią warunków do swobodnej
społecznej egzystencji w płci odczuwanej. Konsekwentne uzgodnienie płci somatycznej (cielesnej)
z odczuwaną wymaga sądowej korekty zapisów dotyczących płci w akcie urodzenia. Istnieje więc potrzeba
ujednolicenia standardów diagnostycznych usprawniających rozpoznanie transseksualizmu
dla specjalistów zajmujących się diagnostyką i leczeniem tych osób. Miałoby to również wpływ na
przyspieszenie postępowania sądowego w celu uzyskania płci metrykalnej bez powoływania dodatkowych
biegłych. Autorzy artykułu proponują zmianę nazewnictwa w odniesieniu do osób transseksualnych.
Termin „transseksualistka” oznaczałby zespół wrodzonej dezaprobaty płci fenotypowej
u kobiety (ZWDPF-K), zaś termin „transseksualista” zespół dezaprobaty płci fenotypowej u mężczyzny
(ZWDPF-M). Terminy te obowiązywałyby w dokumentacji lekarskiej i wyznaczałyby kierunek odpowiedniej
terapii hormonalnej (dla ZWDPF-M antyandrogeny i estrogeny, a dla ZWDPF-K androgeny).
Powszechnie używany termin „transseksualizm” dla tego zaburzenia rozwojowego nic nie mówi
o jego charakterze.Transsexuality is a gender identity disorder. A transsexual person expresses a desire for life and social
acceptance in the role of the gender opposite to that of their biological sex. The diagnosis is based on
a clinical discrepancy between the psychological sense of gender and morphological and biological
structure (determined by clinical and laboratory tests). Transsexuality is most likely caused by organic
and functional changes in the morphology of the hypothalamic nuclei after chromosomal determination
of genital development. Unfortunately, we do not have any biochemical or morphological
markers that would allow us to confirm the nature of these changes in a living person. The diagnosis
requires cooperation between a doctor with gynecological, andrological and endocrinological
experience and a psychologist and psychiatrist. The basic desire of a transsexual person is to find
him/herself in the conditions in which s/he can function freely in the perceived gender. Complete
reconciliation of the somatic (body) sex with the perceived one requires legal correction of the sex
stated on the birth certificate.
Therefore, there is a need to unify diagnostic standards to improve the diagnosis of transsexuality for
specialists dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. This would also result in court
proceedings being speeded up so that the gender can be legalized without calling additional experts.
The authors of this article propose a change in the nomenclature for transsexual people. The term “transsexual”
female would denote female Phenotypic Gender Disapproval Syndrome (PGDS-F) and the term
“transsexual” male Phenotypic Gender Disapproval Syndrome (PGDS-M). These terms would be used
in medical records and would indicate the direction of appropriate hormone therapy (antiandrogens
and estrogens for PGDS-M and androgens for PGDS-F). The term for this developmental disorder which
is commony used, “transsexuality”, says nothing about its nature
Top-down selection of information as an element of strategic information management in the event of a threat of internal destabilisation
No full textIn many authoritarian countries, the Internet is an oasis of freedom of speech and the
free transfer of knowledge – thus, if not completely free, then at least a more free space
for transferring content than traditional information providers. Nevertheless, the total
freedom of this medium has passed irretrievably. Use of social media and other websites
to post material that cannot be posted on traditional media, and even online
newspapers tend to be affected by less stringent censorship laws. However, this does
not change the fact that contemporary authoritarian regimes are going so far as to interfere
with social media, either by blocking access to content or by promoting false information.
The conducted analysis is to show the mechanisms of top-down information
management in order to lead to widespread disinformation and distortion of reality. In
this respect, it is worth bringing up the actions of the Russian authorities in the context
of the conflict in Ukraine and the possible opposition of the Russian society to the
ongoing military operations
The service of police officers and soldiers at the Polish-Belarusian border during the 2021–2022 crisis
No full textIn recent years, the question of population migration has become more present in the
Polish social and political life. One of the examples of this phenomenon was the set of
events at the turn of 2021 and 2022, when thousands of people tried to illegally cross
the Polish-Belarusian border and enter the Republic of Poland. The state reacted by reinforcing
border services, deploying soldiers and police officers to serve on the border.
The circumstances of the deployment, conditions of service and related impressions of
participants became the subject of research, the results of which are presented in this article.
Most of our respondents were deployed to the border by order and were scarcely or completely unprepared to the service. The social and living conditions during service
are evaluated as rather good, although leisure activities were poorly organised. Among
the feelings and impressions from service, the most highly appreciated were the team
atmosphere and cooperation and the attitude of superiors. Nevertheless, what prevails
is a moderate dissatisfaction with the job, with a vast majority of participants unwilling
to repeat such service
Hydrogen use in Poland in the light of EU policy to move away from coal: the concepts of hydrogen valleys and smart and sustainable cities
No full textHydrogen can be used in several ways, including as a raw material, fuel or as an energy
carrier. Therefore, hydrogen becomes an object of interest not only to companies, but
also to individual governments. The European Union (EU) promotes low-emission solutions,
which entails giving up fossil fuels and adapting the energy mix to renewable
energy. In addition, the war in Ukraine is reshaping relations on the energy market in
Europe and beyond. The well-known concept of diversification takes on a new meaning,
it is combined with efficiency and competitiveness in the event of a change in the directions
and sources of energy. It should be emphasized that no CO2 emissions are generated
when using hydrogen. This fact becomes a passport to the implementation of the EU’s
low-emission goals by 2050. Poland is not energy self-sufficient, additionally it still bases
its energy mix on fossil fuels, which consequently raises concerns about meeting the EU
guidelines. Therefore, the aim of the study is, inter alia, showing the prospects for the implementation
of the so-called hydrogen valleys and sustainable smart cities, as alternatives
to, for example, EU guidelines, dependence of supplies on the Russian monopoly,
inefficiency and inactivity of the energy sector in the long term. For the purposes of this
analysis, a hypothesis has been formulated, which assumes that the use of hydrogen in
the economy will significantly improve Poland’s energy security in the long term. The following
research question was asked: Will Poland use hydrogen as a solution to meet the
EU requirements for a zero-emission economy
Information management and engaged journalism in the conditions of manipulated mainstream media transmission – OKO.press as the example
No full textThe article presents an internal fact-checking procedure which in the opinion of the
authors is a mandatory procedure for journalists, an important and necessary stage in
a journalistic routine. The good practice is that the journalists do internal fact-checking
every time they publish a news piece. Based on their decision-making patterns, they
select the method of fact-checking or – unfortunately – sometimes skip this stage. We
called these “fact-checking logic” patterns as a part of general media logic. In this article,
we present the fact-checking logic of a Polish press title published online since 2016,
OKO.press, which, in the authors’ view, is an excellent example of reliable journalism
practiced to the benefit of the public. Particular attention was paid to information
management methods: obtaining, verifying and presenting information. Nowadays,
there is enormous urgency for reliable and at the same time engaged journalism practiced
to the benefit of the social and civic interest. The authors assume that, in order to
speak about journalistic craftsmanship in the above categories, we need to combine the
elements of both the engaged and civic journalism known from common definitions and
to guard the professionalism. This is the only combination that can provide an antidote
to manipulation and disinformation. The case study was of a qualitative nature, and it
was preceded with research review and theoretical deliberations on the social engagement
in the era of new media. The main goal is to present and analyse the activities of the
oko .press journal in the context of combating disinformation spread in the media
dependent on the Kremlin’s authorities
The total defence snap link for national resistance: territorial defence forces – the Swiss example
No full textFor nations facing expansionist and revisionist neighbours such as Russia or China, a total
defence approach provides a mechanism to protect both territorial integrity and political
sovereignty. A key component for any effective total defence concept is volunteer, citizen-
soldier territorial defence forces (TDF). This paper emphasises the role these territorial
formations play as the critical snap link between the military and civilian population in
such a national defence strategy. The territorial defence forces, like the snap link in mountaineering,
connect the military to the civilian population in a way to ensure popular
support for national resistance efforts.
The article offers the historical example of Switzerland as an exemplar of total defence
from 1939 to 1991 and demonstrates the role its citizen-soldier forces played in linking
the population to overall resistance efforts. This Swiss historical experience provides
three main concepts for consideration today: (1) the creation of a government directed and functional levée en masse that mobilizes the entire population to support total defence;
(2) the establishment of a national redoubt or refuge, either in-country or abroad,
to provide sanctuary for the resistance movement; (3) and the organisation of specialised,
multi-crisis capable territorial units for the full range of total defence missions